Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The prepare the origin of oats fortified with cardamom oil or crushed bay leaves and study the microbial content of short breast meat exclusively. The study used 72 pieces of fresh breast meat prepared from the central in Basra. The pieces were immersed in solutions of Nashua fortified with cardamom oil or horn leaf powder and divided into stages with three replicates for each selection, as follows: T1 (non-coated negative control treatment) , T2 ( positive control treatment coated with polyethylene pressure only ) , T3 Duck breast coated in oatmeal only) , T4 Duck breast coated with oat starch enriched with cardamom oil only at a rate of 1% ) , T5 ( pieces coated with oat starch fortified with clover leaf powder only at a rate of 1%) , T6 ( pieces coated with starch fortified with cardamom oil at a rate of 0.5% and monthly leaf powder at a rate of 0.5% ) . The treatments were stored in the freezer at a temperature of ¯ 18 C for (0, 30, 60, 90) day s. The microbial content (total bacterial count, cold-loving bacteria and Escherichia coli ) was studied and the results of the study modified the bacterial numbers between the intermediate treatments, as treatments T4 and T6 showed significant differences in the total bacterial count , cold - loving bacteria and Escherichia coli compared to multiple treatments from multiple bacterial results with the advancement of the storage period , as the storage period of 0 days showed a modification in the bacterial numbers compared to the storage period of 90 days. The study does not include that the treatments that coated oat starch enriched with cardamom oil or cardamom oil and bay leaf powder together may disappear from the bacterial numbers , which contributes to extending their storage life.

A study was conducted to test the possibility of inducing resistance in tomato plants using chemical agents (soil sterilizer), biological preparation, biocide and commercial preparation of seaweed extract. The root system was separated into two parts in two pots for each plant. After a week of plant stability, treatments were carried out separately, where young knot nematodes were injected into one part while the treatment was added to the other part of the root. The effect of each treatment in inducing plant resistance was evaluated after 6, 11 and 16 days of treatment depending on the concentration of resistance or pathogenic enzymes, CAT and POD, and the estimation of total phenolics and the extent of the effect of treatments on the percentage of chlorophyll in the plant. The results showed that the compound fertilizer preparation was the most efficient in increasing the concentration of POX and CAT, especially clearly after 11 and 16 days of treatment. Infected plants generally recorded higher levels of resistance enzymes than uninoculated plants even in the presence of treatments. Treatments with the presence of infection led to raising the levels of POD, CAT and total phenols to significantly higher values in most cases than those recorded in infected or untreated plants. The effect of treatments on the penetration and development of root-knot nematodes was observed, as higher penetration rates were recorded in the untreated inoculated control treatment, which then showed the development of juveniles to G3 and G4 after 16 days of inoculation, which was not recorded on the roots treated with the experimental factors. Abamectin showed relatively lower effectiveness than the rest of the treatments, while no knots were recorded in the Biohealth and Saviour-C soil sterilizer treatments. The study indicates the possibility of dipping tomato seedlings upon planting with any of the studied preparations to protect the plant from infection for at least the two weeks following transplantation of the seedlings

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted in the postgraduate insect laboratory/Al-Musayyab Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat University. The study included extracting two types of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Taraxacum officinale leaves and Cress seeds. The results showed the aqueous extract of Taraxacum officinale leaves, it gave the highest mortality rate of 100% at a concentration of 10 mg/ml after (7) days in a row for the second larvae, and the lowest mortality rate of 0.00% at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml for the fourth larvae after one day the highest mortality rate of 100% for the alcoholic extract of Cress seeds at a concentration of 10 mg/ml for the second larval stage after (7) days in a row, and the lowest mortality rate of 46.60% at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml for the fourth larvae after one day..

The experiment was conducted in the agricultural season 2022-2023 in the fabric shade of the College of Agriculture - Aljamieuh of Basrah, as the experiment aimed to study the effect of spraying with organic fertilizer and Aljamieuh fertilizer on the vegetative and Flowering growth of Calendula officinal is plant. The experiment included 9 factorial treatments in which two factors interacted: foliar spraying with organic fertilizer at three concentrations of zero, 4, 6 g. L-1 and spraying with Aljamieuh fertilizer at concentrations of zero, 5, 10 mg. L-1, and the spraying was in three batches with an interval of 15 days between each batch.Spraying with organic fertilizer at a concentration of 6 mg. L-1 led to a significant increase in plant height, number of lateral branches, number of leaves, percentage of dry matter of the vegetative group, number of flowers, flower diameter and percentage of dry matter in flowers, while this concentration caused a significant delay in flowering. Spraying plants with organic fertilizer at a concentration of 4 mg.L-1 led to a significant increase in the number of petals. Spraying with Aljamieuh fertilizer at the highest concentration of 10 mg.L-1 led to a significant increase in plant height, number of lateral branches, number of leaves, percentage of dry matter of the vegetative group, number of flowers, number of petals, flower diameter, and percentage of dry matter in flowers, while this concentration caused a significant delay in flowering. The bilateral interactions had a significant effect on all the traits under experiment.
The highest number of active compounds was recorded in plants treated with organic fertilizer, which amounted to 41 compounds, while the treatment with liquid fertilizer recorded the number of active chemical compounds 37 compounds compared to the control treatment, which had 35 compounds.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of magnesium fertilization and boron spraying on some growth and yield characteristics of two potato cultivars in one of the fields of the College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul in northern Iraq. The field was divided into 3 panels (each panel represents a replicate) and each field was divided into 24 experimental units. Then, the potato cultivars CARRERA (v1) and PREMABELLE (v2) were planted. Magnesium was added at four levels (0, 40, 80, 120) kg h-1 and the symbols were given (Mg0, Mg1, Mg2, Mg3) respectively, while boron was added at three levels (0, 25, 50) mg l-1 and the symbols were given (B0, B1, B2) respectively. The results showed that the treatment (Mg3) recorded the highest value for plant height, leaf area, number of stems, chlorophyll content and number of tubers, which reached 57.24 cm, 28.6 cm2, 2.86 stems/plant-1, 40.98 SPAD and 9.04 tubers/plant-1, respectively, despite the lack of significant differences between the treatment (Mg3) and other magnesium fertilizer treatments in some characteristics. The treatment (B2) recorded the highest value for plant height, leaf area, number of stems, chlorophyll content and number of tubers, which reached 58.73 cm, 29.0 cm2, 2.84 stems/plant-1, 38.72 SPAD and 9.61 tubers/plant-1. As for the varieties, the variety (v1) outperformed the variety (v2) in the trait of plant height and leaf area, while the variety (V2) outperformed the variety (V1) in the trait of chlorophyll percentage in the leaves, and the varieties did not significantly affect the traits of the number of stems and the number of tubers in the plant.Keywords: Water stress, Zea mays, Physiological, Chlorophyll content.

This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of using oat beta-glucan as a fat replacer on the physicochemical and sensory properties of low-energy Labneh manufactured from skimmed milk by adding beta-glucan in different proportions to skimmed milk, namely 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%, represented by treatments L1, L2, L3 and L4, respectively, in addition to the positive control treatment C+, which was made from whole milk and the control treatment C-, which was made from skimmed milk without adding beta-glucan. chemical tests, which included estimating the percentages of moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash, and the percentages of total acidity and pH and the physical tests viscosity and hardness, in addition to the sensory evaluation immediately after manufacturing and during storage at (5±1) ₒC for 21 days, were shown fat-free labneh treatments showed an increase in moisture content compared to the positive control treatment C+, while the control treatment C- had the highest moisture content among all treatments, while a decrease in moisture values was observed for all at the end of the storage period. The fat percentage decreased significantly in Labneh made from skimmed milk for all treatments compared to the positive control treatment, while its percentage increased at the end of the storage period for all treatments. The protein percentage was close in the treatments to which beta-glucan was added compared to the positive and negative control treatments, while there was an increase in the protein percentage with the advancement of the storage period for all treatments. As for the carbohydrate percentage, it was also close in the treatments to which beta-glucan was added and its value increased compared to C+ and C- treatments , noting its decrease at the end of the storage period. As for the total acidity, its percentage increased with the advancement of the storage period, and in contrast, the pH values of the adding treatments decreased. The addition of beta-glucan also improved the rheological properties of labneh , represented by viscosity and hardness, and contributed to improving the sensory properties of fat-free Labneh, especially the treatment with an addition ratio of 0.4% beta-glucan.

The study mainly aimed to identify the level of practicing knowledge management processes in the agricultural extension organization by agricultural workers in Salah al-Din Governorate through the studying knowledge management processes (the process of generating and diagnosing agricultural knowledge, the process of organizing and acquiring agricultural knowledge, the process of storing agricultural knowledge, the process of developing and sharing agricultural knowledge, and the process of applying agricultural knowledge). The study community included all employees of Salah al-Din Governorate who were officially registered in the governorate departments, and their number was (400) agricultural employees. A proportional random sample was drawn at a rate of (40%) of the total number of employees in the governorate, with a size of (160) respondents. A preliminary test of the data collection tool was conducted on a random sample of 20 respondents from the community outside the study sample. The Cronbach's alpha equation was used to find stability, and its value was (0.91). Field data were collected through personal interviews during October and November 2024. The scale consisted of (38) paragraphs measuring the level of knowledge management. Statistical methods and the (SPSS) program were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the level of practice of the researched extension workers in knowledge management and its importance was average and tended to decrease with a relative weight of 75%. This leads us to conclude that the level of practice of knowledge management operations by workers in agricultural departments in Salah al-Din Governorate is low. The research results recommend reconsidering the development of workers in those departments trying to acquire the necessary knowledge and providing the infrastructure to support agricultural knowledge management in agricultural extension.

Some laboratory experiments were conducted in the postgraduate insect laboratory / Al-Musayyab Technical College / Al-Furat Al-Awsat University. This study was conducted to test the effect of different concentrations of the aqueous extract of the leaves of the Myrtus and Dodonaea plants on the death of the beetle insect, under laboratory conditions and with three replicates for each extract according to the statistical analysis C.R.D. Which is considered one of the most pests that attack stored grains in the world, the results showed that the extract of the plant Myrtus communis. was superior to the plant Dodonaea viscosa. in the death rate of the bean beetle, as the death rate of adults on grains treated with a concentration of (20) mg/ml of the extract of Myrtus communis. was (13.3, 20.0, 3.33, 50.0)% at the time periods (24, 48, 72, week) days respectively compared to (0.0)% in the control treatment, as for the extract of Dodonia viscosa. The mortality rate of adults on grains treated with a concentration of (20) mg/ml of the extract reached (13.3, 7.16, 26.7, 46.7)% at the time periods (24, 48, 72 weeks) days respectively compared to (0.0)% in the control treatment. The results showed the effectiveness of the aqueous extracts of M. communis. And D.viscosa. and the possibility of their inclusion in integrated management programs in the future to control Callosobrachus maculatus.

A field experiment was carried out to improve the nitrogen tolerance traits of Sunflower using the 8 genotypes selected from Shamos and Local varieties compositions selected for the first electoral cycle based on three selection criteria (earliness of flowering, disc diameter and plant height) and sown in randomized complete block design with three replicates and in a split-plot arrangement with three nitrogen levels (50, 100, 200) kgNh1- represented the main plots and the genetic compositions represented the secondary plots. Results revealed that there was a significant between selected genotypes and the Nitrogen levels; the (SHD-selected) gave the highest peroxidase (POD) activity (34.23 U/mg). While, the SHC- control gave the lowest value of POD activity about (11.94 U/mg) under all levels of nitrogen fertilizers (50,100,200) kgNh1-. The nitrogen fertilizers caused increasing of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, whereas. The LD-selected gave the highest value of SOD under 200 kgNh1-, about (5.71 U/mg), compared with the LC genotype, which showed activity of SOD About (1.21 U/mg), under 50 kgNh1-. The change in nitrogen levels caused a difference in the activity of enzymes (POD, SOD, and CAT) and led to increasing of 300 seed weight. The LD gave the highest seed weight (48.07 gm and 50.40 gm) under two levels of nitrogen fertilizers (100) and (200) kgNh1-, respectively, while the SHC- control gave the lowest of 50 kgNh1- seed weights about (39.10 gm). We can conclude that increasing of nitrogen level will increase the concentration of anti-oxidant enzymes (POD, SOD, and CAT), and allow to enhance the improvement of productivity in genotypes of sunflower, because of Nentire in the structure of enzymes and protect the cell from deficient of elements and serve stress.

Given the significance of cut flowers in social and religious life, as well as their extensive use in most formal gatherings, this study aimed to investigate the effect of storage methods and the use of certain preservatives on extending the vase life of two types of flowers (roses and gladiolus). The results indicated the superiority of refrigerated storage (S2) combined with the addition of chitosan (A3) in prolonging on the experiment conducted in the care and storage laboratory of department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening to the vase life of rose flowers, as demonstrated in the experiment conducted on shrub roses. The role of chitosan in extending vase life is attributed to its ability to enhance carbohydrate conversion, which leads to an increase in fresh weight. Additionally, chitosan contributes to the biosynthesis of pectin in cell walls and protects plant cell walls from water loss. This, in turn, results in increased water uptake and reduced water loss. In the second experiment (gladiolus flowers), the dry storage treatment combined with dipping the floral stem bases in salicylic acid showed superiority. This may be due to its role in protecting cell membranes from oxidative stress or its involvement in protein synthesis, which facilitates the transport of these proteins through the phloem to the flowers. This process helps prolong their vase life and prevents deterioration. Furthermore, salicylic acid inhibits ethylene production, which enhances flower longevity and prevents degradation.

The study was conducted on the Shatt al-Hilla in Babylon Governorate show the potential levels of pollution of water and sediments. Six stations were identified: (Sinjar, Al-Farsi, Al-Nabi Ayoub, Al-Muaymirah, Al-Ibrahimiya, and Al-Hashimiyah), The results showed that the Shatt water was highly affected by sewage and household waste. It was noted that the heavy elements increased in the summer more than in the winter, as follows: lead> iron> cobalt >cadmium. The study included measuring some chemical properties of the water of Shatt al-Hilla, and the results also showed an increase in heavy elements in the sediments as follows: iron> lead> cobalt >cadmium, and a study of some physical and chemical properties of the sediments.

The study was conducted in the artificial insemination department from September 2024 to December 2024 with the aim of demonstrating the effect of adding different concentrations of the aqueous extract of the seeds of the Kalgan plant to Tris diluent on some traits of the semen of Holstein bulls after cooling. Four Holstein bulls were used in this experiment. Semen was collected from the four bulls every week at a rate of one ejaculation per bull. The semen of four bulls was mixed and mixed together (Pooled Semen) to eliminate individual differences between bulls. The experiment was divided into four treatments: The first treatment was the control treatment (T1) Tris diluted without adding antioxidant, T2: (Tris diluted + 501 micrograms Kalgan seed extract / 10 ml diluted), T3: (Tris diluted + 250 micrograms Kalgan seed extract / 10 ml diluted), (T4: Tris diluted + 350 micrograms Kalgan seed extract / 10 ml diluted). The results showed that adding 250 micrograms of Kalgan seed aqueous extract / 10 ml / Tris diluted in treatment (T3) led to a highly significant increase (P>0.01) in the percentage of individual sperm motility after cooling the semen at a temperature of 5 ºC. The results also showed a highly significant increase (P>0.01) in the percentage of live sperm for treatment T3) when adding 250 μg of aqueous extract of Kalgan seeds/10 ml/Tris diluent) after cooling compared to the rest of the treatments. The results also showed a highly significant increase (P>0.01) for treatment T3) when adding 250 μg of aqueous extract of Kalgan seeds/10 ml/Tris diluent) in the percentage of plasma membrane integrity and acrosome integrity after semen cooling compared to the rest of the treatments.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of social, educational, and financial factors on the adoption of agricultural technologies by farmers" with in Rafiya village, located in the Al-Rashad subdistrict, Kirkuk Governorate. Data were collected from 40 farmers using a paper-based questionnaire that included independent variables (e.g., education level, financial support, and social influence) and dependent variables (e.g., technology adoption, its impact on productivity, and social integration). The data were analyzed using SPSS software, employing frequency distribution, percentages, and Spearman's rank correlation to examine the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. The results showed that the majority of farmers had completed secondary education or higher (72.5%), although education had no significant influence on the adoption of agricultural technologies (Spearman correlation = 0.097, non-significant). Regarding financial support, 77.5% of farmers relied on self-financing to cover the costs of adopting agricultural technologies, while 22.5% indicated an inability to afford these technologies. Spearman’s correlation revealed a strong negative significant relationship between financial support and technology adoption (r = -0.532, p = 0.000), indicating that a lack of financial support is a major barrier to adopting modern technologies. Social influence had a positive significant correlation with technology adoption (r = 0.490, p = 0.001), highlighting the role of social networks and peer influence in encouraging farmers to adopt new technologies. Regarding the level of technology adoption, 55% of farmers adopted only one technology, 30% did not adopt any technology, and 15% adopted multiple technologies. As for the impact of technology on productivity, 27.5% of farmers reported a significant increase in productivity, while others observed a slight to moderate increase. Finally, the social integration was limited, with 35% of farmers reporting no change in their social relations, while 30% noted improved cooperation with other farmers.

During winter 2022–2023, a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture and Forestry affiliated with University of Mosul and Badush Dam area to ascertain the effects of three boron concentrations (0, 30, 60 mg B/L) and three potassium fertilizer levels (0, 75, 150 kg K2O/ ha) on traits of safflower growth and yield. The design was randomized complete block with three repetitions. Potassium fertilizer level of 150 kg/ ha produced the highest averages for plant height (80.53 , 81.86 cm), branches number per plant (6.51 , 7.01 branch/plant), leaf area (1964.33 , 1977.66 cm2), heads number per plant (30.96 , 31.85 head/plant), seeds number per head (30.61 , 30.94 seed/head), weight of a thousand seed (44.03 , 44.81 gm), seed yield (1097.06 , 1100.40 kg/ha), content of seed from oil (32.38 , 33.05%, and oil yield (356.00 , 364.41 kg/ha), in both study sites. Significant effects of boron concentrations were observed in both study sites; the highest average plant height (82.02 , 83.37cm) was found at 30 mg/ L, while the highest values for a branches number per plant (6.21 , 6.87 branch/plant), leaf area (2054.00 , 2067.33cm2), heads number per plant (31.78 , 33.12cm2), seeds number per head (31.94 , 32.27head/plant), weight of a thousand seed (44.73 , 45.40gm), seed yield (1125.33 , 1128.66 kg/ha), content of seed from oil (32.95 , 33.73%), and oil yield (371.09 , 380.96kg/ha) were found at 60 mg/ L. There was a substantial interaction between potassium levels and boron concentrations in the two characteristics of leaf area (2147.66 , 2161.00cm2) in both research sites and seed yield (1152.26kg/ha) in the Badush Dam site. The greatest values for leaf area and seed output were obtained with a boron concentration of 60 mg/L and a potassium fertilizer level of 175 kg/ ha.
Keywords: Potassium, boron, growth, yield, safflower.

This experiment was carried out in the educational field of the Department of Horticulture - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, (35° 32' N, 45° 21' E, and 733m altitude from sea level), the period 15th October 2019 to 15th February 2020, to study the effects of different germination covers such as polyethylene film (clear plastic), burlap (jute fabric), 3 L peat moss, 50gm hydrogel and agriculture soil on germination and growth of lawn grass seeds, it was used lawn mixtures of four seeds grass (cold season grasses). The experiment was laid out in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications.
The study results showed that a high significant superiority of the treatment of covering seeds with polyethylene film in many of the studied characteristics, Including the number of days required for germination 4 days compared to 8 days for control , plant density 165.667 / 100cm2 plants whereas the control was 86.000 plants, plant height 7.267 cm whereas the shortest plants 3.33 cm achieved with soil (control), also total chlorophyll , plant fresh and dry weight, roots fresh and dry weight.

The research dealt with studying the demand for fish meat and analyzing it in Iraq by taking time series data from (1990) to (2022). Data was also collected from various districts and sub-districts of Salah al-Din Governorate, with a population of (1,812,822) people for the year (2023-2024) using a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, where the sample size was (400) families with an average number of members (7). The study aimed to estimate the factors affecting individual consumption of fish meat using a time series represented by individual income, commodity price, and prices of alternative and competing goods (red meat and chicken) and estimating the elasticities of income demand for protein, calories and fats in addition to future predictions for all variables of the series from (2023) to (2035). The study relied on the use of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model in addition to applying the linear, logarithmic, semi-logarithmic and inverse semi-logarithmic regression models. The study reached the most important conclusions, the fluctuation in the average per capita share of fish consumption according to the quantities of local production and imports on the one hand and the increase in population size on the other hand. The research also indicated a direct relationship between the average prices of both red meat and poultry with the required quantities of fish meat, while the relationship was inverse between the average prices of fish meat and the required quantity of fish meat. While the cross-section data indicated the inverse relationship between the quantity of fish consumed on the one hand (the price of fish, the quantity of chicken consumed, the quantity of red meat consumed) on the other hand, while the relationship was direct with each of (the price of one kilogram of chicken, the price of one kilogram of red meat, the number of family members, the monthly income). As for the income elasticity of the quantities of fish consumed, it reached (0.43), which means that it is considered a necessary commodity and the level of satisfaction from this commodity is appropriate. The study concluded with some recommendations, the most important of which is paying attention to the fish production sector and working to provide all possible means to develop production and increase the quantities available for fish consumption in a manner that matches the increase in population numbers.
Keywords: analysis, economic, standard, demand, fish meat

. The research aims to determine the level of importance of using social media in extension work from the point of view of agricultural extension workers in Nineveh Governorate/Iraq in general, and to determine and establish the correlation between the level of use of social media in extension work and independent variables such as (age, gender, educational qualification, academic specialization). The research sample was limited to (263) researchers. The questionnaire form was adopted as a tool for collecting data, as the questionnaire was divided into two sections: the first section included the independent variables, including personal and job information of agricultural extension workers, and the second section included a group of paragraphs, amounting to (15) paragraphs, measuring the level of importance of using social media in extension work. After verifying its validity, the data was analyzed using the SPSS program, and the results showed that the level of importance of using social media in extension work from the point of view of agricultural extension workers was average and tending to increase. The researcher recommended the need to intensify training courses on the use of social media in extension work by the relevant authorities or competent authorities in the region.

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season 2023-2024 in the field of the Field Crops Department - College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, in Babil / Iraq. To study the response of three genotypes of oats to spraying some nutrients in saline soil. A randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) was used in a split-plots arrangement with three replications. The main plots included the genotypes Shifa, Algouda, and Oats11, while the secondary plots included four nutrient treatments: spraying distilled water (comparison), spraying boron at a concentration of 1 ml L-1, spraying silicon at a concentration of 1 ml L-1, and spraying both boron at a concentration of 1 ml. L-1 and spray silicone at a concentration of 1 ml L-1 together. The results of the Algouda genotype showed the highest values of the traits , plant height (118.10 cm) and leaf area (26.59 cm2). While the Shifa genotype excelled in the traits of the number of tillers.m-2(458.2 tiller), the total chlorophyll content of the flag leaf (54.19 SPAD), and the lodding index (0.41%). Spraying silicon at a concentration of 1 ml L-1 led to an increase in the traits of plant height (113.62 cm), the number of tillers.m-2(456.4 tiller), the area of the flag leaf (27.19 cm2), and the total chlorophyll content of the flag leaf (55.37 SPAD).Accordingly, the variation between oat genotypes in their response to silicon spraying, which greatly helped in reducing the harmful effects of soil salinity and improving most of the vegetative growth characteristics.

A field experiment was conducted for the agricultural season 2022-2023 at the Agricultural Research Station affiliated to the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, at the Karmat Ali site. To study the effect of spraying different concentrations of iron and boron (0, 100, 200) mg L-1 for each of them individually or mixing the two elements in addition to the comparison treatment and according to the design of complete randomized sectors and with nine treatments and three replicates so that the number of experimental units reached 27 units in the indicators of vegetative growth and leaf content of total chlorophyll and carotene pigments and the percentage of total dissolved solids in seeds. The results showed that foliar spraying with both iron and boron together at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 for each caused a significant increase in plant height, fresh and dry weights of the plant, and leaf area of the plant while spraying with iron at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 caused a significant increase in the number of leaves. Spraying with boron alone at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 led to a significant increase in the carotene content of the leaves while spraying with boron at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 led to a significant increase in the percentage of total soluble solids in the seeds.

The study was conducted in one of the plastic houses affiliated with the Horticultural Facilities Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University. During the agricultural season 2022-2023. To know the response of two okra cultivars to mulching and planting date and their effect on some vegetative growth and yield characteristics. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block design with a split-plot system. The study included two okra cultivars (Betra) local and Climson) and different mulching (black plastic, wheat straw and with out mulching) and four planting dates (2/10, 2/11, 2/12 and 2/01) for three replicates. The data were analyzed according to the SAS program. Using Duncan Multiple Range Test to compare the means at 0.05 probability level, the results showed: Climson cultivar was significantly superior in pod diameter, weight and plant yield, reaching 2.03 cm, 5.46 g and 2142.78 g plant-1, respectively. As for the mulch treatments, mulching the soil with black plastic was superior in the leaf content of chlorophyll b 4.32 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, as well as in the fresh weight of the vegetative group, as the treatment of mulching with wheat straw was superior 266.33 g plant-1 and did not differ significantly from mulching with black plastic. As for the number of pods and plant yield, the treatment of mulching with black plastic was superior, 480.23 pods/plant-1 and 2328.00 g/plant-1, respectively, compared to the two treatments of mulching the soil with wheat straw and without mulching, which gave the lowest values. It was also shown from the interaction treatment (Climson variety + mulching with black plastic + the second date) a significant effect on the two traits of the number of pods and plant yield, which reached 570.24 pods/plant-1 and 3210.45 g/plant-1, respectively. We conclude from this that applying the process of mulching the soil with black plastic and the appropriate time has a positive role on Climson okra plants.

A laboratory experiment was conducted in the postgraduate insect laborator at Al-Musayyab Technical College/Al-Furat Al-Awsat University, to test the effect of different concentrations of hot water extract of eucalyptus leaves and filtrate of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum on the death of the larval stages of the Khabra grain beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts. Which is considered one of the most pestsilent that attack stored grains in the world, the results showed that treatment with concentrations of (5, 10, 20) mg/ml of the aqueous extract of eucalyptus leaves, where the mortality rate reached (60.00), (43.33), (30.67) in the second stage, while for the fourth stage it reached (30.68), (38.68), (56.32) ,respectively, after 7 days of treatment. As for the filtrate of the fungus T. harzianum, it gave treatment with concentrations of 50, 75, 100% (53.33, 55.33, 66.00) for the second larval stage, while for the fourth stage 43.20, 53.16 and 61.33), respectively. After 7 days of treatment, the results showed the effectiveness of the aqueous extract. Eucalyptus leaves and T. harzianum fungus filtrate and the possibility of introducing them in the future into integrated management programms to control Trogoderma granarium.

The research included isolation and identification of Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria and Azotobacter paspali bacteria, and studying the effect of these two types of bacteria with three types of animal organic manure (Sheep , Buffalo , Poultry) in some traits of Zea mays L. growth (Plant height, Chlorophyll content, Number of leaves , Leaf area , dry weight of roots and Stem diameter ). The field experiment was carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate, Juwaylan area, and designed using a completely randomized block design.
The results of isolation and diagnosis of these two types of bacteria showed that the morphological and microscopic characteristics of these two types matched the characteristics of Azotobacter spp. bacteria. The results of studying the biochemical characteristics of these two types of bacteria also showed that they gave a positive result for growth tests at 1%. NaCl , 0.1% phenol , catalase, reduce nitrate , glycerol , starch , motile and negative for benzoate test .
The effect of fertilization with Azotobacter bacteria and organic manure was significant in most of the studied plant traits. The bacterial type A. paspali gave the highest values in Plant height, Chlorophyll content and dry weight of roots which amounted to 193.96 cm/plant-1 and 52.66 spad and 16.78 gm/plant-1 respectively and with a significant increase compared to the control treatment 175.37 cm/plant-1 and 52.18 spad and 15.08 gm/plant-1 respectively . while the A. chroococcum type gave the highest values in number of leaves, leaf area and Stem diameter which amounted to 12.78 leaf. plant-1 and 633.66 cm2.plant-1 and 26.71 mm respectively and with a significant increase compared to the control treatment 12.42 leaf. plant-1 and 551.81 cm2.plant-1 and 25.85 mm respectively.
The Poultry manure treatment gave the highest values in all of the studied plant traits which amounted to 220.71 cm.plant-1, 56.82 spad , 13.93 leaf.plant-1 , 732.27 cm2.plant-1 , 23.00 g.plant-1 and 33.76 mm respectively and with a significant increase compared to the control treatment 175.91 cm.plant-1 , 51.50 spad , 11.74 leaf.plant-1 , 472.88 cm2.plant-1 , 12.73 g.plant-1 and 22.00 mm respectively.
The interaction treatment (A. paspali + Poultry manure) gave the highest values in Plant height, Chlorophyll content and dry weight of roots which amounted to 231.23 cm.plant-1 , 58.57 spad and 25.67 g.plant-1 respectively and with a significant increase compared to the control treatment 151.57 cm.plant-1 , 49.52 spad and 9.99 g.plant-1 respectively , while the interaction treatment (A. chroococcum + Poultry manure) gave the highest values in the number of leaves and Stem diameter 14.33 leaf.plant-1 and 34.72 mm respectively and with a significant increase compared to the control treatment 11.22 leaf.plant-1 and 20.91 mm respectively.

A field experiment was conducted in the Al-Mussaib project area, 35 km north of Babylon Governorate, within the coordinates of longitude 32º 47ʹ north and latitude 44º 26ʹ east, at an altitude of 27 m above sea level, to study the effect of adding agricultural sulfur and humic acid on the availability and absorption of some nutrients by the Fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare L)., whose seeds were soaked with different levels of the growth regulator gibberellin. The study factors were agricultural sulfur at levels (0, 500, 1000 kg h-1) and humic acid at levels (0, 15, 30 ml L-1). The results were analyzed statistically according to the design of RCBD experiment and the averages were compared using the least significant difference test at the 5% probability level. The results were as follows: The treatment of adding sulfur (1000 kg ha-1) was significantly superior and gave the highest averages in the characteristics of available of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfates in the soil and absorbed by the leaves, while the treatment of adding humic acid at a level of (30 ml L-1) was significantly superior and gave the highest averages for the above characteristics.

Yellow corn is considered one of the important economic crops, as it ranks fourth in terms of relative importance of area after wheat, barley, and rice, and second after rice in terms of area and production. Where the study aimed to estimate the optimal size of production and area using the marginal method according to the long-term cost function. The data were obtained through the design of a questionnaire specifically prepared for this purpose and collected in the field. This sample consisted of (100) farms that represented the entire study community. The optimal size of corn crop production was determined in the research sample and based on the cubic cost function, which passed all statistical, standard and economic tests. The optimal size of production was (4024) kg, which maximizes profits and low costs, while the optimal area achieved was (50.3) dunums. The study concluded that in light of the application of the criteria for evaluating financial performance, it was found that all projects achieved rewarding returns, but large category projects exceeding 56 dunums are the best category in achieving economic efficiency by achieving the best results when using the studied criteria, adding them well. The results of this, study recommended giving the role of agricultural extension system by educating farmers and training them to adopt modern irrigation technis.

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Khabat Technical Institute / Erbil Technical University in the winter of 2022-2023. In order to compare the effects of the pesticide Topsin (Thiophanate methyl 70% WP) at a concentration of 1 g/100 ml culture medium against the growth of Alternaria alternate, the study will test an alcoholic extract of the green outer husk of walnut fruits, Juglans regia, at four concentrations (0, 1, 1.25, and 1.5 g/100 ml culture medium). The findings demonstrated the existence of inhibitory activity against the fungus at all concentrations tested, with the greatest outcomes occurring at 1.5 g/100 ml of culture medium, when the inhibition rate reached 94%. This extract's laboratory result was examined using a number of treatments on some growth characteristics and yield of the Vicia faba (number of pods, number of seeds, length of the plant, percentage of protein in the seeds, percentage of seed germination) in greenhouse conditions, and the results were good when the plant was treated (directly with the extract), The results reached (4.96, 18.78, 81.16 cm, 22.74%, 84%), respectively, compared to the comparison treatment. For the treatment (fungi with addition of the extract directly), it also gave good results, and the number of pods, number of seeds, plant length, percentage of protein in seeds, and germination percentage were as follows (5.04, 19.88, 79.52 cm, 21.64%, 76%), respectively.
The following phenolic compounds were found in the plant extract when using (HPLC) analysis: galactic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, coumaric, rosmaric acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid, and apigenin.

From December 15, 2022, to January 1, 2023, we conducted an examination of plants at the Plant Biology Laboratory within the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad. The seeds treated for pests were grown on a MS medium that contained 0.5 mg.L-1 of BA. We exposed enough 1-centimeter-long vegetative branches to UV light symbol (Uv) for varying durations between 0 and 20 minutes after their collection. In independent trials, we cultured these vegetative branches in MS medium using four different concentrations of Moringa leaf extract (M) (0, 5, 10, and 15 g/L), exploring the impact of these factors on plant growth and the synthesis of leaf cardiac glycosides. Notably, a 15-minute exposure to UV radiation significantly improved the average counts of branches, leaves, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content, and cardiac digoxin concentration, leading to the observation of 44.67 branches. Plant 1 yielded a total of 4,652 leaves, generating 11.67 leaves overall. Additionally, Plant 1 produced both 100 g-1 and 30.91 micrograms-1, respectively.

The ingredients and preparation methods influence the safety and quality of cheese. Imports of Iraqi cheeses increase on year, but there are no data presented in scientific publications about the safety and quality of these cheeses. This research has analyzed three types of cheeses (soft, semi-hard, hard) obtained from Iraqi markets of Babylon but produced in Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Nine different brands from each country of origin (n = 27), with three replications per sample, were considered. Moisture, ash, fat, proteins, fiber, water activity, and peroxide value were considered. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there is a significant effect of the variables "type of cheese" and "country" or their first-order interaction impacted all the nutritional factors. In addition, the protein content declared on the labels differed from the values determined analytically in the laboratory. The extent of this difference was almost similar to that observed for the fat content, with the highest difference of 22%, which was observed in the sample CHH2-I. The lowest water activity value was in CHR3-S samples, which was 0.793 ± 0.003, while the highest water activity value was found in CHS2-S and CHS3-S samples, which was (0.977±0.003,0.977± 0.004), respectively. The results also showed that the peroxide value in the CHH1-I sample was 0.61 ± 0.04 mEq/kg, which was higher than the peroxide values of other samples that contain similar percentages of unsaturated fatty acids

The effect of conventional pasteurization at temperatures (65, 85, 90) °C and for a period of (30 min, 15 min, 15 sec) was studied respectively for three types of natural juices represented by orange, pomegranate and red grapes in comparison with microwave treatment at (750-800 W, 2450 MHz) for a period of (30, 60, 90) sec, then evaluating the quality characteristics and effectiveness of the treatment in preserving the nutritional value in the refrigerator at 5 °C for 28 days. The microwave treatment exhibited more stability to the pH and titratable acidity of the juices during the storage period compared to the conventional treatment, which showed a gradual increase in acidity during the storage period. The results of the statistical analysis did not show a significant difference (p >0.05) in the concentration of total dissolved solids (TSS) between the treatments and the different conditions used in the study, and it showed clear stability until the third week of storage with a slight decrease in the fifth week. Regarding the AA content, the microwave treatment for 30 sec was less degradable compared to the conventional pasteurization which gave the lowest content of AA at 65 °C for 30 min. The use of microwave also reduced the formation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) at 30 and 60 sec and reduced the deterioration of sugars during the treatment and storage period for all juices compared to the conventional treatment. Both treatments showed good effectiveness in inhibiting the pectin methyl esterase, but the microwave treatment was more efficient despite the microwave treatment for 30 sec which was the lowest compared to the treatments at 60 and 90 sec, which helped in reducing the changes that may occur in the concentration of total dissolved solids and thus improving and stabilizing the juices during the storage period.

The research aims to conduct a standard estimation of the production cost functions for the tomato crop in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, based on a case study of the production situation of the tomato crop at the level of the governorate's center and districts. The research relied on the descriptive economic analysis approach to describe and interpret the most important economic variables associated with tomato production and employed quantitative economic analysis methods to determine the key economic variables affecting tomato production in the study area.
Moreover, the research estimated the production cost functions of the tomato crop in its various forms to determine the optimal production level and the profit-maximizing level. The analysis was based on field data collected during the summer, winter, and spring agricultural seasons of 2024 through a questionnaire targeting a random sample of 120 farmers, ensuring each individual in the population had an equal chance of being selected. The study identified the main independent factors affecting tomato production as follows: (cultivated area, manual labor, machinery wages, cost of improved seeds, cost of organic fertilizers, cost of chemical fertilizers, cost of pesticides, and miscellaneous expenses). The results of the study showed that the three seasons achieved productive and economic efficiency in tomato production. The estimated models were found to be free of multicollinearity problems based on Frisch test. Furthermore, the coefficients of the independent variables were significant at the 5% level based on the t-test, and the overall model was significant at the 1% level based on model testing, indicating the positive impact of all independent variables across all seasons. The study recommends the necessity of enhancing the productive and economic efficiency of tomato farmers within the study sample by applying and training farmers in modern technological methods, providing them with knowledge to increase their expertise, supplying improved crop seeds, and encouraging the use of soil mechanical analysis. It also advocates for integrated pest management systems to eliminate pests and insects affecting the crop, thereby improving productive efficiency and achieving the optimal production level and maximum profit level.

Due to the continuous increase in the income rates available to individual consumers in Iraq and the increasing local demand for protein food sources, including red meat, the levels of technical efficiency of its production units has become a realistic necessity; Especially in light of the problem of waste in the unwanted use of economic resources, hence the importance of research emerged in identifying the technical levels and the extent of optimal use of economic resources in the fattening process, and assuming the existence of a gap in the level of volumetric efficiency between production units, and from it came the objectives of the research in measuring the levels of technical efficiency using the statistical analysis method through the DEA data envelope program and according to the variables of the production function, and to achieve these objectives, the primary field data for a stratified sample consisting of 15 production fields were relied upon, and on the secondary theoretical office data, and it became clear from the analysis results that field (1) achieved the highest volumetric efficiency estimated at about (100%), while field (6) achieved the lowest volumetric efficiency estimated at about (0.624%), and the average volumetric efficiency for the total research sample was about (0.846%), which means that there is a waste of economic resources at about (0.154%) from the optimal volume level, and the proposals came with the necessity of adopting a marketing and pricing policy for feed Veterinary vaccines and treatments, and controlling the mechanism of random import of un fattened animals (free-range lambs), and their fresh meat, in accordance with health and legal supervision.

The agrivoltaic system is among the most effective methods for achieving sustainability by maximizing the use of agricultural land for both crop production and electricity generation. This system reduces water consumption by shading soil and plants, thereby minimizing evaporation and retaining soil moisture for longer periods compared to open-field cultivation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of shaded versus unshaded cultivation, irrigation levels (100% and 50%), and biofertilizer application on the concentration of (N , P , K , Na) in plant leaves. The results indicated that shaded and unshaded cultivation significantly increased leaf contents of potassium and sodium. Biofertilizer, composed of a mixture of Trichoderma and mycorrhiza, significantly enhanced sodium concentrations in leaves. Irrigation levels, however, showed no significant effects on leaf contents of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium and sodium . The interaction of shaded cultivation with biofertilizer resulted in significant increases in nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, and sodium content. Similarly, the interaction of shaded cultivation with irrigation significantly enhanced nitrogen, phosphor, sodium, and potassium concentrations. Moreover, the interaction between irrigation and biofertilizer showed significant improvements in nitrogen, sodium and potassium contents. Lastly, the three-way interaction among shading, irrigation, and biofertilizer had significant effects on all studied parameters, leading to increased concentrations of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium, and sodium in leaf tissues.

this study aimed to identify the extent of development and impact of some spending policies affecting the accumulation of Agricultural money during the study period The regression equation was used in estimating the relationship between the variables and the use of the program (Eviwes 12) in the analysis of data and the results showed the lack of significance of the interest rate in the short term, but in the long term there is a negative moral effect of the interest rate on the accumulation of agricultural capital and also showed a positive non-significant effect of the exchange rate on the accumulation of capital This study has recommended the need to activate the agricultural sector and the introduction of modern technologies and the use of advanced machinery and machinery and stay away About the traditional methods of production processes, and rationalizing spending operations for fear of waste and increasing spending directed to the agricultural sector as one of the important sectors that are related to the lives and livelihood of citizens.

The effect of three types of environmental enrichment, perches, dust baths, and threshing bales, which are the first factor and the second factor, breeding density and the effect of each of them on the production performance of table egg chickens were studied and chickens were raised in eighteen cages, nine of them with (28) birds/cage and the second nine cages with (20) birds/cage. During the measurement of egg qualities, the enrichment factors did not have a significant effect on the average egg weight. Regarding the qualitative characteristics of the eggs, the environmental enrichment using perches showed a significant increase in the relative weight of the shell, other qualitative characteristics were not affected, and the rearing density had no significant effect on the qualitative characteristics of the eggs. The interaction between the studied factors showed a significant effect on egg qualitative traits, the most important of which was the increase in the relative weight of the egg lying (albumin) and the relative weight of the yolk in the environment provided with roosts and for both densities.

A field experiment was conducted at the location of Al-Suwaira District, Al-Shahimiya District (60) km north of Wasit Governorate during the summer season of 2024 in a sandy clay soil, for the purpose of determining the best cultivar that gives the best response to the medically active compounds with the effect of ascorbic acid at three concentrations (200, 100, 0) mg L-1 - and different planting dates on (1/4/2024, 15/4/2024, 30/4/2024) for several cultivars of ‏Roselle plant (red, white and black). A complete randomized block design was used with a split-plot arrangement, and the cultivars occupied the main plots, the planting dates the secondary plots, and ascorbic acid the sub-secondary plots. The results showed the superiority of the black cultivar plants and the third planting date of 4/1/2024 and spraying ascorbic acid at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 in the studied traits, as well as the presence of bi and triple interactions between the factors through significant effect on the medically active compounds.

The experiment was carried out at the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, during the winter agricultural season (2023-2024) for the purpose of studying the effect of irrigation periods and foliar feeding with jasmonic acid on some growth characteristics of three broccoli hybrids. Three hybrids were used in the experiment as first factor Gaith F1, Jassmine F1, and Naxos F1. Two irrigation schedules (every three days and every six days) were the second factor, and three levels of jasmonic acid (0, 10, and 20 mg L-1) were sprayed on the leaves as the third factor. The irrigation treatment every three days gave the highest values for all the studied traits, such as plant height, number of plant leaves, leaf area, dry matter in leaves, and flower disc weight, which reached 59.57 cm, 19.90 leaves per plant-1, 198.78 dm2 leaf-1, 13.82 %, and 0.881 kg plant-1, respectively. The spraying treatment with jasmonic acid at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 was significantly distinguished by giving the highest values in the previous traits, which reached 62.41 cm, 20.96 leaves per plant-1, 204.46 dm2 leaf-1, 13.76%, and 0.892 kg plant-1, respectively. The cultivar (Ghaith F1) recorded the highest value in plant height, 58.62 cm, and dry matter in the leaves, 12.77%, while the cultivar (Naxos F1) achieved the highest value in the number of plant leaves, 19.48 leaves per plant-1. Also, the Jassmine F1 cultivar is superior in leaf area, which reached 189.79 dm2 leaf-1.

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of each stage of the work of agricultural employees working in the laboratories of that company, and arrange those stages in descending order. And to find the correlation between the work stages and each of the study variables such as (academic achievement, years of experience working in the company, work problems). The study sample was selected in a systematic random manner. The study sample included (202 agricultural employees), which constitutes (47%) of the study population of (428) agricultural employees. Which percentage was calculated using the equation (SThompson, 2012, p59_Thompson 60). The research method included preparing and designing a questionnaire consisting of two parts: the first included the personal characteristics of the respondents. The second included measures of the work stages. A questionnaire form consisting of (67) test paragraphs was prepared, distributed over (7) stages as an initial formula. It was presented to experts specialized in agricultural guidance for the purpose of determining the relative importance of each stage of the work. In light of their comments, (4) paragraphs were deleted and (11) paragraphs were reformulated, so that the number of paragraphs became (63). Then, a pre-test was conducted on it by distributing it to (30) respondents as a survey sample to measure the reliability coefficient, which exceeded (73)%. After the questionnaire form was ready, it was distributed from (5/1/2023 to 9/1/2023). The data was collected through personal interviews. The percentage of ease, difficulty and discriminating power was measured, as (3) results were deleted due to their difficulty not being appropriate and not good in their discriminating power, so the number of test paragraphs became (60) paragraphs. The data were coded and processed using statistical methods (range, arithmetic mean, weighted mean, t-test, relative importance, correlation coefficient) using the SPSS program. The results also showed that the stage of (grain examination and analysis) ranked first, indicating the importance of this stage in receiving grains from farmers. It was followed by the importance of other work stages in succession, and that there was a significant inverse correlation between training needs and each of (academic achievement and number of years of experience), while the results showed that the relationship between training needs and problems was significant. This indicates the great importance of the need to conduct continuous and specialized training courses in the work of the respondents. The researcher recommended the importance of introducing agricultural employees working in the laboratories of the General Company for Grain Trade - Republic of Iraq to training courses inside and outside the country, and that these courses be linked to the necessary training needs, and focus on introducing modern technologies.

Precision agriculture encompasses a suite of cutting-edge technologies that integrate sensors, advanced machinery, information systems, and strategic management to optimize production by addressing the variability and uncertainties inherent in agricultural systems. This study explores the seasonal fluctuations in vegetation cover, soil moisture, nitrogen uptake, carbon supply, water use, and dry matter production in a wheat-growing system using Satellite Remote Sensing Acquisition via the IrriWatch Portal. The evolution of vegetation cover progresses from minimal levels during the establishment phase to peak coverage (75–100%) in March-April, followed by a gradual decline towards harvest. This pattern mirrors the life cycle of the wheat crop, with peak vegetation indicating maximum photosynthesis and biomass production. During the initial establishment phase (December-February), nitrogen demand remained minimal, primarily supporting root growth. As the vegetative phase begins in February and extends through April, nitrogen uptake accelerates, with leaf nitrogen content peaking at 2.5–2.6%. Approximately 70–80% of the cumulative carbon supply is contributed by carbon inputs from roots and microbial activity. By harvest (May-June), the cumulative carbon supply reaches 2,200 mg/kg, stabilizing soil organic matter at 1,650 mg/kg.Water utilization trends demonstrate a balance between natural precipitation and irrigation. Precipitation meets 20–30% of seasonal water requirements, while irrigation supplies 70–80%, particularly during the vegetative and reproductive stages. Evapotranspiration (ETa) peaks at 6–7 mm/day during March-April, driven by transpiration from the crop canopy. Under ideal conditions, wheat crops achieve a biomass yield of 28,000 kg/ha. However, actual field conditions often result in yields stabilizing around 22,000 kg/ha. The vegetative phase (February-April) accounts for 70–80% of total biomass accumulation. In conclusion, effective resource management—through precise irrigation, optimized nitrogen application, and carbon input—enhances wheat productivity and sustainability. Remote sensing tools like IrriWatch enable better decision-making, ensuring sustainable practices that improve yields while maintaining long-term soil health and resource efficiency.

A field experiment was conducted in Najaf province at the University of Kufa - Agricultural Research Station for autumn season of 2023 AD in a loamy sand soil, classified according to the modern American classification as below the level of the supergroups Typic Torrifluvent according to the international classification . To study the effect of biofertilizer and humic acid on the growth and yield of corn under salt stress conditions.The experiment included three main factors, the first factor is to isolate a group of Klebsiella oxytoca bacteria that are tolerant to salt from the zygosphere of the Tarfa plant, which is characterized by its high tolerance to salinity and is at two levels (without adding, adding) which represents (B1, B0). The second factor is to add humic fertilizer to the soil at levels (0, 4 and 8) kg. ha-1 which is symbolized by (H2, H1, H0). The third factor is to irrigate the plants with water with salinity levels (1.5, 3 and 6) ds.m⁻¹ which represents (S2,S1,S0). The experiment was implemented according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates and the results of the experiment were statistically analyzed according to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and the significant differences between the averages of the treatments were calculated with the least significant difference at the level of 0.05 using the Genstat program in the statistical analysis. The results were as follows:The treatment of adding biofertilizer B1 significantly outperformed the other treatments and recorded the highest rate of available nitrogen, which reached 20.11 mg. kg-1 soil, available phosphorus 26.40 mg P kg-1 soil, available potassium 182.22 mg K kg-1 soil, organic matter in the soil 11.06 g. kg-1 soil, total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil 6.67 g-1 soil.The results also showed that adding humic acid had a significant effect, as the H2 treatment with an addition level of 8 kg.ha-1 was significantly superior in the characteristics of available nitrogen reaching 21.65 mg. kg-1 soil, available phosphorus 32.41 mg P kg-1 soil, available potassium 206.67 mg K kg-1 soil, organic matter in the soil 12.18 g. kg-1 soil, and the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil 7.50 g-1 soil. The results of irrigation with water with an electrical conductivity of 6 ds.m‾¹ showed a decrease in the concentration of available nitrogen in the soil reaching 8.51 mg N kg-1 soil, available phosphorus 20.42 mg P kg-1 soil, available potassium 118.71 mg K kg-1 soil, organic matter in the soil 8.47 g. kg-1 soil, total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil 8.29 g-1 soil,

The study was conducted during the agricultural seasons from August 2022 to June 2024 at the Baqubah Central Nursery affiliated to the Diyala Agriculture Directorate to study the genetic dimension of pure lines of colored tomatoes and evaluate the performance of their individual hybrids under the effect of spraying with two different calcium solutions on some quality traits. The first season included conducting a genetic fingerprint test and determining the genetic dimension of the twenty pure tomato lines imported from the Tomato Genetics Center at the University of California in Davis, USA (TGRC) CM Rick Tomato Genetics Center). Using ten primers, by applying SSR (Simple Tandem Sequencing) technology. Based on the results of the genetic fingerprint test and the evaluation of the genetic dimension by means of the cluster diagram, 6 pure lines with the highest genetic dimension were selected (LA3695, LA2804, LA4355, LA4449, LA2970, and LA0806). They were planted in the greenhouse and entered into a half-crossing program to produce hybrids, while the second season included comparing the genetic compositions (6 parents + 15 hybrids) under the effect of spraying with two different attempts of calcium (no spraying, spraying with normal calcium 2 g L-1, spraying with nano-calcium (2 g L-1) using protected cultivation according to the (RCBD) design and using the split-split plot design system more than once (Split-Split Plot Design) and with three replicates by using the main plot (genetic compositions) and the subplot (calcium spraying). The results were as follows: Parent 1 excelled in total fruit acidity (0.919%), Parent 2 in fruit sugar percentage (6.796%), and Parent 3 in beta-carotene content (11.309 mg/100g). Parent 4 was superior in anthocyanin content (31.034 mg/100g), while Parent 5 excelled in fruit hardness (3.547 kg/cm²), total soluble solids (6.242%), and fruit sugar percentage (6.736%). Parent 6 surpassed others in vitamin C content (12.455 mg/100g) and lycopene content (6.544 mg/100g). The hybrid 1×4 excelled in anthocyanin content in fruits (37.984 mg/100g). The hybrid 1×6 was superior in vitamin C content (18.217 mg/100g) and total acidity (1.185%). The hybrid 2×3 excelled in beta-carotene content (13.904 mg/100g), while the hybrid 2×5 was superior in fruit sugar percentage (12.799%). The hybrid 3×5 outperformed others in total soluble solids (9.155%), and the hybrid 4×6 excelled in lycopene content (6.544 mg/100g). Lastly, the hybrid 5×6 was superior in fruit hardness (5.888 kg/cm²). Spraying the genetic compositions with calcium resulted in significant differences across all studied traits. The nano-calcium treatment achieved the highest significant values in fruit hardness (5.092 kg/cm²), total soluble solids (7.043%), vitamin C (12.912 mg/100g), fruit acidity (0.739% and 0.860%), beta-carotene (8.746 mg/100g), lycopene (6.013 mg/100g), fruit sugars (9.720%), and anthocyanin content (17.547 mg/100g), outperforming the control and ordinary calcium treatments.

The aim of this study is to determine the training needs of agricultural employees working in the laboratories of the General Company for Grain Trade - Republic of Iraq in general. And to find the correlation between the work stages and each of the study variables such as (age, gender, sources of information, job satisfaction). The study sample was selected in a systematic random way. The study sample included (202 agricultural employees), which constitutes (47%) of the study population of (428) agricultural employees. Which percentage was calculated using the equation (SThompson, 2012, p59_Thompson 60). The research method included preparing and designing a questionnaire consisting of two parts: the first included the personal characteristics of the respondents. The second included measures of the work stages. A questionnaire form consisting of (67) test paragraphs was prepared, distributed over (7) stages as an initial formula. It was presented to experts specialized in agricultural guidance for the purpose of determining the relative importance of each stage of the work. In light of their comments, (4) paragraphs were deleted and (11) paragraphs were reformulated, so that the number of paragraphs became (63). Then, a pre-test was conducted on it by distributing it to (30) respondents as a survey sample to measure the reliability coefficient, which exceeded (73)%. After the questionnaire form was ready, it was distributed from (5/1/2023 to 9/1/2023). The data was collected through personal interviews. The percentage of ease, difficulty and discriminating power was measured, as (3) results were deleted due to their difficulty not being appropriate and not good in their discriminating power, so the number of test paragraphs became (60) paragraphs. The data were coded and processed using statistical methods (range, arithmetic mean, weighted mean, t-test, relative importance, correlation coefficient) using the SPSS program. The results of the study showed that the level of training needs is medium and tends to increase. The results showed that there is an inverse significant relationship between training needs and each of the variables (age, information sources, job satisfaction), which indicates the existence of training needs for agricultural employees working in the laboratories of the General Company for Grain Trade. On an ongoing basis, and that there is a need to conduct continuous and specialized training courses for the work of the respondents. The researcher recommended the importance of introducing agricultural employees working in the laboratories of the General Company for Grain Trade - Republic of Iraq to training courses inside and outside the country, and that these courses be linked to the necessary training needs, and to focus on introducing modern technologies.

This study focused on evaluating the effect of using iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on some of biochemical and blood parameters of Cyprinus Carpio L. carp. The study evaluated red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), various metabolic compounds, and liver enzymes activity. The experimental fish were fed seven diet treatments, each treatment containing a different concentration of nanomaterials (iron oxide nanoparticles with a size ranging between (20-40 nm) and zinc oxide nanoparticles with a size ranging between (35-45 nm), the first treatment T1 control, the second treatment 30 mg/kg, and the fourth 40 mg/kg of nano iron oxide, the third treatment 30 mg/kg, and the fifth 40 mg/kg of nano zinc oxide, the sixth treatment 30+30 mg/kg, and the seventh 40+40 mg/kg of iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles respectively. The results indicated that the second and fifth nanoparticle treatments significantly improved blood laboratory test outcomes (P<0.01), with increases in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin levels, while white blood cell and red blood cell counts decreased. Biochemically, total protein and glucose levels increased, while liver enzyme levels decreased. However, cholesterol and triglyceride levels remained unaffected. In conclusion, Incorporation of nanoparticles into carp feed provides many benefits, including increased nutrient absorption, increased metabolism, improved growth rates, and improved overall fish health by acting as antioxidant.

Two field experiments were conducted during the agricultural seasons 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 in a loam clay silty soil in the experimental field of the Al-Mahnawiyah extension farm affiliated to the Extension Training Center in Babil Governorate, 8 km north of Hillah and located within latitude 32.31 o north and longitude 44.21 o east. The two experiments aimed to address the problem of scarcity of green feed during critical periods. The RCBD design was used in a split-split plot arrangement with three replicates. The main plots were occupied by planting dates:
(10th, 20th and 30th) of September respectively . The sub plots were occupied by winter feed crops: barley (bohuth 244), oats (Oat 11) and sorghum wheat (Tartekili) (Amal). Sub-sub plots were occupied by cutting dates: (40 days, 50 days and 60 days) respectivelystarting after emergence. The area of the experimental unit was (2×2=4 m2). The results for growth and yield traits showed that: The first planting date D1 had a significantly excelled in the second season only in the trait of green feed yield and dry matter yield, as it gave (24.04) tons. ha-1 and (3.68) tons. ha-1 respectively. As for the second planting date D2, it had a significantly excelled in the first season only in the trait of plant height, as it gave (96.76) cm. The third planting date D3 had a significantly excelled in the traits (stem diameter, green feed yield and dry matter yield) in the first season, as it recorded (3.517) mm and (23.62) tons. ha-1 and (3.069) tons. ha-1 respectively. While the T2 oat crop excelled in most of the traits such as plant height for both seasons and the traits (stem diameter, green feed yield and dry matter yield) for the first season, recording (105.52) cm, (103.16) cm, (3.451) mm, (23.83) t.ha-1 and (3.367) tons. ha-1 respectively, the barley crop excelled in dry matter yield for the second season only, with a value of (3.48) tons. ha-1. The third cutting date C3 was significantly excelled in most of the traits such as plant height for the first season and (stem diameter, green feed yield and dry matter yield) for both seasons, recording (9.37) cm, (3.487) mm, (2.478) mm, (22.07) tons.ha-1, (21.93) tons.ha-1, (3.359) tons.ha-1 and (3.91) tons.ha-1 respectively, except for the trait of plant height for the second season, where the second cutting date C2 was excelled, recording (99.53) cm. As for the interaction between planting dates and crop types, the oat crop that was planted on the third date (D3T2) in the second season was excelled in the trait of plant height (106.06) cm and green feed yield in the first season (30.93) tons.ha-1, while the interaction between planting dates and In most of the traits such as (plant height and stem diameter) for both seasons, it recorded (108.59) cm in combination (D2C2), (106.98) cm in combination (D3C2), (3.667) mm in combination (D3C3), and (2.588) mm, respectively. In the traits (green feed yield and dry matter yield) for the first season, it recorded (28.38) tons. ha-1 in combination (D3C2) and (3.757) tons. ha-1 in combination (D1C3), respectively. As for the interaction between crop types and cutting dates, the oat crop was significantly excelled in the second cutting date (T2C2) for both seasons in the trait of plant height, recording (112.7) cm and (110.35) cm, respectively. The barley crop was significantly excelled in the third cutting date (T1C3) in the second season, recording (26.59). ton.h-1, as for the triple interaction, it had a significant effect on the plant height trait in the second season only, and the combination (D3T2C1) was excelled in this trait, recording (119.15) cm, while it had a significant effect on the traits (stem diameter, green feed yield, and dry matter yield) for the first season, recording (4.097) mm for the combination (D2T2C3), (37.02) ton.h-1 for the combination (D3T2C2), and (4.855) ton.h-1 for the combination (D3T2C3), respectively. As for the qualitative traits, the results showed that the first planting date D1 was significantly excelled for both planting seasons in the crude protein characteristic in the plant and for both planting seasons, as it recorded (14.234% and 14.091%) in succession, while the second planting date D2 was significantly excelled for both planting seasons in the percentage of fibers only, as it reached (22.869% and 22.427%) in succession. The oat crop T2 was significantly excelled for both planting seasons in the percentage of protein in the plant, as it recorded (14.299% and 14.093%) in succession, while the barley crop T1 was significantly excelled in the percentage of fibers and for both planting seasons, as it recorded (24.01% and 23.589%) in succession. The first cutting date C1 was significantly excelled in all traits and for the two planting seasons it was excelled in the percentage of protein and the percentage of fiber, giving the highest values, reaching (14.639% and 14.429%) and (23.094% and 22.632%) respectively. As for the bi-interaction between planting date and crop types, the combination D1T2 was significantly excelled in the percentage of protein and for the two planting seasons, recording (14.889% and 14.74%) in sequence, while the combination D3T1 was significantly excelled in the percentage of fiber and for the two planting seasons, recording (27.087% and 26.274%) in sequence. As for the interaction between planting dates and cutting dates, the combination D1C1 was significantly excelled and for the two planting seasons in the percentage of protein, recording (15.639% and 15.483%) in sequence. The combination D3C1 was excelled in the percentage of fiber for the first season only, recording (25.46%). In the second season, the combination D2C3 was excelled, giving the highest value of (24.753%). As for the bi-interaction between crop types and cutting dates, it was The T3C1 combination was significantly excelled in the percentage of protein for both season, recording (15.229% and 14.975%) respectively, and The combination T1C3 was excelled in the percentage of fibers and for both season, reaching (26.758% and 26.318%) in sequence. As for the triple overlap, the combination D1T2C1 was excelled in all traits (percentage of protein and fibers) and for both season, recording (16.542% and 16.376%) and (28.9% and 28.611%) in sequence.

The study was conducted in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University on one-year-age acacia seedlings during the growing season of 2023-2024 with the aim of studying the effect of adding humic acid at two levels (0،5 g. plant-1) and spraying salicylic acid at three concentrations (0, 250 and 500 mg. L-1). The effect of these treatments on a set of vegetative traits was evaluated according to the RCBD design with three replicates and an average of 3 shrubs in the experimental unit. The results showed the superiority of the bi- treatment treatment of adding humic and salicylic acid 500 mg.L-1 in all vegetative traits: leaf area (94.612 cm2), flower diameter (7.75 mm), flower weight (0.110 gm), number of flower branches (73.437branches. plant-1), and number of flower stalks (411.245flower stalks. plant-1)

A field experiment was conducted during autumn season of (2024) in an agricultural land in Abu Luka area - Al-Musayyab district - at latitude (44) and longitude (32) which is about 40 km away from Babylon Province with the aim of knowing the response of three sorghum cultivars to planting distances and spraying Ethephon on some growth and yield characteristics of sorghum. The experiment was implemented according to a complete randomized block design with split-plot arrangement and three replicates using three factors and three replicates. The main plots included (Bohuoth 70, Inkath , Rabih), while sub plots included planting distances (20, 30, 40) cm, while the sub-plots included Ethephon concentrations (0, 5, 10) mg L-1. The results showed a significant difference between cultivars, as the cultivar Inkath was excelled in plant height, reaching 109.78 cm, the number of leaves reaching 9.31 (leaf plant-1), the chlorophyll content in the leaves reaching 52.58 (mg L-1), the number of grains in the head reaching 1671.4 grains head-1, the weight of 1000 grains reaching 31.35 g, and the grain yield reaching 2.13 Mg. Also, a significant effect was observed for planting distances, as Planting distance 40 cm gave the highest average for plant height traits reaching 110.82 cm, the number of leaves reaching 9.28 (leaf-1 plant), the chlorophyll content in the leaves reaching 51.06 (mg L-1), the number of grains in the head reaching 1606.3 (grain. head-1), the weight of 1000 grains reaching 31.04 g, and the grain yield reaching 2.04 (Mg), also significant differences were observed when spraying Ethephon with different concentrations, where the concentration of 10 mg L-1 gave the highest average in plant height characteristics of 108.55 cm, the number of leaves . plant was 9.10 (leaf-1 plant), the chlorophyll content in the leaves was 49.04 (mg L-1), the number of grains per head was 1570.3 (grain head-1), the weight of 1000 grains was 30.55 g, and the grain yield was .971 (Mg), and also a significant effect was obtained for the bi and triple interaction between Ethephon and planting distances and cultivars.

Carbon steel corrosion prevention is a process of great deal that has always drown a great attention. This research includes the using of volatile oil extract from the Mediterranean cypress plant in preventing carbon steel corrosion by adding it to the corrosion solutions in different quantities. Acidic media at a concentration of 1M was used as corrosive media. Two methods were used for the effect of cypress oil on corrosion protection: Firstly, the metal was coated with a thin layer of volatile oil found in the plant along with sodium silicate, and secondly, different amounts were added to the corroding medium at a certain temperature. Corrosion inhibition was examined by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and FT-IR spectra. Up to 96% protection was achieved in acidic medium.

This experiment was conducted in the animal house of the University of Babylon/College of Medicine. 24 white rats of the Albino Rates norvegieus type were used in the study and were obtained from animal fields in the north of Babylon Governorate. The ages of the rats ranged between 5-7 weeks and their weight was 125-190 grams. The animals were divided into three groups, with 8 rats per group:
-The first group (positive control group):
- These animals were not dosed with any substance, but were fed leech and purchased tap water.
-The second group (negative control group): Eczema was induced experimentally by being injected with formaldehyde at different concentrations.
-In the third group (the treatment group), eczema was induced experimentally by being injected with formaldehyde and dosed orally with the probiotic L.acidophilus and L.plantarum at different concentrations.
The first and second weeks included a concentration of 1 ml, while the third and fourth weeks included a concentration of 1.30 ml) daily to study its effect.
The study included the estimation of (liver function, inflammatory cytokines, and IgE) in the blood serum of the studied samples. The results were obtained from the current research: -
Biochemical study: The results of the current research The weights of organs, including the liver, spleen, and kidneys, increased slightly in the groups induced with formaldehyde and the groups Treated with the bacteria L. acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum compared to the positive control group (not induced).
The study found an increase in the number of L.acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria in the animals’ faeces reaching 43×1010
 The activity of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, in aminotransferase) increased in the blood serum of male rats induced with formaldehyde, and groups treated with the bacteria L.acidophilus and L.plantarum compared to the positive control group (not induced).
 The levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4, interferon gamma) increased in the blood serum of male rats induced with formaldehyde, and groups treated with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum compared to the positive control group (not induced).
 The level of IgE increased in the blood serum of male rats induced with formaldehyde and groups treated with bacteria compared to the positive control group (not induced).
Histological study: The results showed that the group induced with formaldehyde caused the appearance of thick dead tissue that replaced the normal skin, severe skin inflammation and severe degeneration of skin collagen fibres with noticeable infiltration of multicellular cells. As for the groups treated with the bacteria L .acidophilus and L.plantarum, the appearance of a thin line of newly regenerated epidermis, in addition to mature fibrous connective tissue from the dermis with noticeable formation. For hair follicles in deep skin tissue.

This study aims to determine whether adding curcumin to the diet of calves
before weaning has positive effects on their performance. Twelve suckling calves
available in the animal field /College of Agriculture/University of Basrah were used in
this study. Calves are a cross of Holsteins and local cows weighted 37.6 kg. The study
lasted 90 days included 15 days for adaptation. The calves’ weight estimated every 30
days. After two weeks of birth, the calves were split into two equal groups based on
their equal average weight In addition to suckling, the first group, is the control
group was given 200 g of concentrated diet and free access to hay, or roughage feed.
The second group , is (the treatment group) received the same diet and nursing as
the first group but additionally received 200 mg.head.day -1 of curcumin. The results
showed that adding of curcumin to the diet of calves led to a significant improvement
(P<0.05) in the mean live body weight during the first, second and third months of the
study. The weight at the third month reached 74.8 and 95.2 kg for both the control and
treatment groups, respectively. Over the course of three months, the control group and
the curcumin-treated group experienced average daily weight gains of 409 and 640
g.day-1,respectively.

In this study, 50 Iraqi local sheep, males and females, were used and were selected at different ages ranging from 5 months to one and a half years for the period from November 2023 to December 2024 with the aim of determining genotype of the fifth expression region of the growth hormone and its relationship to growth hormone, thyroxine hormone, insulin-like growth hormone 1 and biochemical traits. Samples were taken from a local slaughterhouse outside the technical college and DNA was separated from frozen blood samples and the growth hormone gene was amplified using specific primers and then genetic profiling was performed using PCR-SSCP technology. The percentages of distribution of genotype in the sheep varied, as the two genotype of the growth hormone gene GG, AG appeared at an average of (62.22%, 37.78%) respectively, while no percentage of genotype of the growth hormone gene AA appeared. The genetic makeup difference did not significantly affect the traits measured in the study.

The research aimed to determine the level of application of scientific recommendations in the field of palm grove cultivation and service in Al-Hussainiya District | Karbala Governorate and to find a correlation between the level of application of scientific recommendations in the field of palm grove cultivation and service and a number of independent factors for farmers represented by (academic achievement, agricultural experience, possession of equipment and machinery, and the attitude towards palm cultivation). The research community included all palm grove owners in Al-Hussainiya District / Karbala Governorate who are officially registered in the records of the two agricultural divisions (Al-Hussainiya and Aoun) and according to the agricultural associations to which they belong, which amounted to (12) agricultural associations and their number is (6643) orchard owners, and a random sample of 50% was drawn from the agricultural associations and (6) agricultural associations and their total is (1488) orchard owners, then a simple random sample was taken from them at a rate of (10%), thus the size of the study sample was (138) orchard owners. A questionnaire was prepared consisting of two sections. The first section included the independent factors of orchard owners, while the second section included (55) phrases, each of which represents a scientific recommendation in the field of planting or serving palm orchards. Several statistical methods were used to achieve the research objectives, including (range, average, Pearson's correlation law, Spearman's correlation law, and t-test). The results of the study showed that the level of application of the orchard owners of the scientific recommendations is average and tends to increase. It also showed the existence of a significant correlation between the level of application of the scientific recommendations and most of the independent factors of the orchard owners. The researchers concluded that farmers need training programs on the application of modern scientific recommendations in the field of palm grove service, represented in some modern service operations such as control, fertilization, and fruit thinning methods. The researchers recommend taking into consideration the factors that showed a significant correlation with the level of application of the palm grove owners of the scientific recommendations in training palm grove owners in the research area and establishing research centers or stations for palm cultivation in which modern technologies are applied in all agricultural operations related to the cultivation and service of palm trees to convince orchard owners to adopt these technologies and apply them in their orchards.

In this study, the protease enzyme from Aspergillus niger was extracted and purified, and its effect on the tenderness of steak was studied in different concentrations such as 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 1% at the periods of 2, 4, and 6 hours. Those results were compared with the control sample, which was not treated with the enzyme.
The most important results were the chemical composition showed a significant increase in protein and moisture with a decrease in fat percentage compared to the control treatment. The E1 treatment was 1% for 6 hours; the pH values were 8.7, 35.90% protein, 8.22% fat, 76.22% moisture, and 7.98% ash.
The best treatment qualitative test was the E1 treatment (1%, 6 hours); the peroxide value was 3.51 Meq/kg less than the control treatment 5.01 Meq/kg, indicating reduced oxidation. The value of free fatty acids was 0.36%, and the lower value than the control treatment was 0.74%, indicating reduced fat deterioration. In addition, the protein tyrosine/tryptophan coefficient was 5.77, indicating an improvement in meat tenderness, while the non-protein tyrosine/tryptophan coefficient was 4.09, which refers to an additional improvement in tenderness.
The best treatment for sensory properties was also evaluated in E1 (1%, 6 hours). It obtained the best sensory evaluation in tenderness, juiciness, general acceptance, and color.
Conclusion: E1 treatment with protease enzyme extracted from Aspergillus niger at a concentration of 1% for 6 hours achieved the best results in terms of improving tenderness, nutritional value, reducing oxidation, and improving the sensory properties of meat, making it the ideal choice for improving meat quality in natural and safe ways, which enhances its use in food industries as an alternative to chemicals.

This laboratory study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for the growth of Lactobacillus casei, L. paracasei, and L. plantarum bacteria under anaerobic conditions in the presence of different concentrations of Fructooligosaccharides or Glucose, each separately. The number of bacterial colonies and the rate of sugar consumption were measured to determine the most efficient and effective bacteria for use in the manufacture of lactic fermentation fortified with Fructooligosaccharides. The results showed that the addition of Fructooligosaccharides had a clear effect in enhancing the growth of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei bacteria with growth rates of (5.204, 3.398, and 3.3160) cFu\ml compared to the growth rates in the medium treated with glucose only, which reached 3.564, (2.3980, and 1.8890) cFu\ml, respectively. On the other hand, depending on the extent of sugar consumption from the medium and the optimum incubation period with the highest sugar consumption, the growth efficiency of different types of bacteria differed according to the concentration of the growth medium of FOS, which was used at concentrations of (10, 7, 5, 3, and 1)%. The concentration of 5% recorded the highest growth rate of L. paracasei with the best incubation period of 32-48 hours, while the concentration of 1% was the most effective in increasing the growth of L. casei with an optimal incubation period of 16 hours, while the highest growth of Lactobacillus plantarum was achieved using FOS medium at a concentration of 10% and an incubation period of 32 hours.

The experiment was conducted in Abu Ghraib District, Baghdad, during the spring season of 2022 to study the response of two potato varieties, Agria (v1) and Arsinal (v2), to eight different fertilizer levels [T1: Control, T2: Full recommended dose, T3: ½ recommended dose + phosphoric acid + humic acid, T4: ½ recommended dose + potassium, T5: ½ recommended dose + calcium, T6: ½ recommended dose + phosphoric acid + humic acid + potassium, T7: ½ recommended dose + humic acid + calcium, T8: ½ recommended dose + phosphoric acid + humic acid + potassium + calcium]. The experimental trial was conducted according to a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with sixteen treatments and three replications. The results showed that the Arsinal variety had a higher average number of stems with 3.10 stems plant-1, while the Agria variety excelled in dry weight of vegetative system 36.637 grams plant-1. Regarding the treatments, T8 treatment showed the highest average plant height of 92.58 cm and 3.100 stems plant-1. For the tuber yield, T6 treatment outperformed in most traits, with 5.192 tubers plant-1, and 0.714 grams plant-1 for average tuber weight. The same treatment also resulted in the highest plant yield of 0.789 kg plant-1. In terms of qualitative traits, the Arsinal variety outperformed in most traits, with the highest average tuber hardness of 8.334 grams dm2, , 21.367% dry matter, and the lowest sugar content of 1.458%. T6 treatment also excelled in the qualitative traits under study; achieving 22.443% dry matter and 1.382% sugar content.

The study aimed to highlight the importance of using Vitamin C in some food applications, which was estimated in some fresh fruits and vegetables. I collected 8 samples from local markets: Ananas comosus, Malus domestica, Psidium guajava, Citrus limon, Capsicum annuum, Brassica oleracea var. italica, Spinacia oleracea and Solanum lycopersicum. Using the standard iodine solution titration method, the amount of the vitamin was estimated. The amount of vitamin in guava, according to the results of the study was 224.7 mg/100 g, the highest amount in fruit samples, while red pepper in vegetables recorded 119.8 mg/100 g. When adding certain concentrations of Vitamin C to pickles and jams in order to enhance the flavor, taste and health aspect, the best concentration for the period 1-3 days when added to bananas through the Maillard reaction, color, taste and flavour is 5mg/100 gm, in contrast to the concentrations 10 and 15 mg/100 gm which recorded poor results in the potato and carrot test while the concentration 5 mg/100 gm Vitamin C recorded the best results for pickled cucumbers for a period of 1-7 days and was negative for the Maillard reaction It was good for color, taste and flavor. This was shown through the results of the sensory evaluation of the included samples, as they were accepted and welcomed by the residents. The tests were conducted in the laboratories College of Science /Al-Mustansiriya University for the period from 5/10/2024 - 20/11/2024.

A laboratory experiment was conducted in the graduate studies laboratory at Al-Musayyab Technical College on the effect of the alcoholic extract of nettle and cumin on the second and fourth instar larvae of the date moth Cadra cautella. The results of the study showed that the effect of the concentrations of the alcoholic extract (0.25, 1) for nettle leaves and cumin plants showed that the highest rate of mortality of the second instar larvae for nettle reached 80.00 and the lowest percentage was 13.30, while the fourth instar larvae reached the highest percentage of 66.70 and the lowest percentage was 6.70 after a week of treatment. As for cumin seeds, the highest percentage at the same concentrations for the second instar reached 86.70 and the lowest percentage was 26.70, while the fourth instar had the highest percentage of 73.30 and the lowest percentage was 13.30 after a week of treatment, which indicates the possibility of introducing the alcoholic extract of nettle leaves and cumin seeds into integrated management programs For pests to control the insect C. cautella that infects stored dates and reduce its damage.

This study was conducted in the fall of 2023 in the Erbil and Sulimani governorates to investigate the effects of different NPK fertilizer application methods on the kernel yield and its components for three hybrid varieties. The experiment was organized using a split-plot design with three replications, where the NPK fertilizer treatments were assigned to the main plots, and the hybrid varieties were allocated to the subplots. The methods applications of NPK fertilizer encompassed four strategies: F1= without fertilizer (control), F2= broadcasting application, F3= liquid application and F4= foliar application. Fertilizer treatments showed highly significant impacts on most yield components at both locations, as well as on their average. The differences among hybrids were highly significant for most trails at both locations and their average. The total kernel yield t/ha was affected more by hybrids at both locations and their average, and the affected of fertilizer treatments was significant at both locations and their average. It was not significant for 1000 kernel weight at both location and their average except at first location only

The research aims to estimate the technical, allocative and economic efficiency and estimate the optimal size of resources for the farmers of the research sample through data envelope analysis. And to estimate the volumetric efficiency of the farmers of the research sample through data envelope analysis DEAP. The research sample included 61 farmers out of the total research sample of (225). The research results showed that the average technical efficiency reached 95%, the average allocative efficiency reached 86%, the average economic efficiency reached 82%, and the average volumetric efficiency reached 53%. We conclude from the research results that there is a gap between technical efficiency and allocative efficiency of 9%. This is attributed to the high prices of production requirements, which affected the allocative efficiency, and that farmers did not make optimal use of the cultivated area for this crop, which affected the capacity efficiency of this crop. Therefore, it is necessary to provide production requirements at subsidized prices and work on optimal use of the cultivated areas for the tomato crop. The economic resources constituted the largest proportion by the amount of surplus, and the surplus amounted to 10.4, 117.6, 5.8, 0.018, 13, and 0.03 for the resources of seeds, organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, human labor, and mechanical labor, while the largest proportion by the amount of surplus for the resource was formed by organic fertilizers and the amount of seeds, which constituted a percentage of 117.6 -10.4, respectively. Thus, we conclude confirms that there is waste in the use of economic resources in tomato production farms, and this was confirmed through the results obtained that there is waste in economic resources at the level of optimal use of resources. Summary

During the winter seasons of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024, research was conducted on the Khabat Technical Institute/Erbil Polytechnic University field. To study the evaluation of the competition of two wheat varieties with different densities of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) on growth parameters and yield. In a random complete block design (RBCD) with three replications, a factorial experimental design was used; the first factor represents two varieties of wheat (Adana and Smeto), and the second factor represents five densities of wild mustard (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 plants/m²). That highest plant height (cm) was obtained from the Smeto variety with a density of wild mustard (20) in the field of wheat per m², while the highest leaf area (cm²) and leaf area index were obtained from the Adana variety with a density of wild mustard. The maximum rate of dry matter (g m²), crop growth rate (g plant⁻¹ day⁻¹), and relative growth rate (g g day⁻¹) were obtained from the cultivation of the Smeto variety without a density of wild mustard from the season of 2023-2024. However, the maximum number of tillers plant⁻¹ and the number of spikes plant⁻¹ were recorded from the interaction between the Adana variety without densities of wild mustard from the season of 2022-2023, and the number of grain spikes, the weight of 1000 grains (g), the grain yield (kg ha⁻¹), and the biological yield (kg ha⁻¹) were recorded from the interaction between the Adana variety without densities of wild mustard from the season of 2023-2024, while the height value was recorded from the cultivation of the Smeto variety with a density (20) of wild mustard in the field of wheat per m² from the season of 2023-2024.

In order to ascertain amount of milk produced, nutritional value, and the unique physical characteristics of dairy cattle. Two separate studies were carried out on a private farm for cattle breeding. In the first trial, twenty-four dairy cows (Friesian-Holstein) with ages ranging from 3-4 years were divided evenly among three treatments based on live weight categories with eight cows per treatment. (Treatment1) included dairy cows had low-weight (200 kg), (treatment 2) included medium-weight (250-400 kg) and (treatment 3) included cows had heavy weights (450-650 kg).The second experiment was conducted on another set of 24 Holstein Friesian cows which were randomly distributed in three groups based: (Treatment1)that deals with young cows between 1.8 until to 2 years who were in the puberty and sexual maturity stage; middle-aged cows between the ages of 2.5 and 4 years, which called (treatment 2) and adult cows (treatment 3) between the ages of 4.5 and 6.5 year. The care and food settings for the animals in both two experiments were the same, the two studies' findings showed a significant percentage (P≤0.01) of milk components, including crude protein, crude fats, lactose, non-fat solids, and living body parameters, along with a significant increase (P≤0.01) in daily milk production. The results favored the high-weight cows (450–650 kg) in the first experiment and adult cows ages 4.5–6.5 years in the second experiment. This investigation led us to the conclusion that when high weight cows reach the fourth productive season, their productive performance improves significantly (P≤0.01) in favor of milk production, and it increases after the sixth season. However, there has been a notable improvement for the body measurements.

. the experiment was conducted in a private field in Al-Khalis District in Diyala Governorate during the 2023-2024 agricultural season. The treatment was carried out using three concentrations of magnesium oxide (0-2000-4000) mgL-1 (Mg1,Mg2,Mg3) Three concentrations of organic fertilizer (0-5-10) ml/l-1, at intervals of 21 days between each spray O1,O2,O3), a period of 21 days between one spraying and the next on some qualitative characteristics vegetative traits of two Red Cabbage hybrids, Red Cabbage The results showed that the hybrid V1 outperformed some of the studied parameters, such as leaf carbohydrate content, vitamin C, sulfur, and anthocyanin. As for spraying with magnesium oxide, the treatment spraying by using magnesium oxide 4000 mgL-1, which has a higher carbohydrate content in the leaves, vitamin C Sulfur and Anthocyanin, while the comparison Mg1 treatment gave the lowest values for the studied treatment. Spraying with organic fertilizer VIT-ORG-VG, the treatment O3 was superior in some traits leaves content of carbohydrates, vitamin C Sulfur and Anthocyanin, while the comparison O1treatment gave the lowest values for the studied treatment. The twice interaction treatment V1+Mg3 ,V1+O3 and Mg3+O3 showed superiority in all studied traits. In addition, the triple interaction treatment V1+Mg3+O3 showed the highest values in all studied methods.

This study was conducted in a field located at Al-Wardia area in Babylon Province. The experiment was lasted for 16 weeks from 20/11/2023 until 10/3/2024, to study the effect of adding different levels of Plantago ovata seed powder to the diet of laying hens on the lipid profile and oxidation parameters of stored eggs. 105 white Lohmann layer hens were used at the age of 65 weeks. The feed was provided according to the Lohmann white layer managements guide. Chickens were randomly distributed into five experimental treatments (21 birds for each treatment), each treatment included three replicates with seven hens in each replicate. The treatments were as follows: Treatment 1: Control group without any additions, Treatment 2: basic diet with 10 gm of psyllium seed powder added / kg feed, Treatment 3: basic diet with 15 gm of psyllium seed powder added / kg feed, Treatment 4: basic diet with 20 gm of psyllium seed powder added / kg feed and Treatment 5: basic diet with 25 gm of psyllium seed powder added / kg feed. All the experimental treatments showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the yolk when the eggs stored for the periods 0, 15 and 30 days with a significant improvement (p≤0.05) in the concentration of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) for all supplemented treatments compared to the first treatment (control). The supplemented treatments recorded a significant improvement (p≤0.05) in the concentration of glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes and a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the concentration of malondialdehyde in the yolk compared to the control treatment.

for Breeding genetic structures adaptive for the country's atmosphere and to give a high yield, must the work on diffused varieties locally cultivation to determine the traits the most correlated with yield and The most inheritability and the affected by nano-Fertilization ,Which is one of the most important tools of modern agriculture to increase the productivity of tomatoes and reduce nutrient losses in rhizosphere area. However ,little is known about responding different genotypes of tomatoes nanofertilizers under field conditions in Babylon .Thus, using nanofertilizers may increase tomato growth productivity and decreasing the loss of nutrient in Sustainable agriculture .Here, we planted tomato cultivars (Red rock, Castel rock, Rock star, Early pearson, and Super queen) and sprayed them with three rates of nanofertilzers (0,1,2 g L-1) the factorial experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Blocks Design (RCBD), The varieties differed among themselves in the characteristics of plant growth and under the effect of the three treatments, and the superiority of the variety early pearson on the other varieties in The qualities of vitamin C and under the influence of all the treatments and in the content of chlorophyll content on all varieties and under the influence of all treatments and recipe for the hight of the first inflorescence and acidity under the influence of the first treatment Recipe for percentage of potassium under the treatment of the first and second and The genetic variability values and the of expected genetic improvement were high in the percentage of nitrogen and potassium under the first treatment and Under the second treatment the genetic variability values and the of expected genetic improvement were high for the height of the first inflorescence , the percentage of potassium and phosphorus, low for the number of branches and the hardness and medium for the acidity and vitamin C and Under the influence of the third treatment, the genetic variance values and the of expected genetic improvement were high for the hight of the first inflorescence and vitamin C and the percentage of phosphorus.

Eexperiment was implemented during 2023-2024 in one of fields of Malta site of Agricultural Research Center (Dohuk Governorate) with design (RBCD) according to split-plot arrangement with 3 replicates to determine effect of foliar spraying with glutathione at four concentrations (conc.) where included (control treatment, soaking the seeds at a conc. 200 microgram L-1, plants spraying at a conc. 200 milligram L-1 and soaking the seeds at a conc. 200 microgram L-1 + plants spraying at a conc. 200 milligram L-1) on traits growth and yield of three varieties of bread wheat (Jihan 99, Tammuz 2 and Adana). It was observed that there were significant variants between varieties in all traits, as the Jihan 99 variety was significantly superior in plant height(87.79 cm), flag leaf area(40.65 cm2), chlorophyll content index(45.53 Spad), no. spike (380.04m2), no. grains spike-1(44.14), wt. 1000 grain(30.43 g) and grain yield(482.39g m-2),

. 1000 grain and grain yield, and Adana variety was significantly superior in harvest index. As for spraying with glutathione, it was superior to soaking the seeds at a conc. 200 microgram L-1 + plants spraying at a conc. 200 milligram L-1 in all the traits. Interaction between varieties and spraying with glutathione had a significant effect on all the traits, as interaction between Jihan 99 variety and soaking the seeds at a conc. 200 microgram L-1 + plants spraying at a conc. 200 milligram L-1 achieved highest significant rate in grain yield (528.300 g m-2).

This study aimed to evaluate the qualitative properties of cookies enriched with strawberry powder (SP), a nutrient-dense ingredient that enhances the nutritional value of bakery products. Strawberry powder is rich in vitamins, antioxidants, fiber, and minerals, which are beneficial for human health. The experiment involved preparing cookies with different levels of SP ( 10%, 15%, and 20%) in combination with wheat flour (WF), and the physical, chemical, and sensory properties of these cookies were analyzed. The results indicated that the incorporation of SP into cookies improved their nutritional composition, including higher moisture (16.66%), protein (10.50%), fiber (10.11%), fat (23.40%), ash (3.30%) in 20% of SP, as well as enhanced levels of vitamins, particularly vitamin C (3.30 µg/g), folate (2.340 µg/g), and B-vitamins such as B1 (1.908 µg/g), B2 (1.099 µg/g), B3 (1.40 µg/g), and B6 1.507 µg/g) in 20% of SP. As the percentage of SP increased, the total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and antioxidant activity also increased. The sensory evaluation showed that cookies with 10% SP received the highest overall acceptability (8.3), especially in taste (8.1), texture (7.9), and odor (7.7), color (7.7), and hardness (8.1) . However, higher levels of SP (15% and 20%) resulted in lower sensory scores, particularly in terms of taste (5.6) and texture (6.3). The study concludes that the addition of 10% strawberry powder significantly improves the nutritional and sensory qualities of cookies, making them a healthier snack option.

The more cities grow and develop in all fields, including urban development, the more important gardens and parks become, until they become one of their basic components, and the need for them increases among the residents, as they are important spaces that combine psychological comfort and aesthetic pleasure, in addition to their environmental benefits. In order to evaluate the design of city parks in meeting the recreational needs and desires of visitors, it is necessary to study the design evaluation of the newly designed and currently under construction Sarhaldan Park in the center of Duhok city. Sarhaldan Park is one of the largest parks in terms of area and has a distinguished and convenient location for the city of Duhok. It is connected by several main roads to the city center and its suburbs. This was confirmed by the results of the analysis and repeated visits to the park site.
The study was conducted in Sarhaldan Park to evaluate the design of the park under construction from 15thSpt.2024 to 15thMarch 2025 with the aim of evaluating the design, its effectiveness, and its plant and physical components. In the case study field used methods to evaluate and analyze the reality of the design of Sarhaldan Park through four methods are, observations , personal interviews, questionnaires, and analysis of The research reached several results , the most important of which are: Through evaluating the proposed design by the company designing Sarhaldan Park, it was found that it is suitable for the site in terms of exploiting the topography of the site and benefiting from it for the parts and components of the park and building various entertainment activities. It also contains various entertainment activities, reaching more than 20 diverse entertainment activities that suit most of the spectrum and ages of the city’s residents and park visitors, and this is what the results of the questionnaire showed, as the acceptance rate of the park design among the respondents reached 98.48%.
The list of plants provided by the design company, which includes trees, shrubs and various flowers, although suitable for city conditions, is very few in number compared to the vast area of the park, so it needs many other types.
Among the most important results of the questionnaires, it was found that the most desired activities by visitors are sitting, resting, wandering, walking within parts of the park, places for children to play, enjoying the views of the gardens and flowers, and other activities.
The research was able to provide some recommendations to several parties and proposals that can be invested in future designs for public parks and gardens in the city of Dohuk and the cities of the region.

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, active compounds, and functional properties of locally planted carrot green parts (leaves, stems and total vegetative parts). Results showed that carrot leaf powder contained more moisture, protein, lipids, fibers and lower ash than stem powder, but carbohydrates were nearly the same. Leaves and stem powders contained high concentrations of (K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Se). Additionally, the alcoholic and aqueous extract of vegetative parts contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, alkaloids, and tannins. HPLC analysis found that the aqueous extract of the leaves and stems powders possessed six peaks whose retention time corresponded to the retention time of the peaks belonging to standard compounds (Rutin, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic A, Catechin, Gallic A. and Kaempferol). Concerning functional properties of all samples under study showed that these powders had good emulsifying ability, water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, and foaming ability. These results consolidate the inclusion of carrot leaves and stem powders as functional ingredients in some food products.

This study was conducted in the vineyard of the Pribahar area, located before Zawita district, Dohuk Governorate, Kurdistan Region/Iraq. During the growing season of 2023, on 16-year-old Taif grape vines planted at 2×3 m spacings using the T-shaped cultivation method to study the effect of removing (pinching) the growing tips at three times (without pinching, one week before flowering, and two weeks after set), and foliar spraying with regular boron using boric acid at two concentrations (50, 100 mg L-1) and two concentrations of nano-boron fertilizer (20, 30 mg L-1) in addition to the control treatment (0 mg L-1). And fertilization with the bio-fertilizer Fungi Mycorrizhal at two levels (0, 50 gm vine-1), with a study of the interaction between the three factors with the aim of improving fruit set and increasing the amount of the crop. The results can be summarized as follows: The results show that removing the growing tips after set caused a significant increase in the number of clusters, cluster weight, number of berries in the cluster, weight of 100 berries, and total yield of the vine. The results show that foliar spraying of nano-boron caused a significant increase, especially at a concentration of 20 mg L-1, in the percentage of set, cluster weight, number of berries in the cluster, weight of 100 berries, and total yield of the vine. While foliar spraying of nano-boron at a concentration of 30 mg L-1 caused a significant increase in the number of clusters. It is noted from the results of the triple interaction between the studied factors that removing the growing tips (pinching) after set and foliar spraying with boric acid at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 with addition of 50 g vine-1 of mycorrhizal biofertilizer led to a significant increase in the number of clusters and total yield of the vine. While the triple interaction of the studied factors by removing the growing tips (pinching) before flowering and foliar spraying with boric acid (ordinary boron) at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 with the addition of 50 gm grape-1 of mycorrhizal biofertilizer caused a significant increase in the percentage of set, number of clusters, number of berries in the cluster, and weight and size of 100 berries.

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Pseudomonas fluorescens and the chemical inducer Chitosan in combating some causes of eggplant root rot disease. The results of isolation and diagnosis showed the presence of several genera of fungi isolated from the roots of eggplant plants infected with root rot disease. The results showed the ability of P. fluorescens bacteria to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungi F.solani and R. solani Fs2 and Rs3 on PDA medium and the percentage of inhibition reached 100.00%.The results showed that all the factors used in the experiment, including Pseudomonas fluorescens and chitosan, whether applied individually or in combination, had a significant effect in reducing the percentage and severity of eggplant root rot disease compared to the pathogenic fungi treatments alone (R. solani and F. solani), where the infection rate reached 100% and the disease severity was 80% and 75%, respectively. The integration treatment between P. fluorescens and chitosan in the presence of pathogenic fungi showed significant superiority over other treatments in reducing the infection percentage and severity, with infection rates of 16.67% for both, while the disease severity was 5% and 8.33%, respectively. The results showed that all treatments involving the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens, chitosan, led to an increase in certain growth parameters of eggplant, including plant height, root length, root volume, and the fresh and dry weights of both the shoot and root systems, compared to the treatment with the pathogenic fungi alone (R. solani and F. solani), which significantly reduced all the studied growth parameters.

The study was conducted at Marwari Farm Station in Iraq from November 1, 2023 to January 1, 2025. used total of 164 Jersey and Holstein cows evaluate the performance of sire. This study assessed colostrum production, milk production, birth weight, and weaning weight. The Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) model was used to estimate the Breeding Values (EBVs) of sire offspring, revealing significant genetic variation across all traits: colostrum production, milk production, birth weight, and weaning weight. The use of BLUP led to a shift in the selection of the most suitable sire, highlighting that sire sequences can vary based on the specific trait under study.

Minced lamb is one of the products commonly used in Iraqi dishes and is widely traded in the local markets. Fennel seeds have been widely used since ancient times in cooking, confectionery and traditional folk medicines in many cultures around the world. The current study aims to know the effect of adding fennel seed extract in different concentrations to minced lamb meat models and stored by refrigeration for a period of 10 days, the aqueous extract of fennel seeds was prepared, concentrations of 1,2,3% of fennel extract were used to study its effect on the chemical characteristics and sensory of minced lamb meat during cold storage. The results of the sensory evaluation of the studied models indicated no significant changes were observed regarding the overall organoleptic quality during the storage period Data available for sensory assessment of ground lamb helps consumers make healthy and satisfactory choices to maintain a healthy lifestyle . The T2 and T3 treatments recorded pH values between 5.92 - 5.72 and 5.94 - 5.75 respectively during the storage period for 10 days. As there were no significant differences in the pH of all the studied treatments. throughout the cold storage period, peroxide values increased significantly throughout the storage period and reached on the tenth day of T2 and T3 treatments ( 7.24 , 6.89) respectively. Also, the percentage of free fatty acids for control treatmeant.increased significantly between (0.49 - 2.85) during the storage period for 10 days, while recording a slight increase among all the studied treatments.
The extract of fennel seeds improves the organoleptic and chemical properties of minced lamb and prolongs the preservation period by cooling compared to control treatment.

The study was carried out in 2023–2024 in the tissue culture lab of Al-Qasim Green University's College of Agriculture. to determine how well tissue-cultured Swingle Citrumelo citrus rootstock shoots can tolerance salt stress while being influenced by the growth regulator B.A. The experiment included two factors; the first factor was three concentrations of the growth regulator B.A (2, 0, 3) mg.L-1 . and the second factor was four concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150) mmol. L-1. The results showed a significant decrease in growth indicators (number of shoots, branch length, percentage of dry weight), while the results showed a significant increase in sodium percentage and proline content when increasing sodium chloride concentrations. While the addition of the growth regulator BA to the nutrient medium recorded a significant increase in growth indicators (number of shoots, branch length, percentage of dry weight) and a decrease in sodium percentage and proline content in the shoots.

Honey bees Apis mellifera L. are of great economic importance through their role in the pollination of agricultural crops, where they contribute approximately 75%, either completely or partially, to the pollination process, thus contributing to increasing agricultural yields. Honey bees are exposed to a variety of pests, the most important of which is the greater wax moth G. mellonella L., which causes economic losses for beekeepers. This study, conducted at the College of Technology - Al-Musayyab / Department of Biocontrol Techniques for the period 2024/2025, aimed to test effect of the hexane oil extract of Morinka M. oleifera seeds on the larvae of the greater wax moth G. mellonella L.
The results of the extract showed effectiveness in the mortality rates of the third larval stage of the greater wax moth, with significant differences between the concentrations of the extract in the mortality rates depending on the concentration and duration of exposure, as the highest mortality rate was reached at the concentration (10 mg / ml, where it reached (73.3)% within a week of treatment, while the lowest mortality rate was at a concentration of (2.5) mg/ml, reaching 40.0% during the first day of treatment, while the highest mortality rates for the fifth larval stage reached (63)% within a week at a concentration of (10) mg/ml, and the lowest mortality rate was 33% at a concentration of (2.5) mg/ml, while control mortality rate was 0.00%). This indicates the possibility of introducing the oil extract of Moringa seeds into integrated pest management programs to control the greater wax moth G. mellonella L. that infects the wax frames in honeybee hives stored in warehouses and reduce its damage. And conduct more studies on the active compounds and their effects on honeybees found in Moringa seed oil M. oleifera

This study was conducted in the experimental field of the College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, during the spring season of 2024. The research aimed to find effective strategies to counteract oxidative free radicals, specifically hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and to understand certain physiological effects and adaptations of plants under stress conditions. The experiment was designed using the Split-Split Plot Design within a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The main factor was hydrogen peroxide treatments at three concentrations (0, 3, and 6 mg L⁻¹), (hydrogen peroxide). The second factor was foliar application at two concentrations (0 and 100 mg Zn L⁻¹),( zinc). In sub split factor was foliar spraying with the amino acid selenocysteine at three concentrations (0, 25, and 50 mg L⁻¹), while the third factor was (selenocysteine). Okra plants of the Iraqi cultivar "Al-Bateera" were used in the experiment. The research was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD)and the split-plot system. The results indicated a reduction in the negative effects of hydrogen peroxide spraying on selenium percentage, leaf area, and the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil when using the second concentration of zinc spraying (Zn100 mg L⁻¹), with recorded averages of 42.72 leaves per plant, 703.06 cm² leaf area,N 45.93 mg kg⁻¹ soil,P 19.89 mg kg⁻¹ soil, and 158.66 mg kg⁻¹ soil. Additionally, the negative effects of moisture stress were mitigated across all studied traits by applying the highest selenocysteine concentration (50 mg L⁻¹). The combined treatment (Se50 + Zn100) outperformed the control across all parameters. Furthermore, the interaction (H6 + Se50 + Zn100) exhibited superior performance compared to (H6 + Se0 + Zn0) in all evaluated traits. The observed increase in the availability of essential nutrients in the soil is attributed to the role of zinc and selenocysteine in enhancing plant water and nutrient uptake efficiency while strengthening the plant's defense system against hydrogen peroxide-induced stress.

Potato crop is evident in its high nutritional value and positive impact on human health, as well as being an essential factor in the national economy. A marketing study of this crop was conducted with a focus on the most important marketing paths. A random sample of (148) farmers from autumn potato producers in Baghdad Governorate was selected, and information was collected through a questionnaire form designated for the farmers. Data was also collected from wholesalers in Baghdad markets using (55) questionnaire forms, in addition to (40) forms for retailers. The results showed that the producer’s share of consumer spending on the potato crop was (49.52%), while the wholesaler's share was (14.16%), and the retailer's share was (36.32%). The study also showed that the intermediaries' share of consumer spending on the crop was (50.48%). The study revealed an increase in the profits of retailers of potato crops, as the average profit was about (162,737) dinars/kg, while the profit of the wholesaler was about (66,843) dinars/kg. The producer's profits amounted to about (88,691) dinars/kg. It was also found that the marketing efficiency of the autumn potato crop according to the first relationship amounted to (56.45%). Results of the factors affecting marketing efficiency indicate that the linear formula in the independent variables is the best according to economic and statistical standards. It can be noted that (packing bag costs, packing and loading costs, transportation costs and distance of the marketing center, cleaning and sorting costs, marketing costs for wholesalers and retailers) It has a negative inverse relationship with marketing efficiency, whereas production costs and agricultural experience have a positive relationship, which is consistent with economic theory logic.

A comparative study was conducted on four radish cultivars: black radish (R. sativus var niger), white radish (R. sativus var longipinnatus), watermelon radish (R. sativus var caudatus), which are of American origin and introduced to Iraq, and red radish (R. sativus var sativus), which is of local origin. The goal was to determine the best cultivar in terms of productivity and quality. A field experiment was carried out in a field located in the village of Imam Awn Bin Ali (AS), within the Al-Qasim district, south of Babil Governorate, Iraq, during the winter growing season from 23/2/2024 to 27/4/2024. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D). Four varieties of radish were planted on plots, and each plot was repeated three times, making the total number of experimental units 12. The results showed that the black radish cultivar outperformed the others in all the studied vegetative traits, recording the highest averages for leaf number (12.666 leaves per plant), leaf area (5111.733 cm²), and dry weight of the vegetative mass (27.523 g). The black radish also recorded the highest averages for all the studied qualitative traits, with values of 57.800 Spad unit for chlorophyll index, 1.246% for protein content, and 4.360% for carbohydrate content. The vitamin content in black radish was also superior, with 0.226 µg of vitamin B1, 0.353 µg of vitamin B2, 4.590 µg of vitamin B3, 1.166 µg of vitamin B5, 1.133 µg of vitamin B6, 227.933 µg of vitamin C, 0.306 µg of vitamin E, and 0.490 µg of folic acid. Additionally, black radish outperformed the other cultivars in terms of nutrient content in the leaves, recording values of 0.199% nitrogen, 0.396% phosphorus, 2.946% potassium, 93.866 µg magnesium, 4.733 µg iron, and 9.366 µg zinc. On the other hand, the red radish cultivar showed the highest averages for productivity traits, including fruit diameter (24.066 cm) and dry weight of the fruit (11.100 g).

An experiment was conducted in the Research station of field crops sciences department/College of Agriculture/University of Diyala for the fall season‏ 2023-2024 with the aim of studying the effect of adding caliboron on the growth and yield of Faba bean.The experiment included two factors and was applied according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates in a split-plot arrangement. The first factor was three concentrations of Calboron (0, 500 and 700) ml/L-1, were symbolized by (T1, T2, T3), which were sprayed before the flowering stage, were assigned as main panels. The second factor was two varieties of broad beans (Spanish and local Iraqi), which are symbolized by (G1 and G2), were assigned as the secondary panels. The results showed that the Spanish variety G1 didn’t significantly superior to the local variety in most of the studied traits. It was presented the highest average in the number of branches, number of pods, pod length, and weight of 100 seeds, as it gave 6.78 branches. plant-1, 7.33 pods. plant-1, 19 cm, 114 g, respectively. Spraying with Calboron at a concentration of 700 ml / L-1 was superior in most of the studied traits. It was offered the highest average values for plant height, number of branches, pod length, number of pods, and weight of 100 seeds, which were 72.8 cm, 7.00 branches. plant-1, 18.67 cm, 8.67 pods. plant-1, 115 g, respectively. The research results showed a significant interaction in the number of pods and the weight of 100 seeds. The interaction between the spray treatment T2 and G2 were presented the highest rates, while the spray treatment T1 and G1 were offered the lowest values.

The experiment was carried during the winter agricultural season 2022-2023 at the Agricultural Research Station affiliated to the College of Agriculture - University of Basra at the Karmat Ali site. To studying the effect of foliar feeding with different concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 50, 100) mg L-1 and liquid potassium fertilizer with concentrations (0, 1.5, 3) ml L-1 and the interaction between them on the growth and quality of the pea plant yield. The results showed that spraying with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 significantly increased the number of leaves, leaf area, dry weights of the vegetative group (26 Leaves,261.8cm2,4.71gm) respectively, and significantly decreased the content of total chlorophyll and carotene in the leaves(7.93,0.138) mg100g-1weight fresh respectively. Spraying with liquid potassium fertilizer at a concentration of 1.5 ml L-1 showed a significant increase in the number of leaves, leaf area, and dry weight of the vegetative group (25.11Leaves,252.7cm2,4.82gm) respectively, while a concentration of 3 ml L-1 caused a significant increase in the content of total chlorophyll and carotene in the leaves (9.51,0.162) mg100g-1weight fresh respectively. The interaction between the two study factors showed a significant effect on most of the traits under study.

This study was conducted at the poultry farm Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture – University of Diyala for the period from 24/9/2024 until 28/10/2024 with the target of finding out the effect of adding the dried yellow mealworm to broiler diets (Ross308) on some microbial and histological characteristics of the intestine. 225 unsexed one day broiler chick (Ross308) with an average weight 38 g were used , randomly distributed into five treatments by three replicates for each treatment (15 bird/replicate). The treatments were as follows : T1= (control) standard diet without any additives, T2= 15 g/kg of dried yellow mealworm added to the standard diet , T3= 30 g/kg of dried yellow mealworm added to the standard diet, T4= 45 g/kg of dried yellow mealworm added to the standard diet, T5= 60 g/kg of dried yellow mealworm added to the standard diet, The results showed that significant superiority (P≤0.05) in the microbial balance and the environment of the small intestine which decrease the numbers of colonic bacteria significantly, and the total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were increased in the broiler that has been fed with dried yellow mealworms compared to control diet. Whoever, the histological characteristics observed big superiority (P≤0.05) in the treatments contained dried yellow mealworms compared to the control treatment in the length and thickness of villi and the depth of crypts. Therefore, it concluded that adding dried yellow mealworms has improved the number of the good bacteria and the histological characteristics in the jejunum of the small intestine.

This study examined how adding hesperidin alone or with ascorbic acid affects egg quality and ‎physiological parameters in ISA Brown laying hens. In this experiment, 40 laying hens were ‎randomly assigned to four experimental units of 10 each, with five replicates (2 hens per ‎replicate). Treatments included: CON (control), HIS (250 mg/L hesperidin and ascorbic acid), ‎and HIS+ ASA (125 mg/L hesperidin and 125 mg/L ascorbic acid) in drinking water. The study ‎was ‎conducted over two production periods, each lasting 28 days, with a general average for ‎‎both periods of egg quality indicators. blood parameters were ‎measured once per month. Most ‎qualitative egg traits (egg weight, relative yolk weight, relative albumen weight, and ‎relative ‎shell weight) were unaffected. Hesperidin treatment resulted in a significant increase in eggshell thickness. All supplemented treatments significantly increased red blood cell count, mean ‎corpuscular volume, and hemoglobin concentration when compared to the control. There were ‎no significant differences in total protein, albumin, globulin, or uric acid levels within the ‎study periods. Treatment with ASA alone or in combination with hesperidin resulted in ‎significantly lower triglyceride and LDL levels. Hesperidin significantly raised HDL levels. ‎Adding HIS significantly reduced Estrogen levels when compared to other options. ‎ Adding hesperidin or ascorbic acid did not influence egg quality, the study revealed. Hesperidin thickened eggshells primarily. Hesperidin mainly lowers estrogen. After adding hesperidin, hemoglobin and cell volume decreased and red blood cell numbers increased. In laying chickens, raising HDL and lowering triglycerides improved biochemical blood profiles alone or with hesperidin. ‎

The purpose of this study is to quantify and examine how fiscal policy affects Iraq's agricultural growth rate from 2004 to 2023 using semi-annual time series data. The dependent variable was the pace of agricultural growth, while public revenues, public expenditures, and public debt were used as independent variables. After conducting The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) stationarity test, Johansen's cointegration test, and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was adopted. The results indicate that public revenues a notable improvement in Iraq's agriculture GDP growth rate.. Meanwhile, public expenditures had a significant negative impact, which can be ascribed to the decreased government expenditure allocated to the agricultural sector compared to other sectors. Additionally, a portion of the budget allocated to agriculture does not reach the sector due to mismanagement and lack of government oversight. Similarly, domestic debt had a substantial adverse effect on the growth of agricultural GDP, indicating that the state does not efficiently utilize loans to finance investments or build a productive and efficient agricultural sector.The research recommends activating tax revenues by improving tax administration efficiency, enhancing tax collection methods, broadening the tax base, and combating tax evasion rather than simply increasing Adding important keywords

The research aims to measure and analyze the causal relationship between the agricultural trade exchange rate and some macro variables represented by the exchange rate EX, money supply M1, food price FP, oil price OILP and the value of global agricultural output WAP using annual time series for the period 1990-2023, using modern time series analysis methods represented by the expanded Dickey-Fuller unit root test ADF and the causality test of Toda Yomato and using the VAR model as well as using the impulse response functions IRF and variance decomposition analysis. The results indicated that there is a variation in the results of the economic shocks that the Iraqi agricultural economy was exposed to in the study variables, some of which are positive and some of which are negative and the extent of the durability of these shocks due to the intertwining of the relationship between the sectors as well as the case of the variables causing each other. The study also concluded that the agricultural trade exchange rate was not in the country's favor in most of the study years due to the quasi-unilateral exports represented mainly by dates, leather and wool, and the multiplicity of imports of the rest of the agricultural food, consumer and even investment goods, and that the most important variable affecting it is the exchange rate followed by agricultural investment. The results of the response of agricultural output to the shock of the total agricultural trade exchange rate indicated that it had a negative impact, due to the negative shocks that the latter variable was exposed to, which was reflected in the agricultural output. The study recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are related to the agricultural sector, which is providing an appropriate investment climate and setting policies and legislation that serve the interest of investment in the agricultural sector to raise the level of agricultural production, especially after we confirmed the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables and what the results of causality tests revealed in this aspect, In addition to the need to focus on reviving agricultural exports to Iraq in order to stimulate agricultural trade exchange rates and, as a result, agricultural investment, Iraq's agricultural economic growth plans were developed using the trade exchange rate criterion, which is also one of the key indicators used to connect import and export capacity.

This study aimed to investigate Effect of treatment with nano zinc (ZNO) and protected amino acids (methionine and lysine) on some physiological parameters in Awassi lambs. Thirty-two lambs, aged between 4 and 5 months and with an average weight of 26.56 ± 0.20 kg, were randomly divided into eight groups (4 animals per group). The study included two 60-day periods. Animals in the first group (control) were treated with 10 ml of distilled water (per animal), while animals in the second treatment were treated with 2 g/head per day of methionine and 4 g/head per day of lysine. Animals in the fourth treatment were treated with a mixed dose of methionine and lysine (2 and 4 g/head per day, respectively), while animals in the fifth treatment were treated with 15 mg/head per day of nano zinc. While the sixth treatment was dosed with methionine (2 g/head per day) + nano zinc (15 mg/head per day). The seventh treatment was dosed with lysine (4 g/head per day) + nano zinc (15 mg/head per day). The eighth treatment was dosed with methionine and lysine (2 and 4 g/head per day) respectively + nano zinc (15 mg/head per day). The results of this study indicated a significant improvement (P ≥0.05) in the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume in the blood of animals in the eighth treatment (nano zinc, methionine and lysine mixture) compared to the control group after 60 days of treatment. The second period (120 days) also witnessed a significant increase (P ≥ 0.05) in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin level in the blood of animals in the eighth treatment compared to the first, second and third treatments. In the same context, the treatment of nano zinc, methionine and lysine mixture showed a significantly excelled in the percentage of packed cell volume in favor of the eighth, seventh and sixth treatments compared to the rest of the treatments. The results also showed a significant decrease (P ≥ 0.05) in the total white blood cell count in the blood of animals in the sixth, seventh, and eighth treatments compared to the control group. The percentage of lymphocytes increased significantly (P ≥ 0.05) in the blood of animals treated with the nano-zinc, methionine, and lysine mixture compared to the control group after 120 days of treatment. The percentage of monocytes and granulocytes decreased significantly in the sixth and eighth treatments compared to the control group. Total blood proteins also showed a significant increase (P ≥ 0.05) in animals in the sixth, seventh, and eighth treatments compared to the control group, while serum albumin levels did not significantly differ between the different treatments. The results also showed a significant increase (P ≥ 0.05) in the serum globulin levels in animals in the eighth treatment compared to the control group after 60 and 120 days of treatment.

The study was conducted on 320 chicks from two strains (white and brown) of quail birds in the poultry hall that belongs to animal field. This chicks were randomly distributed into four treatments, the first (control) without any addition, the second, mint seeds were added at a level of 0.8 gm, the third, basil was added at a level of (0.8 g mint), and the fourth, a mixture of (0.8 g mint + 0.8 g basil) was added to the quail chicks' diets for 35 days. This study aimed to investigate effect of adding mint and basil seeds and their mixture to quail rations on the productive performance of quail chicks. The results of the study showed a significant effect (P≤0.05) of the strain on rates of live body weight, daily weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, adhesive ratio and mortality between the white and brown strains, and the result was in favor of the brown quail. As for the effect of some medical additives, the results confirmed presence of significant differences (P≤0.05) on live body weight of birds at ages (3 and 5) weeks, and in the weight gain rate at all ages and feed conversion rate at ages (4-5) and (1-5) weeks, as well as in percentages of purification and mortality. As for the interaction between the two strains and medical additives, the results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) in all studied traits. We conclude from the current study that the brown quail strain fed mint at a level of 0.8 g was significantly superior in live body weight, weight gain and feed conversion compared to the white quail strain and other levels of basil addition and their mixture.

The study aimed to evaluation of Trichoderma spp. and the effective microorganism preparation EM1 against some fungi that are pathogenic to pepper plants infected with root rot disease. The results of the field survey showed the spread of pepper root rot disease in all areas in Babylon Governorate. The results of isolation and diagnosis showed the emergence of pathogenic fungal species, the most frequent of which was the Fusurium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina these fungi caused a significant reduction in the percentage of pepper seed germination.The results showed that all treatments involving the microbial preparation (EM-1), the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma viride, the chemical inducer salicylic acid, and the fungicide Baltanol had a significant effect in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi and providing protection to pepper plants against root rot disease, especially when combined together. The integrated treatment of biological agents (EM-1, T. viride, and salicylic acid) was the most effective in reducing the incidence and severity of infection by R. solani and F. solani, with infection rates and severity recorded at 8.33% and 3.33%, respectively, compared with R. solani and F. solani alone were 100%, with severity levels reaching 75% and 80%, respectively. Additionally, all treatments used to combat pepper root rot pathogens led to an increase in growth parameters. The integration of all biological agents significantly improved growth fresh shoot weight, dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root volume, plant height and root length.

The study was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tikrit. The experiment used (240) Ross chicks, at the age of one week, where the chicks were randomly divided into (8) coefficients, each containing (3) duplicates. The chicks were distributed at an initial weight rate of (45 g per chick), where each repeater includes (10) chicks. The indications and characteristics studied included the effect of Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria on the lipid profile of leached chicken fed with a leech contaminated with AFB1. These include (cholesterol – triglycerides – HDL – LDL - VLDL), and the results showed that the addition of Lb. plantarum bacteria and Lb. fermentum bacteria and mixing them into feeds that are not contaminated with AFB1 poison caused a significant decrease in the level of cholesterol compared to feed contaminated with AFB1 poison. It also boosted lipid metabolism by improving intestinal function and increasing fatty acid absorption, and stimulated bacteria to produce enzymes such as lipase that help break down triglycerides and convert them into free fatty acids, which temporarily raised triglyceride levels in the blood and this positively affected lipid metabolism by modifying the intestinal microbiome. As for the effect of fodder contamination with AFB1 toxin, it led to a reduction in HDL levels compared to uncontaminated fodder. When adding the two types of bacteria to the uncontaminated bramble, the level of LDL was not significantly affected, but when adding them to the bramble contaminated with AFB1, the level of LDL decreased. VLDL levels were also generally lower in transactions fed contaminated feed (G) compared to transactions fed uncontaminated feed (N). This reflects the effect of AFB1 on the liver's ability to synthesize VLDL.

This study aimed to know the Effect of dietary supplementation of nano-selenium and vitamin E on sperm abnormalities in Holstein bulls. Twelve Holstein bulls were randomly divided into three groups (n=4/group). For three months, they were treated twice a week with the standard diet (control=C) and the second group included the standard diet + 0.1 mg green synthesis nano selenium + 300 IU vitamin E/kg dry matter, and the third group included the standard diet + 0.3 mg green synthesis nano selenium + 300 IU vitamin E/kg dry matter. Semen samples were collected after one month of feeding and every other week (four times apart during feeding and four weeks after feeding). Abnormal sperm were evaluated fresh (37 °C), chilled (5 °C), and following cryopreservation (-196 °C). The results showed no significant improvement in the percentage of abnormalities of the head, mid-piece, and tail between treatments during and after feeding and at periods fresh (37 °C), chilled (5 °C), and following cryopreservation (-196 °C). The results of our study indicate that there is no significant improvement in sperm abnormalities when using nano-selenium and vitamin E.

Recently, there has been increased interest in the use of date seeds, mainly in various nutritional and health fields. Their is significant impact on human health, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory , anti-mutagenic, and anti-cancer effects. The potential use of date seeds in many nutritional and health systems is due to their possession of several properties that may lead to improving sensory and functional qualities and extending the shelf life of foods, given that a large amount of date seeds is produced as waste.
This study included the diagnosis of bioactive compounds in the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of date seeds powder using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity and total phenol content were studied. The results showed the appearance of a number of active compounds, volatile oils, phenolic compounds, and flavor compounds. The active compounds were observed in the alcoholic extract of date kernels, where several peaks of different active compounds appeared with a retention time (RT) ranging from 4.386 to 29.044 minutes, including compounds that gave the highest area%, reaching 24.1099%. Several peaks also appeared for different bioactive compounds of the aqueous extract of date kernel powder with a retention time (RT) ranging from 4.241 to 35.764 minutes, including compounds that gave the highest area%, reaching 21.845%. The results of estimating the antioxidant activity showed that the alcoholic extract was higher, reaching the highest activity at 1.25 mg/ml was 89.53%, while the aqueous extract was 45.76%.
The highest total phenol content was found in the alcoholic extract at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml (70.53%), while the highest total phenol content was found in the aqueous extract at the same concentration (36.18%).

The agricultural policy is an important means for achieving food security and promoting economic sustainability in the agricultural sector. This policy objective to increase agricultural production by improving resource efficiency and providing financial support to farmers. Through the study conducted and the analysis of the results using a policy analysis matrix, the following results were obtained. The nominal input protection coefficient was estimated at (1.68), indicating the absence of clear government support in this sector, as local producers the cost of purchasing tradable inputs at prices higher than global prices. The nominal production protection coefficient (1.79) indicates the presence of clear government support, as the domestic price of wheat is higher than the international selling price and the price producers receive is higher than the global price. The effective protection coefficient (1.81) indicates the presence of government intervention policies to support wheat production, as the value added at private prices is greater than the value added at social prices. The private cost ratio coefficient was (0.30), demonstrating the positive impact of the support policy, as the wheat commodity system generates profits through private prices, as it covers its production costs. The social profitability coefficient (4.63) indicates weak government support, as profits from private prices are higher than profits from social prices. The value of the domestic resource cost factor (comparative advantage) was (0.72), indicating that wheat enjoys a high comparative advantage compared to other crops.

This study was conducted to develop non-traditional dairy products with health benefits. The study included the manufacture of labneh from skimmed cow's milk, with the addition of the fat substitute beta-glucan oat at a concentration of 0.4%, for a group of laboratory mice that were fed a diet for 28 days Represented by the L2 treatment to evaluate the performance of beta-glucan fat substitutes, and their contribution to some nutritional and health indicators, where the added beta-glucan had a clear role in reducing the daily and final weight gain of the experimental animals and clearly (P<0.05) compared to the group of mice with positive control C+ that were fed a standard diet only. The levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides TG, high-density lipoprotein HDL, low-density lipoprotein LDL and very low-density lipoprotein VLDL showed significant results (P<0.05) compared to the positive control C+ treatment.

Several possible causes, such as rises in buildings, climate change, agricultural expansion, and forest fires, are expected to cause a decline in the trend of forest cover in the world. A categorical forest cover analysis was used alongside a random forest algorithm, a modern form of supervised machine learning in remote sensing, to assess forest cover change in four districts in the northeast of Erbil province between two thematic maps, 2003 and 2023. Training sample points were applied with a false color image downloaded from Landsat 7 and 9 images with 30 m resolution. All the spatial analysis and geoprocessing were performed using ArcGIS Pro tools. The output results of classification are evaluated using assessment accuracy and a confusion matrix. Our findings indicated that the forest cover shifted. The western part of the study area, which borders mostly with agricultural fields, experienced a decrease in tree cover, reaching 7.03%. The mergasur region and other districts experienced constant increases in tree cover due to sufficient precipitation and altitudes, resulting in a 6.79% net increase in forest cover over a period of two decades. The overall assessment accuracy was 88% in 2003, but increased to 93% in 2023. Researchers should conduct future studies using further advanced technology of remote sensing along with high-resolution images for ongoing monitoring and enhanced forest conservation in the region.

A field experiment was conducted during the autumn season of 2022 at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, to evaluate the role of spraying with glutathione and selenium on the growth, yield and quality of soybean under salt stress conditions in silty loam soil classified as Typic Torrifluvent. A split-split plot design in a randomized complete block arrangement with three replications was used. The main plots were assigned to saline water concentrations (1.2, 4, and 6 dSm-1), while the subplots included glutathione concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg L-1) sprayed at 25, 50, and 75 days after planting. Sub-sub plots were assigned selenium concentrations (0, 25, and 50 mg L-1) sprayed on the same dates.
The results showed a significant effect in the treatments of spraying glutathione, as glutathione at 50 mg L-1 achieved glutathione oxidase activity was 50.83 %, proline was 31.28 %, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves 4.11 %, 0.37 %, 4.43 %, protein content in seeds was 20.38 %, and grain yield was 3.16 ton ha-1 . The spraying with selenium as Se1 was significantly difference in the treatments and achieved glutathione oxidase activity was 49.16 %, proline was 30.08 %, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 3.86 %, 0.35 %, 4.42 %, protein content in seeds was 19.24 %, and grain yield was 2.95 ton ha-1. Salinity level W3 was significantly difference and gave enzyme glutathione oxidase activity was 76.70 %, proline was 34.47 %, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 4.39 %, 0.35 %, 5.09 %, protein content in seeds was 20.31 %, yield 3.44-ton ha-1.

The study area is geographically located in the northwest of Salah al-Din Governorate and the north of Al-Anbar Governorate, approximately 120 km northwest of Baghdad. It lies within the administrative boundaries of Salah al-Din Governorate. The focus of the analysis is Lake Tharthar, Iraq's largest natural depression, located between latitudes 34°38'48"–33°34'55" N and longitudes 42°55'41"–43°40'53" E. results analyzes land cover changes over a 30-year period (1994–2024) using multiple remote sensing indices—NDVI, SAVI, NDWI, TCWI, and WRI—across a 14,266.38 km² area. The results highlight significant transformations in vegetation cover and water bodies. NDVI and SAVI data show a substantial decline in vegetation from 1994 to 2014, with a slight recovery by 2024. Bare land areas expanded notably until 2014, followed by a marginal decrease. Water bodies exhibit a consistent decrease in area across NDVI, SAVI, NDWI, and WRI, indicating a potential long-term drying trend. However, TCWI data reveal a sharp increase in water coverage in 2024, suggesting seasonal variation, hydrological interventions, or the index's higher sensitivity to surface moisture. These findings underscore the importance of using multiple indices for comprehensive environmental monitoring.