Engineering and Technology Journal

Some users of the GPS take the coordinates and the distances between points as they
are in the field and try to joint work with the total station, but they found a difference
between the coordinates and the distances. The reason is that these measurements are
three-dimensional Coordinates: where they are represented on the model of the Earth,
while the total station based on the theory of plan survey are two-dimensional
coordinates. And other causes the distortion resulting from the projection itself.
From the scientific point of view, all the solutions applied for this problem are not
accurately enough, but serve their purpose. Where as in this research we are trying to
cancel the differences in the coordinates and the distances between the GPS and the total
station measurements. Where work on a project using both techniques (GPS, and Total
station) .The coordinates of the project are measured on the site by considering the total
length of the project (35km) and ten control points as base line points had been
distributed along the route including the X and Y coordinates corresponding to the zone
38N.
It was found that the DGPS Software (Topcon Tools v7) or other data
collection software can be used to convert the coordinates from grid coordinates
to ground coordinates and then these coordinates can be used with the total
station in the field for small distances. But for large distances the ground
coordinates that obtained from Total station instrument must be used to avoid
accumulative error. And must also take into account when choosing sites of the
control network in the field where it should be direct view between the control
network points to get rid of random errors resulting from the use total station
this in turn leads to obtain high accuracy results for the ground coordinates.

In recent years, as digital video technologies have been broadly used in TV,
communication and multimedia. Security and privacy issues of the transmitted data have
become an important concern in multimedia technology.
Digital video stream is quite different from traditional textual data because interframe
dependencies exist in digital video. Special digital video encryption algorithms
are required because of their special characteristics, such as coding structure, large
amount of data and real-time constraints.
This paper presents a real-time partial encryption to digital video technique based on
Symmetric Dynamic Dual (SDD) keys algorithm which is fast enough to meet the realtime
requirements with high level of security.
This approach uses dual key for encryption with variable (dynamic) block bits size,
each block bits size (3 or 4 bits ) are interpreted as an element of a finite field.. The first
key is called control key determines the length of bits block (3 or 4 bits block) size to
encrypt, and the second key is used for encryption by using a equation:
Y = X⋇ A+ BWhereX is bits block, AandB are the encryption keys.
The mathematical operations addition and multiplication in this equation are based on
mathematical theory of Galois field GF(2 ).
In this technique the I-frame (Intra-frame ) of the digital video scene is extracted
and decomposed the color picture into its three color channels:luma channel (Y) and
two chrominance channels Cb and Cr,with note that the frames of digital video is in
YCbCr color system, the SDD algorithm is applied to the Y channel.
The encryption algorithm achieves best timing results, and it provides high level of
security by its great resistant against brute force attacks, because it uses dual key and
dynamic block cipher, hence it will be very difficult to guess the key. To decrypt the
ciphertext with 128 bits, the attacker needs 8.86569157e+188 of possibilities of keys as
minimum and 7.91569097e+253 as maximum.

The fatigue-creep interaction performance of 5086 and 6061-T651 aluminum
alloys were investigated for specimens tested under control stress rotating bending at
a stress ratio R=-1 and 250°C temperature. The fatigue endurance limit for both
alloys reduced at 250°C.
The fatigue and creep damage was evaluated based on the linear damage rule,
where the fatigue damage was determined as the number of cycles to failure and the
creep damage was evaluated based on the time applied experimentally for low to
high and high to low amplitude stress. The cumulative fatigue-creep interaction
damage was found to around 0.5 i.e DF +Dc =0.5
Fatigue – creep interaction lives predicted by the linear damage rule were
compared to the actual lives. The results show that the linear damage rule gave an
overestimated predictions.

Spatial Multiplexing (SM) over multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) channels
significantly improves the data rates over wireless channels. The challenge is to design
low complexity and high performance algorithms that capable of accurately detecting
the transmitted signals. In this paper, the general model of MIMO communication
system was introduced in addition to several MIMO Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
detection techniques. The Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and computational
complexity of Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), Zero Forcing (ZF), and
Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection schemes have been analyzed and compared to
each other using Matlab R2009b. Results of simulation illustrates that their
performances of MMSE and ZF detectors are close together and need more than 14 dB
of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) to achieve 10-4 BER. On the other hand ML detector
shows better results than MMSE and ZF detectors but the complexity and the delay are
large. Been proposed to install the number of transmitter antennas fixed on 2 and
change receiving antennas 2, 3, and 4. Results showed that the present proposal came
close to the results of the previous model, but less complexity.

Because stair climbing is a common activity of daily living, the ability to do it
efficiently is important to an individual's quality of life. More demanding than level
walking, stair ambulation is performed with ease by healthy individuals; however, it
is more difficult to perform for those with decrements in motor function, balance
problems, or reduced lower-limb function. The difficulty with stair climbing is
attributable to increased muscular demands, which are reflected in larger forces,
angles, powers, moments, and ranges of motion, and these increased demands occur
consistently at the knee joint.
Kinematic system is used in stair climbing to record the position and orientation of
the body segments, the angles of the joints and the corresponding linear and angular
velocities and acceleration. The purpose of the study is to show an ideal kinematics
appearance of human gait cycle for stair climbing in order to get measurement values
that can be depended on in the hospitals of rehabilitation, the centers of physical
therapy and the clinical of medical sports as a reference data for kinematic joint
parameter. In this study, 5 subjects were selected from the society, then a video
recording was made for them by using a single digital video camera recorder fitted on
a stand of three legs in a sagittal plane while subjects climbing a stair one by one for
different stair heights. Motion analysis was used to study the knee and hip joint
kinematics.
As a result, it was observed that the range of motion at the hip joint is between
(10°-70°) at ascending and the range is between (20°-50°) at descending. The range
of motion at the knee joint is between (20°-90°) at ascending and the range is
between (10°-100°) at descending. The range of motion at the ankle joint is between
(-25°-20°) at ascending and the range is between (-25°-15°) at descending. Also it
was found that the angular velocity at the hip joint is between (-10-10) deg/s for
ascending and (-15-25) deg/s for descending. The angular velocity at the knee joint is
between (-40-30) deg/s for ascending and (-30-50) deg/s for descending. The angular
velocity at the ankle joint is between (-30-20) deg/s for ascending and (-15-15) deg/s
for descending. In this study, biomechanical characteristics of lower limb joint upon
various stair height were presented and these data can be applied to biomedical
research field that include wearable walking assistant robot.

The quality of product is related to the shape of blanked edge. The blanking
process is referring to a shearing or punching process. In this work an experimental
investigation to the blanking process was carried out using cutting die with three
groups of specimens at different direction (0˚, 45˚, 90˚) with respect to the sheet
rolling direction. The aim of this work is to study the effect of anisotropy on the
characteristic features of sheared edge of aluminum sheet (Al-1100) with (2mm)
thickness. The results of the experimental investigation show the effect of anisotropy
on the magnitude of fracture zone for the sheared edges and on the shearing forcepunch
displacements curves. The rolling direction at 0˚ is the best shape which it has
the less fracture zone (50%) and the less shearing force and that led to better
dimensions with respect to other directions at 90˚ and at 45˚.

This paper presents a hybrid text summarization for mobile device to summarize a
selected text. The system can be proceeds by statistic or heuristic methods. With the
statistic and heuristic the summary is found based on combined statistic features and
heuristic features like word frequency, position, length of sentences, and similarity
with the document title. The results shows that the time with proposed system is less
than without it during the retrieving the text with selected keywords

In this paper, the Framelet Transform (FT) is proposed as a new modulation
technique in the realization of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM). Framelet Transform (FT) is used in the OFDM structure to serve as a
modulator instead of conventional Fast Fourier techniques. As a result, the
proposed FT-OFDM system improves Bit Error Rate (BER) performance, and
keeps bandwidth efficiency and spectrum shape as good as conventional Fast
Fourier transform (FFT)-based OFDM. The new structure was tested and
compared with conventional FFT- OFDM, Wavelet based OFDM system (DWTOFDM),
Multi-Wavelet based OFDM system (DMWT-OFDM), Packet-Wavelet
based OFDM system (PWT-OFDM) and the proposed Framelet based OFDM
system (FT-OFDM), for Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), flat, and
multi-path selective fading channels.

The aims of this study are enhancement the performance of low pass FIR
(Finite Impulse Response) Filters by using adjustable window design method, and
reduce the amplitude of side lobes and Gibbs phenomenon problems in these
filters,also study the effect of different orders of low pass FIR filters (20th ,70th,
200th ) on its performance when the parameter β in fixed value in the time domain
and frequency domain, and investigate the effect of different values of parameter
β=0.5,3,6,9 on its performance when the filter order in fixed value in the time
domain and frequency domain.These filters are used in the ECG signal applications
to remove high frequency noise.
The simulation of design these filters is implementing by using FDA tool (filter
design and analysis tool) and wintool (window tool) from matlab (R2010a)
program. The study results have been obtained the lowest value of relative side
lobe attenuation= -66.2dB with thin main lobe width = 0.016602 when the filter
order and the parameter β are equal to 200th, 9 respectively, we find that Kaiser
window function is the optimum window to reduce side lobe amplitude and to
reduce the Gibbs phenomenon with control of the main lobe width as compared
with other windows such as Hamming, Bartlett, Blackman and Rectangular, and
gives much better stop band attenuation than the Parks-McClellan algorithm

In this paper, a numerical solution of the 3-dimensional two-sided fractional
diffusion equation has been presented. The algorithm for the numerical solution for
this equation is based on explicit finite difference method. The consistency, conditional
stability, and convergence of the fractional order numerical method are described.
The numerical method has been applied to solve a practical numerical example and
the results have been compared with exact solution. The results were presented in
tables using the MathCAD 12 software package when it is needed. The explicit finite
difference method appeared to be effective and reliable in solving the 3-dimensional
two-sided fractional Diffusion equation.

Anodic electrochemical etching enhanced by ultrasonically is developed to
fabricate luminescent porous silicon (PS) material. The samples prepared by the new
etching method exhibit superior characteristics to those prepared by conventional
direct current etching. By applying ultrasonically enhanced etching, PS microcavities
with much higher quality factors can be fabricated. The improved quality induced by
ultrasonic etching can be ascribed to increased rates of escape of hydrogen bubbles
and other etched chemical species from the porous silicon pores surface.

In this paper, the nanocrystalline porous silicon (PS) films is prepared by
electrochemical etching of p-type silicon wafer with different currents density (15 and
30 mA/cm2) and etching times on the formation nano-sized pore array with a
dimension of around few hundreds nanometric. The films were characterized by the
measurement of XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy properties.
We have estimated crystallites size from X-Ray diffraction about nanoscale for porous
silicon and Atomic Force microscopy confirms the nanometric size
Chemical fictionalization during the electrochemical etching show on surface
chemical composition of PS. The etching possesses inhomogeneous microstructures
that contain a-Si clusters (Si3–Si–H) dispersed in amorphous silica matrix and (O-SiO,
C-SiO). From the FTIR analyses showed that the Si dangling bonds of the as-prepared
PS layer have large amount of Hydrogen to form weak Si–H bonds.
The atomic force microscopy investigation shows the rough silicon surface, with
increasing etching process (current density and etching time) porous structure
nucleates which leads to an increase in the depth and width (diameter) of surface pits.
Consequently, the surface roughness also increases

The purpose of this research programme is to develop quantitative models for the
prediction of mechanical properties (fracture toughness) using experimental data
collected from the literature, together with a powerful computational technique known
as neural network. Creating a truly general model requires a combination of available
data and metallurgical knowledge.
This model is proposed for martensitic and ordinary bainitic steels in addition to the
more recent class of non-structural super-bainitic steels. Super-bainitic steels are
attractive for many applications such as armour. The model of fracture toughness,
based on chemical composition, heat treatment an
d mechanical properties is proposed.
The predictions of fracture toughness are generally acceptable but the uncertainties
are high and more input data need to be collected for super-bainitic steels when
available in the future to improve the predictions of this model

Pure CdS thin films with different condition have been successfully deposited by
thermal evaporation in vacuum on glass slide substrates. The substrates temperature
of about 100oC and the vacuum of about 10-6 torr. The film was annealing with
different temperature (300 to 500oC) and different time of annealing (10 to 85min).
The film structure properties were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD
patterns indicated the presence of single –phase hexagonal CdS with good crystalline,
some of the structural characterization such as lattice constant, average grain size and
micro strain are calculated from the X-rays pattern. The average roughness was
obtained by using AFM scanning microscope, which shows that the average
roughness decreased with increase the annealing temperature. Direct band gap
values of (2.35 to 2.15eV) for different annealing temperature (300-500oC) and (2.34
to 2.33eV) for (10min to 85min) annealing time at 200oC annealing temperature
respectively, the transmission value of prepared samples are between (50-80%).

The continuous increase of disturbances on the interconnected electric power system
resulting in its inability to reliably meet demands. This paper presents an application of a
series capacitor compensation in transmission line and shunt reactors. Wherever all
inductive loads required two kinds of power to operate with active power (P) and reactive
power (Q) in design and operation of alternating current electric power systems. There is
an important interrelation between reactive power and voltage of electrical power system
which depends on losses compensation using series capacitors compensation. The
reactive power losses in power system distribution can be reduced by connect series
capacitors and shunt reactors with transmission lines. From noticing the location of
reactive power control in distribution substation we can see the reactive power, series
capacitors and shunt reactors, economical considerations which are effected on selection
of using apparatus and equipments in power stations. Certain switching conditions of
circuit breakers of electric power systems can result very high transient recovery voltages
comparing with its normal conditions of working. Using Metal-oxide varistor (MOV) and
shunt reactors helping on damping high voltages and return systems to its normal state.
The paper describes how can we design and implement series capacitors compensation to
solve problem working of reactive power and collapse voltage in transmission lines using
simulation methods