Journal of University of Babylon

This research seeks to clarify the concept of symbolism and its importance in the poetry of Islamic conquests in the era of early Islam, as it is one of the important literary topics that was popular in Arabic poetry, and especially in the poetry of conquests, the poet tended to use symbolism to express his emotions and longing for home or beloved while he was in the battlefields, because symbolism is a suggestive means that is considered one of the most prominent means of poetic imagery, and thus poets resorted to enriching their texts with symbolic images. In this research, we explain how most poets preferred not to disclose the meanings contained in their poems to leave room for critics, other poets and poetry connoisseurs to analyze them and reveal their meanings, and the reason for that is to force the recipients to contemplate and appreciate the poems. Thus, symbolism occupied an important position in literature in general and in poetic texts in particular, in all its types and sources, because they found in it a tool that expresses their occasions and allows them the opportunity to freely express their ideas and visions, which led them to adopt symbolism as the ideal means for their poetic experiences. In this study, we adopted the analytical study, as we do not adopt a specific method to avoid the possible shortcomings that we may fall into, and in the desire to obtain a type close to the academic integration that provides us with a clear picture of this topic.

This paper examines the role of mindfulness and stress-reduction techniques in enhancing the focus and well-being of five groups from college students each group has 40 participants randomly chosen depending on age, years of study, native language, and the duration of language learning, the universities chosen are that have English language departments in the academic year 2023-2024. Students focus and well-being are critical factors that contribute to academic success and overall mental health· However, EFL students in Iraq face unique challenges, including high levels of stress and anxiety due to socio-political instability· The paper aims to explore how mindfulness practices, such as meditation, deep-breathing exercises, and mindful movement, can mitigate these challenges and improve students' academic performance and psychological health. A sample of 200 EFL students from five Iraqi universities will participate in an eight-week mindfulness programme· The researcers design a questionnaire includes four setions each of them has 10 items except the last one has 5 items, the items are purposfully included depending on the researchers, reading and the problem identification. The findings indicate that integrating mindfulness practices into the EFL curriculum can create a more supportive and conducive learning environment. The results suggest that mindfulness and stress-reduction techniques significantly reduce stress and anxiety levels among EFL students· Participants report enhanced focus during study sessions and exams, improved emotional regulation, and a greater sense of well-being.

This research deals with a rich study related to the manifestations of time and place in the poetry of Ibn al-Rumi, who is considered one of the most prominent poets of the Abbasid era, due to his literary production and high status. Therefore, it was necessary to focus on this topic, as time and place are among the basic elements in Arabic poetry, whether in ancient or modern times, due to their profound impact on the poet's psyche. Through them, the poet was able to express various issues, whether psychological, political, social, or intellectual, which makes his words closely linked to humanity in general and to the human experience in particular. This is what distinguishes poets from each other in how they employ these elements in different ways, trying to highlight their artistic aspects, as time and place constitute the aesthetics of the literary text. The poet used these elements in multiple situations, which makes his poetry a phenomenon worthy of attention and study.

This research aims to enhance the efficiency of digital information retrieval in the Library of the College of Basic Education using the inverted index technique. A mixed methodology was adopted, including the descriptive-analytical approach to study the current state of information retrieval and the experimental approach to test the effectiveness of the new system. The research sample consisted of 280 library users, including students, faculty members, and researchers, in addition to 120 diverse digital files. main results:
1. The new system demonstrated its superiority in improving the speed of information retrieval, reducing response time by 40%.
2. Retrieval accuracy increased from 70% to 85% compared to the traditional system, contributing to enhanced user satisfaction.
Main recommendation :
1. Employ advanced technologies such as the BERT algorithm to improve accuracy in understanding textual contexts.
2. Enhance the search interface to provide advanced interactive features, such as classifications by specialization or relevant keywords.

The semiological approach is considered one of the most important critical approaches that searches for sign systems, whether linguistic, iconic or kinetic, as well as for non-linguistic signs that grow within society, including music as a musical sign with ideological functions that share with other theatrical performance signs to form an audio-visual system. Therefore, the question of the problem can be formulated (Does the musical sign in the mime theatrical performance have different connotations and functions?). The research included four chapters. The first chapter was about (the theoretical framework) and included the research problem represented by the following question (Does the musical sign in the mime theatrical performance have different connotations and functions?) The importance of the research also included shedding light on the importance of the semiology of musical discourse on the performance of the mime actor, which is considered a relationship as a dimension of the verbal relationship, and the recipient's connection with the semiological discourse of the musical sign of the mime actor approaches. Which is considered a sign with a dimension of the verbal relationship and the recipient's connection with the semiological discourse of the musical sign approaches the body of the mime actor. Then the research moved to the second chapter, which included two topics. The first topic included the semiology of the musical sign, while the second topic was concerned with studying the musical sign and its performance features in the mime theatrical performance: A- World theater B- Arab/Iraqi theater. Then the research concluded with indicators of the theoretical framework. As for the third chapter, it focused on the research procedures and the study of the research sample (reprimand), then the chapter concluded with the results and conclusions:
1. The musical note carried an aesthetic significance through its interaction with the rest of the other display signs.
2. The musical note highlighted the inner features of the mime actor and increased the intensity of his feelings.
3. The musical note has an iconic, symbolic and indicative function. Then the research was concluded with recommendations and suggestions.

The Newly research looking for the study of (the abstraction aesthetic in paintings of the Iraqi Artist (Kadhim Nwir), and the research contained four Classifications: The first classify contained a presentation of the research matters defined by the subsequence Kadhim Niwr?) In addition to presenting the significant of the research and the necessity for it. The purpose of the study located in: identifying the aesthetic of abstraction in painting of the Iraqi artist (Kadhim Nwir). The research was determined by studying the relationship between aesthetics and abstraction through artistic sources, including: (the information network) for the period from (2013-2022) in Iraq, and the first chapter defining the most necessity terminology. The second chapter: included the theoretical framework that combined two topics. The first began with: The concept of abstraction in philosophical thought, while the second topic included: The concept of abstraction in the art of painting, consisting of three axes: A, the first axis: The modern abstract art trend, B, the second axis: Abstraction in contemporary Iraqi painting, and the third axis: The experience of the artist (Kadhim Niwr). The chapter finished in the theoretical setting works significance, while the third chapter contained the research proceedings that dealt with the research society, which contained (70) artworks, while the research sample contained (5) artworks, The third class also involved the research tool with statistical methods, then the details of the research patterns. The research finished up the fourth chapter, which dealt with the consequence and conclusions that the researcher reached, in addition to the recommendations and suggestions. Among the results that the researcher reached are: The artist (Kadhim Niwr) was able, with his artistic skill, to create an interaction between abstract elements, and his abstract paintings often evoke a feeling of mystery, and push the recipient to search for the beauty of this mystery in abstraction. Abstract aesthetics are achieved by reducing reality, revealing what is hidden in the subconscious, dismantling formal elements, and creating visual amazement. Most important conclusions are: The abstract artist deals with the tragic reality and strips it down to the true essence, and pushes the recipient to interact with it. The artist (Kadhim Nwir) uses the open pictorial surface, and makes it vulnerable to the interpretations that the recipient reads. The papers brake up with a roll of sources and references. In addition to the abstract in English.

The research aimed to identify the effect of quality exercises with the partial gradual and partial pure learning methods in learning backstroke for female students. The research sample consisted of (12) third-year female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Saladin University, and the sample was divided into two experimental groups, the group The first experimental trial consisted of (6) female students who learned specific exercises using a gradual partial learning method, The second group also consisted of (6) female students who learned with specific exercises in the pure partial learning method and applied these two methods for a period of (5) weeks, two units per week, and a time of (90) minutes per educational unit. The results of the research showed that using specific exercises in the gradual partial and pure partial learning methods He has a major and positive role in learning backstroke for female students, In addition to the superiority of the first experimental group that learned with specific exercises in the gradual partial learning method over the second group that learned with specific exercises in the pure partial learning method, the researcher recommended the necessity of adopting specific exercises in both the gradual partial learning and pure partial learning methods in the educational units for backstroke swimming for female students, in addition to emphasizing the use of exercises. The quality of the gradual partial learning method in learning backstroke and other types of swimming.

The Iraqi legislator has given significant attention to administrative violations due to their profound impact on the administrative workflow and proper employment performance. Distinct provisions were dedicated to disciplinary actions, which differ from those established in the principles of criminal procedures. These differences are evident in terms of the authority responsible for investigating such violations, the body authorized to conduct investigations, and even the imposition of disciplinary penalties. The concept of a disciplinary offense is defined by the violation committed by an employee that subjects them to disciplinary punishment. Legal scholars use various terms to refer to this violation, including "disciplinary offense," "administrative fault," and "disciplinary violation." The development in the field of disciplinary sanctions and procedures has resulted from substantial jurisprudential and judicial efforts, all aiming to establish a solid foundation for the idea of disciplinary sanctions. This is particularly significant because such sanctions, on the surface, represent a serious breach of the principle of the separation of powers—an essential cornerstone of the modern state that must not be compromised under any circumstances. The core issue of this research revolves around the failure of administrative authorities to adhere to laws and regulations or the incorrect application of legal provisions. This shifts the responsibility of protecting public employees to the specialized judiciary, as it serves as the protector and guarantor of public employees against both the administrative authority and disciplinary power. To address this issue, the research employed an analytical, inductive, and comparative methodology in certain cases. By the end of the study, a set of conclusions was reached, necessitating the proposal of appropriate recommendations to address the research problem effectively.

School theatre has witnessed a great development in the design of the theatrical scene, which is the most important part of the theatrical performance, as the elements of the theatrical performance (scenography) combine with each other to become an artistic performance that has the ability to convey scientific and cognitive information in an easy way; The research included four chapters, where the first chapter included the research problem that focused on the following question: How did scenography affect school theatre performances? The importance of the research, which stipulated shedding light on the impact of employing scenography in school theater performances, and the aim of the research, which focused on identifying the impact of scenography in school theater performances, then defining the most important terms, and the second chapter contained two topics, the first of which dealt with scenography, its origin and development, while the second topic dealt with the most important elements of scenography, then the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework, while the third chapter included the research community and the sample, which was one theatrical performance that was chosen intentionally, the play (Frozen), and then the research methodology, the research tool, and the sample analysis, and the fourth chapter concluded with a set of results, the most important of which are: Scenography works to remove the ambiguity of the place, which opens the way for the imagination to build the meanings that await the actual theatrical aesthetic achievement from the actor; The elements of scenography achieve the most important dramatic connections. Lighting gives the meaning of night and day, as well as the meaning of internal or external places. Color may give the meaning of peace or crime, while costume and makeup often refer to the spaces of the character’s psychological relationship. The research also concluded with a set of conclusions and then a list of sources.

The research aims to shed light on the wisdom of the Quran in guiding Islamic belief, clarifying the methods it uses to strengthen faith in God, affirm believers in the truth, and connect faith to their daily lives and behaviors, The study seeks to understand how the Quran directs believers in matters of faith and belief, protects them from intellectual and doctrinal deviations, and links faith with righteous deeds and upright conduct. It also examines the impact of this guidance on the believer’s psyche and spiritual balance. The research highlights the importance of self-control and discipline as a key means of solidifying Islamic belief in individuals, helping them confront desires and intellectual temptations while enhancing certainty in God. Self-control leads to inner peace and spiritual tranquility, establishing a steadfast faith that positively reflects on both individual and societal life، Furthermore, the Quran addresses intellectual and doctrinal challenges, such as polytheism and ignorance, through directives that promote the purity of monotheism and reinforce the believer’s adherence to the truth. The study concludes that self-control and discipline in monotheism serve as essential foundations for preserving Islamic belief. They contribute to achieving spiritual and psychological stability and building a unified society around the values of Islam, The study emphasizes that sound belief is inseparable from God’s greater purposes for creating this universe. It is the source of faith and certainty, leading to the stability of individuals and communities on both psychological and intellectual levels, while strengthening values of unity and resilience.

The current research included four chapters. The first chapter focused on the methodological framework of the research, which was represented by the research problem, which was determined by answering the following question: - What are the operational frameworks for the concept of the formal cause of repetition in modern art and post-modern arts?
As for the research objective (to identify the formal cause of repetition in modern art and post-modern arts).
The current research was determined by analyzing models of artworks for the period from (1870 AD - 2015 AD) in (Europe, the United States of America). As for the second chapter (the theoretical framework), it included (three topics), the first topic included (the nature of the formal cause... intellectually and philosophically), the second topic (the structure of repetition in the artistic image), and the third topic (the image in modernity and the image in post-modernity... reasons and causes). As for the third chapter, it included (research procedures), and the research community framework was (950) artworks. As for (the research sample), the researcher used the intentional random sample method at a rate of (50%) of the research community. The research methodology was carried out using (the descriptive method - content analysis), and the cognitive foundations of the formal reason for repetition were built in (the research tool). The fourth chapter included the results that the researcher extracted statistically based on the Chi-Square test equation in modern European art and postmodern art trends. These include:
1)The doubling of the visual illusion of shapes within visual art formations results from a repetitive contribution of the color and shape elements, which increases the illusory movement of the overall visual composition. The conclusions are:
1)Knowledge of the formal cause of repetition provided the modern artist with the opportunity to release his knowledge of things and the secrets of the self and enable him to control his conscious and unconscious interests and express that in a pure and unique way.