Journal Of the College of law /Al-Nahrain University

This research deals with the Provisions of the new Iraqi Law n.17, 2019 Which modified the Commerical Iraqi Law n.21, 1997 that Created a new Company which S0- Called " The holding Company " as the first step to regulate it in our Iraqi legal regulation to determine its Pros and Cons.

It is meant by procedural guarantees in the field of judicial judgment, those formal legal procedures that, as soon as the labor court takes into account in issuing its ruling accurately, this judgment is correct and procedurally fair, achieving all the desired guarantees, especially protecting workers from work hazards, as the weak party in the relationship Streptococcus, and this is what we mean by it also the integrity of the judicial ruling in terms of form.
Procedural guarantees are a set of controls and rules stipulated in the Labor Law, or they are intended to regulate the activity that the Labor Court undertakes with its specializations and principles. When the judiciary performs its effective role in the application of procedures during the submission of a complaint, and in order for the judiciary to perform its role, it is necessary to establish specialized courts to hear the labor case.
In order to enable the judiciary to play this effective role, and in order to achieve the main objective of the labor law, which is to protect workers as the weak party in the contractual relationship, the legislator in the applicable labor law has tended to facilitate litigation procedures in labor cases.

The Algerian Legislator obligated the public official to declare his property to prevent corruption in the public sector, especially since the official's status is the presumed element of corruption offences.
The Algerian Legislator has previously regulated this duty according to the abrogated Ordinance No. 97-04, and regulated the same again in the Law on Preventing and Combating Corruption, as it subjected a group of people to the duty to disclose their financial liabilities. However, there is also a category of officials not stipulated in the same law, left for the regulation; whereupon we are required to define the status of the officials who are obligated to declare their assets. Considering the duty of assets declaration in support of the anti-corruption process and in implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention against Corruption which aims at achieving the most important goals of which are enhancing transparency in political and administrative life and protecting public property, this procedure was subjected to principles and strict legal rules, hence, the need to study the procedural nature which regulates the duty to declare assets

There is no doubt That corruption of all kinds and Among these images are confects of interest in the public office which have become one of the most .
Important problems facing and abstracting The functioning of public office and public facilities both regularly and steadily in addition There are several reasons for conflict of interests That lead to its Occurrence During Which reduce this phenomenon

Public money is a means of managing public utilities and it must be preserved in the public interest. Public money, whether material or in kind, must be properly utilized in accordance with law, regulations and instructions. The complacency in it leads to the loss of which is contrary to the public interest, and therefore to the administrative authority, whether public or private to join forces in order to preserve it, so the Constitutions consisted of the provision of texts that constitute a protective shield for these funds from passing by any party. However, public money, whether public or private, is now available to all. Especially since public money was and remains the backbone of all public or private activity, it was necessary to stand up to any attempt to bypass it.
Therefore, this modest study came to shed light on the most important tools of the administration represented by the executive authority in protecting public funds from excess which has become a harbinger of a dangerous future. Most of the buildings of the state have been exploited and transferred to individual or partisan interests and departed from its main objective. And the judicial to put an end to this transgression, which affected all the joints of the state as it did not stand on the transgression on the sidewalks or streets or buildings, but also included water and air territory as well

Multimodal international transport is considered an important process in the trade exchange between countries, as a result of a multimodal transport contract between the shipper and the transport operator, for the purpose of transporting goods by at least two different transports across international borders, but there are a number of obligations incumbent on the transport operator as a result Transferring these goods from one country to another, in addition to several rights arranged by the multimodal international contract of contract, and as a result of the uniqueness of Jordanian legislation in a special law that concerns the process of international multimodal transport, except that is the Jordanian Multimodal International Transport Law No. 29 of 2018, we decided to study the topic of Hauler obligations and rights in legislation as well as comparative legislation relevant to the subject of the study

The "environmental right" is a rich legal system, but it is known for the heterogeneity of its resources, which characterizes it by flexibility to such that have become relative, it has become necessary to go along with the logic of traditional rigor that each right corresponds to "obligation or duty ", which finds its ground directly declared in Article 68 The Constitution amended in 2016 in paragraphs 2 and 3, which tries to achieve quality in the right to the environment in return for the establishment of legal standards requiring the state to conserve environmental resources as one of the conditions for achieving sustainable development and then allocate more duty in the face of natural and moral persons, creating a convergence between Public interest Environmental protection, which is promoted by environmental governance.

The permanent Iraqi constitution of 2005 stipulated in Article (93 / First) that the Federal Supreme Court be competent to monitor the constitutional laws and regulations in force, and the original in the authority that the legislation carries out, that is to set general rules, and that the executive authority is implementing it and the general policy to facilitate the affairs of public institutions In the country, and that going out to the original parties necessitates stipulation in the constitution, just as Parliament is, its work is not limited to enacting laws, but rather it may perform actions required by the workflow within the Legislative Council itself. Also, the constitution may authorize the executive authority to issue regulations that essentially fall within the field of work of the legislature, which leads to overlap between the work of the two authorities, and the scope of the Supreme Federal Court oversight of these actions must be determined, and this is what we are trying to reach in this research by determining what falls within the scope of the court’s control In terms of legislation

Tremendous development in communications and information has had a significant impact on the conclusion of e-commerce contracts, were the national justice system has become unable to resolve its disputes. This led to the need to look for alternatives ways to solve them, and one of the most important among the mis Online arbitrage. The Online arbitration agreement is considered as a constitution of the Online arbitration system; Accordingly, the parties agree to remove the dispute relating to e-commerce contract from the jurisdiction of the national courts and subject them to Online arbitration. Then there is the problem of the possibility of subjecting the electronic arbitration agreement to settle disputes relating to e-commerce contracts to the same legal rules as the classic arbitration agreement.

The international community represented by states and organizations had attended to the water environment to protect it from pollution in times of wars and conflicts within the frame of the international humanitarian law or what is known as the Law of war. This law deals with protecting human and the in their environment, especially the water environment, by making international compacts that directly or indirectly protect the environment as well as by turning to the governmental and non-governmental organizations. This law also counted on a group of principles stated by the international constitutions which violation by countries at war or at peace is prohibited such as poisoning water resources and the like. It is also important to empower the international responsibilities of any violation to the rules of the International Humanitarian Law, especially if this violation affects the environment inhibited by humans or that which so rounds them such as the water environment

The principle in the authority to settle disputes between the conflicting parties is the judiciary but the international trade required new systems and mechanisms that, are capable of resolving disputes between the conflicting parties and then go towards the arbitration system . the arbitration system is a way to settle disputes away from the state judiciary by ordinary individuals who are chosen by the contractors, with scientific progress in the electronic field and information technology and the direction of international trade toward electronic commerce, electronic arbitration was found .lt is based on the best and most appropriate way to resolye disputes between the contractors As it is characterized by the quickness and flexibility of procedures that are not available in the ordinary judiciary or even in conventional arbitration. Electronic arbitration does not require the transportation of parties to the dispute or physical presence in front of the arbitrators,rather theconflicting parties can be heard via Electronic communication applicatio

International humanitarian law is concerned with the necessity of delivering humanitarian Aid to those who deserve it in exceptional situations, but there are obstacles facing the process of access, including the obstacle of approval, and the reason is due to the right of the concerned party to consent or rejection.
In the event of rejection, the justification is required on legal grounds that are not arbitrary, and then the right to refuse turns into a narrow circle. The state may not be able to refuse if there is a necessary matter such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Therefore, in this article, we will discuss the stages of the delivery of assistance to those affected by COVID-19 pandemic, starting with the stage of offering help and then approval and the consequences of it in the cases of rejection and acceptance, leading to the entry of aid and recovery of patients

Before 2005, The Iraqi constitution gives some authorizations for the administration, officers, etc. However, the 2005 constitution stopped these authorizations. And gives all the privilege to the court only. On the other hand, the higher federal court in some justifications assumes this attitude. The administration pushed by real needs, ask to give back these privilege. In this research, discuss the problem of the effect of stopped some authorizations and some privilege. And propose some solutions for this problem.

The present study casts light on the penal sanction of fine set forth in the Algerian law to fight against the corruption offences by giving basic outlines of the system of fine that is currently applied to the corruption offences laid down in the Algerian Law no. 06-01 of 20 February 2006 relative to prevention and fight against corruption. The discussion of that penal sanction will come to the conclusion that the penal sanction of fine for corruption offences used in the Law no. 06-01 suffers from serious drawbacks mainly, the low value of fine imposed to the corruption offences by comparison with the high amount of the goods that flow from those offences, and therefore, this study will strongly urge the Algerian legislator for introducing reforms in the Law no. 06-01 that aim at raising the value of fine for the corruption offences.