Journal Dawat

The Arabic manuscripts are part of the nation›s heritage. Reviving them is a scientific necessity because they are a document of the civilization of the Arab nation especially what is related to linguistic studies in all its scopes. Since it adds to libraries a great legacy that is passed down between generations, from the hidden pearls of the treasures of Arabic, Al-Hamdani (1305 AH) composed his book Kings of Speech in Collecting What Happened Between Us and Those of Understanding. In this book, he explained the arts of language from phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics and interpretation. From the investigation and study of this valuable work, the researcher was given the scientific abundance that this work included in various sciences, arts and literature, to delve into its investigation and study to draw from the abundance of its knowledge.
Keywords: «Mirza Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab Al-Hamdani, Kings of Speech in Collecting What Happened Between Us and Those of Understanding, Grammar and Syntax»

The linguistic mind has been observing, through the vessel of hearing and the sense of sight, the qualities of the sounds of the language and contemplating their forms, trying in that observation and contemplation to build a theoretical conception that surrounds the system of the language at its phonetic level. One of the most accurate things that is clear and apparent in this course is that this conception begins in its course from rational assumptions that arise as a result of asking about the types of sounds and their laws, then it tends after that to the path of proving the validity of those laws and their realization in their different quantities, aided in its course and regularity by a treatment based on description, classification and analysis, provided that analysis requires at the same time the presence of interpretation, which is likely to lead to deducing the specific rules for the system of sounds in their qualities and exits, and how to perform and pronounce them, whether they are alone or adjacent. The matter of interpretation is hardly settled, and the matter of the derived rules comes, until the technique of circulation used by the owners of theorizing and treatment comes to us; and by the technique of circulation here I mean the terminological apparatus produced by the scientific practices related to the sound system in Arabic, and the depth of it.
According to this, I looked at the texts of the linguistic heritage specialized in the study of sound and its texture, reading their introductions, looking at their elements and samples, following their traces, and I found (phonetic reliance) present in them, and it forms the pivotal pole in the classification of sounds and their analysis, and the interpretation of their laws.
Keywords: Accreditation, Diaphragm, Classes, Air Pressure, Phonetic Impedance, Sonority.

This Research sheds light on some of the contents of the Qur’anic significance in the book (Explanation of Differences of Languages) by Sheikh Muhammad Ali Al-Asfour (d. 1350 AH), which is under investigation by the researcher. These contents were divided into five sections, preceded by a preface in an overview of the author’s life and his book. The first section studies the metaphorical connotation, the second one deals with the generalization of connotation. The third section covers the specification of connotation. The fourth and fifth sections dealt with the contents of the semantic relationships of some Qur’anic words. The foremer studies the verbal harmony, and the latter studie synonymy.
Keywords: Qur’anic significance, differences in languages, Muhammad Ali Al-Asfour, synonymy

This research aims at studying (the terms of political groups and sects and their related terms in Nahj al-Balagha), due to the great scientific and linguistic importance of this book. Given the interest of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) in the political aspect, he addressed many of its domains in his sermons and books which he sends to his workers in different countries. Thus, I have gathered a group of words indicating the sect and group that the Imam mentioned in his sermons and books. In their meaning, there is an indication of the endeavor of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and his desire to clarify the types of people from the political and military perspectives. In this research, I relied on the theory of the semantic field to determine the areas into which the words of the sects and groups mentioned in this aspect are divided. Thus, this research is divided into two sections, in the first of which the military sects and groups and their related matters are addressed, and the other section discusses political sects and groups and their related matters. In addition to interpreting and analyzing these words in terms of the relationship of each word to the context in which it appears, in terms of (concordance, conflict, and the intended purpose).
Keywords: terms, sects, political groups, semantic analysis

ثمة قواعد أساسية ينبغي توافرها في المقطع الصوتي، ومنها: ضرورة الابتعاد عن التقاء صائتين في سياق السلسلة الصوتية، غير أن هذا الالتقاء تحقق على مستوى البنية السطحية، وعلى مستوى البنية العميقة، فعمد المحدثون إلى وضع طرائق عدة للتخلص من هذا الالتقاء، ولما كان هذا الالتقاء يتحقق في الأسماء والأفعال على حد سواء، ولأن الأصل المفترض لم يكن واحدًا عندهم؛ فقد تنوعت تلك الطرائق وتباينت بإزائها الرؤى.
وقد تكفل هذا البحث بالكشف عن طرائق المحدثين، وهم يفسرون التحولات الصوتية التي طالت بنية الكلمة، والتصورات التي بنوا عليها قواعدهم؛ فمن النادر جدًا أن يتفقوا على أصل مفترض لبنية الكلمة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: (تجاور الصوائت، الصوائت القصيرة، الصوائت الطويلة)

Language has two main functions: one of them is the function of communication and dialogue, and the other is the function of dialogue with oneself. The first represents the individual’s instinctive orientation toward the other as a social being. The other function is the next stage, described as individualism, and may reach immersion in subjectivity. An individual is in constant dialogue with himself, being happy and sad, loves and hates; this is his psychological and emotional direction. The least that can be said about this orientation is that it is symbolic and located at the edges of language and its peripheries, using a language that is the product of its recoding, in a sense it is the product of this linguistic paradox.
A person›s life is full of experiences and different situations, both private and public. All of that was included in his language, becoming a part of it, and he began to draw additional meanings from words beyond their situational meanings. Talking about my father or mother is not talking about two people who brought me into this life and raised me! On top of that, it is a conversation filled with endless emotional and psychological emotions. We will remember all the good and painful meanings. This is the direction of meaning in the individual, and it is a self-psychological direction that appears in various manifestations: literary, psychological, social, and in various other manifestations that appear in usage, and so on.
In light of this, we find that a person’s relationship with his language is not merely a relationship with a tool used to communicate; rather, he finds himself in it. The word does not refer to a specific thing, it is the thing itself, and this speech is not poetry. These are linguistic facts that the ancients, Arabs and others stopped at.
Keywords: The individual - subjective - meaning - direction - psychological significance - emotional meaning.

«Resalat Al-Taghleeb» is a manuscript written by the scholar Ahmed bin Mufti al-Khadimi in (13 AH). Its importance comes from its linguistic material and dealing with methods in Arabic structures. We can also find «Resalat Al-Taghleeb» effects in the Holy Qur’an. It was considered as an accurate path in Arabic which revealed the extent of Arabs and their perception of things.
The research was divided into two sections: The first section included two paragraphs: The first included an introduction to the author, his name, lineage, and works, and attributing the manuscript to him. In the second paragraph the researcher describes the manuscript and the method of investigation. As for the second section, it included an investigation of the manuscript, followed by the conclusion in which the results were mentioned, finally the paper ends with references and resources.

This paper targets the study of negation in Arabic by gathering and categorizing its major explicit and implicit structures and by exploring its grammatical, semantic, syntactic, rhetorical, pragmatic, and discursive characteristics. The analysis of this empirical study introduces explanations of grammarians and rhetoricians to the imports of the explicit and implicit negation structures. Such imports are closely linked to context. In the second level which is pragmatic, the emphasis is on the pragmatic senses of the negation structures used in everyday speech wherein we shall determine the pragmatic concepts pertinent to negation, such as the scope of negation, its focus, its illocutionary force, and negative responses.
Keywords: explicit negation, implicit negation, affirmation, the scope of negation, illocutionary force.

This research deals with this style of the Arabic language, namely the method of negation, The Diwan of the poet Dabal Al-Khuzaie is adopted as an applied field due to the diversity of the tools of negation that it contains. The poet›s use of negation tools are studied, presenting them to the sayings of ancient grammarians, and stating their opinions on these tools, while taking into account what modern researchers have said about these tools. The nature of the research required that it be divided into an introduction, a preface, two sections, and a conclusion, followed by a list of sources from which the research benefited. The research has concluded a set of results, the most important of which are: All the negation tools - those specific to the nominal and verbal sentences, and those that common to both sentences - have appeared in the collection, except for the negative tool (in), which has not appeared. These tools varied in terms of their frequency of occurrence in the collection. The temporal connotations performed by these tools are also varied. Further, the research proved that the tool (Laisليس ) may negate a general, comprehensive negation of the gender.

The essence of the human entity is based on the diversity and distinction of the characteristics of cultural identities; individuals in human societies may start from different reference identities, such as the identity of the physiological characteristic of the human body structure, the type of lineage, ethnicity, nationality, gender, ideological identity, identity of preferring cultural behavior, and political identity. The social identity systems in the poetry of the discourse of authority during the era of the Almoravids and Almohads formed an effective authoritarian presence, as the poets of those two eras expressed the Arab presence represented by relative glory and the system of social values represented by loyalty, generosity, honor, and courage. In light of the objective data, this research was divided into an introduction and two sections. The introduction dealt with defining identity, the first section dealt with lineages, and the second section included pedigrees. Finally, I recorded the most important results arrived at by the research, followed by a list f the most significant resources.

This research includes the effect of the Religious-Cultural reference in the prose of Lesan Al-Deen Ibn al-Khatib. The Qur’anic sources and the Noble Prophetic hadiths are considered the most important resources that contributed to enriching the prose of Lesan Al-Deen Ibn Al-Khatib during the 18th century. This is in order to prove his Arab-Islamic identity that became threatened in the unstable political situation. It can be observed that Allah’s book has a great influence on Ibn al-Khatib al-Andalusi.
The research revealed Ibn Al-Khatib’s artistic ability and expansion in creating artistic approaches in his discourse. Such methods aimed at achieving his goal of employing the noble Prophet’s hadith and the Qur’anic text, which is considered an influential intellectual source in his literature. He employed it in a way that suits the nature of its expressive contexts to influence people. Besides, the effect of the Holy Qur’an on Cultivating the Andalusian taste. revealing the aesthetics of style in the book on the other hand. Also, how it was carried out, whether it was cited interwoven with it or taken from it to produce a text at a high level of idealism. As a result, the influential effectiveness of the Qur’anic text for this reference was behind the distinctive features of this text in form and content.
Keywords: Cultural, Religious, Prose, Ibn Al-Khatib Al-Andalusi

The texts of Al-Jahidh (d. 255 AH) transcended the worlds of ambiguity and camouflage, spreading their meanings without tension and exaggeration. They are unique in the understanding style that presented literary models which took on the character of correspondence far from affectation. Al-Jahidh adopted a different expressive approach in the service of the retirement school. With this trend Al-Jahiz’s texts produced an expressive dialectics, from which we took the isomorphism. Isomorphism is a semiotic procedure that depends on semantic focalization and accompanying expressions and styles that enhance meaning. They also achieve harmony, with its connection to language, and its diversity according to the idea, expression, and intention of the writer. It was intertwined within a specific context and a prominent semantic core from which those aesthetics were fragmented, and the deviation from what is familiar; to achieve both influence and beauty.
There is diversity of isomorphism in Al-Jahidh›s texts according to the content and the addressee, so the similarity came semantically and formally. In addition, the writer uses isomorphism of contrast, which is one of the poles of expressive formations and is used on the axes of semantic and contextual contrast. He strengthened his text and provided it with elements that were both harmonious and different, but that fell within two harmonious aesthetic and semantic frameworks. From all of this, a comprehensive intellectual system crystallized, the foundations of which were laid by Al-Jahidh, who insisted on localizing its goals and ideology, drawing his audience towards the intended goal with a clear, explanatory language that manipulates the wording according to what he understood and what he wanted his audience to understand from him and be convinced by what he presented to him.
Keywords: Al-Jahidh, text, isomorphism, meaning, contrast

Arabic maqamat are characterized by a number of features, foremost of which is that they are short texts collected around a single incident. Another feature connected to this is the difference in the texts and the stability of the characters, which are the character of the hero and the character of the narrator. The crisis of the plot does not revolve around the conflict between good and evil; rather on the conflict of begging. This makes the text of maqamat far away from the balance of two parties in victory. It relies on the character of the eloquent begging hero and the narrator. The other party is the audience who does not have an active narrative presence. There is no variation across characters and plots, as there is one plot and two characters. The hero does not spend a huge effort to achieve his role. He appears educated and aware of cultural landmarks, which is why s/he looks superior over others. There is no dialogue among other characters, nor internal dialogue. It is all external, with satire as its main trope. The spatial variation does not provide an effective narrative presence. The temporal plan is clear with no inconsistency. The poetic structure drives al Maqamat text from narrative content to narrative form. The poetic impact ceases the narrative content and turns it to sole structural content.
Keywords: Almaqamat, begging, protagonist, narrator, characteristics, dialogue, conflict, narrative content, narrative form.

Magazines and newspapers have a major role in influencing society and its culture. A number of magazines and newspapers appeared in Iraq at the beginning and mid of the last century. They had a major role in the literary movement. This stage marked the beginning of a good stage for newspapers and magazines that emerged later. Among these important magazines in the middle of the last century was the magazine “Risala Al-Sharq” by Sayyid Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi. It included poetry, stories, essays, and other literary arts. In fact, it represents a social and cultural image of Karbalai society in the middle of the last century.
The research came with five sections, preceded by an introduction that focused on explaining the magazine by overviewing the history of short story in Iraq. The first section tackled the construction of the event. On the other hand, the construction of character, time, and place are dealt with in the second, third, and fourth sections respectively. The last section is concerned with building Dialogue. These sections are followed by the conclusion in which I explained the most important results reached by the research. Finally, the study ends with a list of sources and references.
Here it is necessary to mention the most important books from which the research benefited. The magazine was the mainstay of the research. In addition, research by Dr. Ali Hussain on this topic, and many books and research that studied the construction of the story in general, and the short story in particular we if great benefit as well.

The formation of the narrative structure of a narrative work takes place through the interaction of the three pillars (narrator, narrated, and narrated to). However, the first pillar has a special advantage that stems from its being a link between the other two pillars. Therefore, it has attracted great attention in narrative criticism, which was evident in standing on the methods and patterns of narration, and the visions with which the material of story is perceived.
Cultural formation is what produces the identities of individuals; nonetheless, it is not unlikely that the process of formation is biased against its subject or biased toward it, as long as its patterns depend on the writer’s awareness, perspective, and position on his subject, and the consequent selection of some details and leaving out others (1). This made the French sociologist (Pierre Bourdieu) worn of the writer’s ability to change social reality by changing the representation of the actors in it, reproducing social conditions and preserving through his representations their accomplished formations, and supporting their influence in reality (2), which is what (Gayatri Spivak) confirmed and stressed. Also, I ruled out the possibility of ignoring the role of literature in producing cultural perceptions(3)
Since the subject is broad in scope, both theoretically and practically, we dealt with novelistic models from the productions of Iraqi writers specific to the period before and after 2003 AD. We do not claim that the research has surveyed all the developments that have affected the novel, as the work included a selective group that seems more distinctive and clarifying of the subject.
Keywords: Narration, Focusing.

This research examines the impact of Quranic readings on grammatical guidance and the connection of all of this with the meaning that the Quranic text produces with different readings. The research first dealt with defining the research concepts, which are Quranic readings, grammar, and semantics, before embarking on the applied study, which we addressed from two aspects, namely the connection of the phonetic aspect with the readings. The second aspect is the connection and harmony between phonetic, grammatical, and semantic phenomena through studying a group of Quranic models in which multiple Quranic readings were mentioned, analyzing them, and demonstrating the interrelationship between reading, grammar, and semantics.
Keywords: The interrelationship, Quranic readings, grammar and semantics, different readings, sound.