political issues

The availability of law is linked to the presence of society - any society - as well as the link between authority and it, because authority is the one that enacts laws through its parliamentary councils, especially under democratic political systems. If the law is necessary for the lives of individuals and for organizing social life, it constitutes a restriction on them; because the freedom of the individual occupies a fundamental pillar in democratic life. From here arises the conflict between law and freedom, that is, the conflict arises between law and democracy. So how does the idea of law reconcile with the idea of democracy?

The research attempts to explain the position and policy of the EU countries ‎towards the Russian-Ukrainian war, in the political and economic fields, and to ‎identify, through it, the nature and type of sanctions imposed by the EU on ‎Russia as a result of its declaration of war on Ukraine, and at the same time ‎to identify the nature and aspects of support and assistance received by Ukraine ‎from the EU countries. The research included three axes: the first one the European Union’s relations with ‎Russia and Ukraine. The second was about was concerned with the sanctions imposed by the ‎European Union on Russia due to its invasion of Ukrainian territory. The third. Finally, the ‎fourth axis was about the European Union’s support for Ukraine in the political, ‎economic, and humanitarian fields‎. The research concluded that the Russian-Ukrainian war affected the two ‎countries a lot in all aspects. Despite the many, varied, and severe sanctions ‎imposed by the European Union on Russia to weaken it and force it to end the ‎war, this did not discourage Russia's determination and ability to continue ‎the war and achieve its goals in Ukraine. On the other hand, ‎the latter, thanks to the great support of the European Union, proved its ability ‎to confront the Russian military power, capability, and machine; In addition to its ‎determination to achieve its goals and liberate its territory‏.

The importance of studying the water crisis in Iraqi-Turkish relations stems from its direct impact on Iraq's water and food security, as many sectors depend on the regular flow of water. Despite diplomatic efforts and joint agreements, tensions persist due to the disparity in water interests and policies between the two countries. In light of climate change and population growth, water management has become a pivotal issue that requires a shared future vision and permanent solutions to avoid further tensions and ensure water stability between the two countries.

The 21st century brought significant shifts in American strategic orientations, as Asia, particularly its eastern region, emerged as the new focus of U.S. geostrategy. Previously, Europe had been the primary point of interest following World War II, after which the Middle East, with its complexities and major interactions, took center stage in American strategic concerns. The primary reason for this shift was the rise of a new competitor seeking regional expansion—China.

With signs of deglobalization, the world appears to be returning to an era of economic sovereignty, with countries increasingly placing national security and sovereign interests at the forefront. Many countries are focusing on putting their national interests first, reflecting a shift in global priorities for international trade.
Moreover, the uncertainty caused by the global pandemic has prompted many countries to create a more controllable supply chain system, highlighting the trend toward near-internal rather than external production. Instead of focusing on efficiency and cost as it used to, dual circulation has become a Chinese economic strategy or orientation that represents a shift in the country’s economic model, focusing on strengthening the domestic market (internal circulation) while maintaining openness to international markets (external circulation). This strategy was announced in the context of increasing global challenges, such as trade protectionism and geopolitical pressures, making it necessary for China to reduce its dependence on external demand and increase reliance on the domestic market. The core of the dual circulation strategy is to reduce reliance on trade-centered international circulation and promote domestic circulation consisting of production, distribution, circulation and consumption in terms of supply and demand, while maintaining the policy of opening up to the outside world. Expanding domestic demand based on consumption and implementing supply-side reforms to improve productivity and promote industrial upgrading through innovation are the core pillars of the strategy. The concept of "dual circulation" was first introduced on May 14, 2020, at the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee.

Cyber warfare is a modern concept of warfare, the emergence of which is closely linked to the tremendous progress that accompanied the development and advancement of information and communications technology. This study aimed to identify cyber warfare and its impact on international relations. The researcher provided a model for it, represented by the war of the Zionist entity on Hezbollah, using the descriptive analytical approach, in addition to the approach of power in international relations, and the approach of systems. He formulated the hypothesis of the study by saying: Cyber ??warfare does not have a significant impact on international relations. The study proved the invalidity of this hypothesis, as cyber warfare is of great importance in influencing international relations and even a prelude to comprehensive military wars after its use. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which were: Most countries in the world realize the importance of developing modern strategies for wars that subjugate opponents at low material and human costs. It is also impossible to dispense with military (hard) power after using cyber warfare, as hard warfare follows it. This was clear and evident when the Zionist entity launched its cyber attacks on Hezbollah as a prelude to launching a comprehensive military war on the party. The study also concluded that it is important to benefit from technological progress in building modern armies, including cyber power.

The research dealt with the phenomenon of military coups in the countries of the African continent by studying their causes and mechanisms for returning to constitutional legitimacy after the coups occurred, which led to a state of political instability and obstructed the process of democratic transformation in some countries.
The research focused on three African models: Nigeria, which was able to achieve a degree of trust between the rulers and the ruled after decades of fighting and rivalry caused by conflicts and coups, by paying attention to establishing constitutional frameworks that regulate the relationship between power and the people, and discussed the experience of Niger, being the country that witnessed the last military coups in Africa in 2023 and was unable to build a constitutional authority until today, in addition to the Mauritanian model, which witnessed a keenness on mechanisms to strengthen the constitutionality of authority by convincing the warring parties to follow political action as an alternative to violence.
The study of military coups in Africa shows that the military institution may be the most common means of bringing about unconstitutional political change, which prompts countries witnessing coups to search for mechanisms to return to constitutional legitimacy.
The research reached several conclusions, including that the military establishment is unable to achieve political stability in all countries that have witnessed military coups after their leaders have inserted themselves into the political arena, relying on military weight, which represents a field force whose impact is reflected in the elections. In addition, military coups, whatever their results, are considered unconstitutional mechanisms to change the regime, which prompted coup leaders to seek the help of experienced politicians and civilian figures to help take measures to return to constitutional legitimacy.

Putinism is a controversial political phenomenon associated with President Vladimir Putin. Given the turbulent changes the country experienced after the fall of communism, it was not easy for those who assumed power to establish intellectual or ideological frameworks to fill the void left by communism, which had dominated thought and politics for more than eight decades.
Former Russian President Boris Yeltsin was preoccupied with managing the transition from a totalitarian regime to a liberal democratic system open to the West, making Russia part of the Western world. The post-communist era was not easy for Yeltsin; rather, it was a very difficult phase of reconstruction from the ruins of an entire empire.
The most difficult aspect of Putin's efforts was how to successfully transition from a totalitarian communist ideology with an authoritarian character to one that contradicted it in every way. Was there a genuine will to push for this transformation, or was it a moment of weakness during which they were forced to acquiesce to the West and gain its support? The efforts of the Russian liberal elite were not sufficient to dispel Western fears and doubts about the seriousness of continuing the transformation process.

The topics of commercial attractiveness models are among the important topics in international economics, especially the analysis of these topics in the Iraqi economy, as the choice of this topic was not a coincidence, but was dictated by many objective considerations, the most important of which is that it is considered the least fortunate, By researching and quantitative analysis, and addressing the issues of trade flows between Iraq and Turkey according to the gravity model, as the research was analyzed according to the macroeconomic relations, with a statement of the time series of the study for the period (2004-2021), which demonstrated the force of attraction for trade flows between Iraq and Turkey through the law of trade attraction and models. The standard adopted in the study, And analyze the reality of the data for the two countries and explain their fluctuations and the reasons for these fluctuations through tables that were commented on in a descriptive and analytical manner. Accordingly, the research was analyzed from the theoretical side through the law of trade attraction, and then applied that to Iraq and Turkey and came up with results and recommendations.

This study aims to highlight the role of the advisory function in the rationalization of public policy in Algeria, while demonstrating the role of the National Economic, Social and Environmental Council in policy governance; Through his structure and functions provided by Algerian legislature,
The study also aims to clarify the shortcomings and make some proposals through which the role and outputs of the advisory function in general and the role of the National Economic, Social and Environmental Council in particular as an adviser to the Government are developed.

Founded in the nineties of the last century and by the pioneers of the Copenhagen School a new security path allows overcoming the traditional strategic security approaches and studies prevailing in the international system, through the expansion of the security agenda and the expansion of threats that are no longer threatening the survival and existence of the state only, but also threatening the existence of social groups within the state, which led to the transition from talking about state security to community security, and security has become a social construction, and society is a reference object for independent security against the state. A new security approach represented by security emerged in the international system after the events of September 11, and in Iraq after 2003, especially after many political issues as a result of the nature of the discourse it provides turned into security issues due to being a threat to Iraqi security and societal peace.

This study addresses the cybersecurity challenges threatening national security, focusing on cyberattacks and digital wars targeting critical infrastructure. It highlights international efforts, including global cooperation and legislative advancements, to mitigate these risks. The research emphasizes the importance of policy development and balancing security with digital rights protection. Recommendations include investing in infrastructure, human resource training, and fostering international collaboration to counter growing cyber threats.

Technological progress, the emergence of the Internet and electronic media that operate according to this network, and the ease of access of citizens of countries to these technological techniques in the global strategic environment have led to the development of strategic plans that facilitate the lives of their citizens in obtaining the necessary and luxury services they need with the click of a button, and in a few minutes via digital tablets that are within reach, and leaving the complex and slow routine administrative procedures.
As we live today in the age of speed, this development and transformations towards e-governance are part of the global citizen indicators, and Iraq must keep pace with the global and regional countries that have transformed digitally and have made advanced strides in this field, and Iraq, despite its implementation of e-governance operations at the level of many official state institutions, faces challenges to stop the wheel of electronic transformation, some of which are related to the ordinary citizen, some of which are related to state institutions, and some of which are related to organized crime and terrorism that target state institutions digitally and technologically.

This study reviews the relations between Iraq and Canada after 2014, aiming to analyze the political, economic, and security developments that have shaped these relations within the context of regional and international challenges. The research provides a detailed analysis of Iraqi-Canadian relations post-2014, with the goal of clarifying the evolution of the relationship between the two countries, up to its current state. The study also seeks to test the hypothesis that achieving a balance in shared interests between Iraq and Canada significantly contributes to the development of bilateral relations across various political, economic, and military levels, as both countries share common interests that enhance cooperation in their mutual relations.

This study deals with the Russian-Georgian war that broke out on 8/8/2008 as one of the evidences through which Russia's move to restore its former influence can be understood; as that war represented a great opportunity for Moscow to achieve its interests through a crisis management strategy to restore its influence in Georgia on the one hand and to send a message to the West and the former Soviet states trying to get out of the Soviet sphere of influence that it is capable of protecting its interests and influence and dealing with it as a major state with an effective and influential role. Likewise, the United States adopted a crisis management strategy with Russia in order to achieve its interests in the region with Georgia and the European Union, in addition to the fact that the future of the Russian strategy towards Georgia does not go beyond the framework of Russia's quest to dominate it in a way that ensures that it does not become a pivot point for the West and NATO in the Caucasus region

China is one of the countries that embraced the communist ideology as declared by its leader Mao Zedong according to a special Chinese tendency centered around China's nationalist beliefs, and this ideology has become the main pillar of the state, which is represented by the ruling Communist Party of the country and which has held on to power since the founding of the State of China until the present time. Despite the progress and successes achieved by communism in China and its attainment of a global economic position, at the same time it has moved within a new strategy that combined communism and technocracy, through the employment of scientific expertise and competencies in the administration of the state, but in a new version "China's technocracy", which is pushing members of the Communist Party to develop their scientific level and manage state institutions, in addition to attracting scientific competencies and expertise outside the framework of the Communist Party and giving them a major role in the administration of the state. Although the concepts of technocracy indicate competencies and expertise far from any party or ethnic affiliations, China has proven through its experience of technocracy that it is not the monopoly of any

India is one of the major and major regional powers with an important strategic role in the Asian continent. It is also one of the countries qualified to be a rising power in the international arena. It does not stop at reserving a foothold for itself in the international arena, but rather it aspires to crystallize a new global organization in which power is distributed among multiple poles, one of which is itself, especially since the components of power that India enjoys are comprehensive and strategic components, and have different dimensions including the human, political, social, economic, technological and military dimensions. Therefore, we will try to identify in the context of the research the dimensions and elements of India's power, and the strategic foundations and pillars of Indian foreign policy. The research also sheds light on mutual interests, common issues and relations with its regional and global surroundings, in addition to shedding light on the challenges facing India in its journey of ascent

Migration in Sudan is a complex phenomenon and is affected by many interconnected factors, including climate change and political situations.
Sudan is the most vulnerable country in the world to climate change due to its geographical location. The harsh environmental conditions that threaten the environment and society have forced many Sudanese to migrate internally and externally in search of better livelihoods. Despite the relative efforts made to mitigate these phenomena.
The political events in Sudan have contributed to stimulating migration as a result of the unstable security situation and economic crises. The revolution has affected the social fabric of the population, prompting many to search for more stable and safe places. The recent conflict in Sudan has highlighted the complex relationship between environmental fragility and geopolitical turmoil.

The public space is one of the contemporary concepts that reflect the crisis of the state and Western democratic authority, linked to the concepts of rationality, communication and eagerness of discussion to form rational public opinion, historically its roots extended to ancient Greek thought where (agora), and (Kant) is considered the most important founder of public space, linking it to civil society, putting conceptual concrete extended to contemporary thought such as rationality, enlightenment and freedom from commandments, and its basis is the use of reason, including its public use in public space, and from it to (Habermas), who discussed the problem of the bourgeois public space and presented its treatment, as well as (Hanna Arndt), up to (Nancy Fraser) transnational public space.

The research focuses on the types of Western deconstructive intellectual projects that were first proposed in a way that linked their intellectual significance to the destruction and sabotage of everything that is central and established and working to fragment it and rebuild it anew, in a situation that expressed a revolution against rationality and science and the spread of doubt and the absence of truth and the destruction of moral values by exporting deconstructive projects to the Arab world with various intellectual names and arguments, including spreading the principles of democracy, human rights, the right to differ and the anew reconstruction of human values.

The research deals with the impact of the return of former US President Donald Trump to power on the international system that the United States helped shape after World War II. The research focuses on analyzing his previous policies and anticipating his possible future steps and their impact on international relations and global institutions and how they will be reflected in the current international system by presenting a set of upcoming scenarios.

The beginning of adopting the democratic principle in political organization requires the availability of a set of political foundations linked to its cultural frameworks that enhance its activities through which society interacts with its political reality, and then formulates its vision and requirements in light of the participation that grows with the response it receives from the political organization. Therefore, the research problem appears from achieving what was mentioned above in the Algerian political organization, especially in light of the lack of peaceful rotation of power and the functional overlap that surrounds the reality of the authorities, as well as the inactivity of civil social organizations and their parties from practicing their activities in influencing the outputs of power or participating in the political decision, which justifies their existence as part of completing the form of the system, not being one of the means of political participation or a source for developing political capabilities and sustaining their activities that maintain the stability of the system and grant it effectiveness. This is confirmed by the research hypothesis as a treatment of the Algerian reality through supporting the institutional and democratic construction of the authorities based on constitutional guarantees. The research then concluded with a set of recommendations capable of addressing the sources of imbalance in the political organization of Algeria and developing effective solutions in addressing the reality and increasing the outputs of political performance.

The rapid climate change poses a real threat to the entire world, necessitating international efforts to combat and mitigate it as much as possible. The topic of this research focuses on a clear and serious international model in confronting climate change, which is the Turkish model. Turkey, being a pivotal country with a strategically diverse geographical location, is significantly affected by the rapid climate changes. Therefore, Turkey plays an important role in this field by participating in a range of agreements, programs, and protocols aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the transition to a green economy, diversifying renewable energy sources, increasing the efficiency of clean energy, and implementing environmentally friendly technologies. Additionally, Turkey is adapting to the effects of climate change by developing infrastructure that aligns with climate changes and preparing disaster response plans. Crucially, Turkey emphasizes financing climate activities by providing financial support to local institutions and ministries concerned with the environment and climate, aiding them in facing climate change challenges. Furthermore, the Turkish government is a member of major international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is the general framework for international cooperation on climate issues, and the Kyoto Protocol, which sets legally binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for developed countries. Turkey is also a party to the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global temperature rise to less than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. On the domestic level, Turkey places great importance on the issue of climate change and has taken several steps to address it, including national policies like the National Climate Change Strategy, and investing in renewable energy, with rapid growth observed in the sectors of solar and wind energy. Internationally, Turkey actively participates in international forums on climate change, cooperates with other countries to exchange expertise and technology, and implements various projects to adapt to the effects of climate change, such as water management, coastal protection, and sustainable agriculture.Finally, the research highlights the political conflicts before and after the recent presidential elections and the role of political opposition in hindering the Turkish government's efforts to address climate change both internationally and locally. It examines the economic impacts of the election results, and the influence on environmental laws and regulations, agriculture, tourism, and the economy in general, following the victory of the Justice and Development Party led by Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The possibility of implementing electoral promises through adopting green government policies and developing innovative technological solutions to confront climate change is also considered

This research examines the openness and cooperation between China and Russia and their impact on the balance of the international system, as well as the study of the strategic partnership between the two countries. In recent years, China-Russia relations have witnessed significant development, with their cooperation becoming central to addressing global economic and geopolitical challenges. This cooperation has expanded into multiple fields, such as economy, security, and energy, influencing the balance of the international system toward a multipolar order.
A multipolar system is an international system characterized by the presence of multiple major powers that compete and cooperate with each other without a single power dominating the global order. In this model, centers of power are distributed among several states, leading to more complex interactive dynamics compared to a unipolar system (dominated by a single power) or a bipolar system (where two major powers compete.).
After establishing the theoretical framework related to the international system and its determinants in the first section, the research examines how this cooperation affects Western hegemony and analyzes the role of the China-Russia alliance in enhancing regional and international stability. It also discusses the economic implications of bilateral relations amid global tensions, focusing on joint energy projects, such as gas and oil pipelines, and how they contribute to strengthening the economic power of both countries. Furthermore, the study explores the resilience of this cooperation and strategic partnership within global multilateral frameworks. The research concludes that China-Russia openness and cooperation are not only key factors in building their economic and political strength but also play a fundamental role in reshaping the international system toward a multipolar balance.

The Central Asian region is characterized by an important strategic position at both the international and regional levels, and has increased its importance the enormous mineral resources possessed by, and the the most important are oil and natural gas in addition to others, as the United States seeks to strengthen its dominance over the world and neutralize the major rival powers through Control of that region close to China and Russia, as Russia consid ers the region it's vital domain and the area of influence inherited from the Soviet Union, and China is consider that region very important on the secu rity and economic level, and considers it as the western flank for it, and any disturbances in it reflect negatively to it's security and stability. Turkey and Iran are trying to exploit cultural and religious rapprochement to achieve their strategic galls in the region, so the Central Asian region is of great strategic importance to all international and regional powers.

The national dialogue represents an interactive process aimed at building consensus on fateful national issues, and includes the participation of various spectrums of the political and social community in order to enhance communication and understanding between the various parties in society, including the government, political parties, civil society organisations, and citizens. The national dialogue is the exchange of opinion on important issues between the various categories of political people, multi-party and intellectual differences of human nature. Political parties arise in countries with their own political opinions and their independent vision of things based on their own convictions, understanding, and evaluation of interests. Different interpretations usually arise from these parties, names, and political entities, and may conflict with each other, which affects the approach of daily relations between them in the state and influences some decisions. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a policy of dialogue among them in order to reach a consensus opinion that achieves the view and ambition of all. The national dialogue has its etiquette that must be taken into account and results in positive outcomes that are reflected in the national form.
The national dialogue in Iraq is one of the thorny and pivotal issues in the contemporary Iraqi political scene, it is a serious attempt to get out of the recurring crises and reach a national consensus on the basic issues facing the country, the national dialogue in Iraq is a political process aimed at addressing the ongoing political crises in the country, and this initiative was launched by the former Prime Minister, Mr. (Mustafa Al-Kazemi), who called on the various political forces to sit together to discuss controversial issues and reach consensual solutions.
The national dialogue is a long and arduous process that requires patience and dedication on the part of all parties. Despite the great challenges it faces, it remains the only hope to build a better future for Iraq, and on this basis it can be said that the national dialogue holds promising prospects for improving the political situation in Iraq if it is dealt with seriously and with real political will.

The effects of the emergence of the totalitarian state are a political crisis that contemporary societies have suffered from and that has begun to cast its shadows on national policies and systems international community has also suffered from it because of the racist, expansionist ideologies it carries, the existence of which was not ended by the victory of liberal democracy. Rather, our societies today still suffer from racist, oppressive, expansionist opinions and ideas in their internal and external international dimensions, especially after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the failure of socialist thought, so that the West depicts to us the victory of Western values and principles, especially American ones, so that we face a totalitarianism of a new type of totalitarianism of the twenty-first century

Those who invoke the demographic variable to seek state power in terms of quantitative increase or decrease are not mistaken, as it is an important approach to tracking the state's structural imbalances, a measure of the effectiveness of public policies, and a microscopic examination of its strategic performance, particularly in employing the complex situation that results from demographic strength. Sometimes it is a source of strengthening the state's power in various paths of power (economic, military, cognitive), and at other times it represents a point of weakness that increases the state's burdens due to the increase in population numbers, coupled with the authorities' inability to find measures to contain it in a manner that achieves development and progress. Many theorists of calculating state power have focused on the population element and its connection to the concept of state power, which is reflected in the reciprocal impact on state power. This is due to the differences like the demographic variable, its size, and the adequacy of resources to sustain it. In the context of tracking population power and its impact on state power, there are two models. The first is China, which has been able to make population growth an additional element of state power while remaining wary of the dangers of population growth. The second is India, where population growth is one of the determinants of increasing state power.

The purpose of this research is to study the organic planning in the United Industry Alliance, focusing on an applied model. It takes the concept of good planning, and its importance in the overall picture, well into political, economic, and military policy. It also analyzes how the United States has used this year to address the challenges that nationalism targets. The research draws on typical examples to illustrate the differences between researcher and decision effectiveness. It also discusses the factors that lead to the success or failure of dynamic planning, and draws lessons from it in other countries. Finally, the researcher begins to help in planning the goal as a basic tool in enhancing effectiveness.

The withdrawal of international coalition forces from Iraq entails significant political, economic, and security ramifications. Politically, the withdrawal may lead to a deterioration of stability within the country, as internal conflicts and tensions among various factions escalate. This deterioration could impact the Iraqi government's ability to make effective decisions and achieve national consensus. Economically, Iraq may experience negative effects, including a decline in foreign investments and decreased oil revenues, further exacerbating financial challenges faced by the government and undermining reconstruction and development efforts. From a security standpoint, the withdrawal of the international coalition may result in an escalation of security threats, as armed groups seize the opportunity to increase their activities and escalate attacks, posing a threat to the daily lives of civilians and hindering reconstruction and development efforts.
Therefore, the withdrawal of international coalition forces represents a significant challenge to the political, economic, and security processes in Iraq, necessitating effective strategies to address the challenges arising from this withdrawal

Globalization, by means of its tools represented by technological advancements in communication, information, media, and digital technologies linking science, technology, and culture consistent with global dimensions, as well as the globalization of democratic political systems, has introduced new developments and actors that have transformed contemporary life. These developments have created a networked, borderless, fast-paced, pervasive, and enticing communicative environment that transcends national boundaries toward global. Consequently, societies with cyber-virtual dimensions have emerged parallel to local communities. These cyber societies are characterized by their impartiality to closed political, social, and affiliative domestic laws, while simultaneously being influenced by temporal, spatial, geographical, and historical contexts. They have also redefined the logic of communication and human relationships, ultimately altering individuals’ sources of identity. Due to the integration of these cyber societies with the realities of local communities shaped by individuals’ psychological states and their attempts to escape the complexities of kinship-based social relations and the authoritarian politics of the political community in pursuit of a better life along with the flexible and dynamic nature of identity, the position of individual belonging has shifted. Individuals have redefined their presence and self-conception by reconstructing their old identities and forming cyber identities with specific characteristics, either in conflict with or in harmony with traditional identities. Without neglecting the contradictions accompanying this complex and comprehensive process, the rebuilding of identity in light of the variables of globalization has undergone and continues to undergo various interactive processes across different cultural, social, political, and economic levels.

This study aimed to identify the digital transformation and its challenges. Technology has no longer become as tools with techniques used to facilitate business performance and development. But, rather its impact has expanded to all aspects of our lives. Until it has become the tip of the spear that changes the global scene. Its huge influence which has spread all over the world on various aspects personal, societal, national and international and even the military aspects. Information warfare does not stop at simple forms of cyberattacks. The most dangerous approach lies in the adoption of smart systems to change intellectual orientations, customs, traditions, values, and ethics. This is achieved by adopting strategies that simulate minds and appeal to feelings and emotions, creating digital terrorism and its effects through comprehensive societal changes at all political, economic, and cultural levels. This poses a grave threat to the construction and transformation of the essence of human security: the human being.

This study aims to clarify the nature of political globalization (historical development, concept - political dimension of globalization) as well as how political globalization has affected Arab foreign relations, both positively and negatively. The inductive approach was relied upon in its analysis of the research topic as well as historical, descriptive, and prospective methodological comparisons. The study concluded that political globalization has a direct impact on international relations, whether positively or negatively, and that political globalization has affected the structure of the state and national sovereignty as well as its impact on national identity and political systems. Political globalization has a major and significant role in the course of international, regional and local relations, In addition, the concept, in its many various forms, is used as a pressure tool and a means to direct the interests of major countries

Both Turkey and Iran have major regional positions, and Turkish-Iranian cooperation has significantly intensified during the first two decades of the 21st century. Turkey's energy needs and Iran's oil and natural gas resources have been an important driver of growing Turkish-Iranian cooperation. However, the degree of cooperation between the two countries should not be exaggerated. Their relationship is volatile and unstable, reaching the stage of competition. The repercussions of this competitive relationship extend to most countries in the region, their issues and crises, including the Iranian nuclear program

The competition or conflict between the authorities or the body of the constitutional body is not bad in any way, but the constitutional and democratic institutional institutions may be encouraged among themselves, the group that does not attack and conflict and clash immediately, so it is time for the organizations that the state adopts to become the pickaxes of its destruction.
The conflict that exists between the council and the court today is not specific to Iraq alone, as it preceded us to countries that are deeply rooted in democracy, France for example, where a conflict occurred between the Constitutional Council and the General Authority of the Criminal Court of Cassation in the late nineties, but they overcame that and did not accuse the limits of the conflict.
The will of the constitutional legislator is nominated in the authority in Iraq, spread over three members (legislative, executive, and judicial) governed by the separation of powers. We must also realize that the legislator and I chose a duality in each body, and the duality in the judicial authority is (the Judicial Council and the court later), so it is natural that this membership will dispute and compete later, but this must be governed by two parts and the candidates for membership, objectivity and transparency to support it in order to protect rights and freedoms as it should. Developing authority and strengthening the separation of powers and putting the state with all its powers, individuals and resources on the track of justice, prosperity and prosperity.
If the judiciary agrees and decides the judiciary so that it is like the relationship between the heart and the mind in the human body, neither of them can continue to work without the other, but to complete the other and for a specific task.
If it agrees to appoint it between these two lofty regional constitutions, it will assume authority, that basic pillar on which the nascent state relies and which needs strong men in the state of George Washington.
There are many reasons for the opposition due to the lack of independence of the legal constitutional texts in organizing the proportions in an effective and clear manner, as well as the political influence that tries in various ways to penetrate within the authority that emerges to undermine its independence, where it is possible to reach the political conflict for several reasons, valid in this research to shed light on the constitutional organization of the two bodies and the different relationship from the practical experimental point of view to know the importance of the difference in the difference between them.

The issue of transnational organized crime has received the attention of the international community for several decades, due to the size of the risks associated with crimes included in this classification.
Countries have begun to cooperate with each other, bilaterally, in a multilateral manner, and through international governmental and non-governmental organizations, in order to curb transnational organized crime.
The research is concerned with studying: international cooperation, and its goal: reducing transnational organized crime.

Many countries and places around the world witnessed security challenges that coincided with, and followed, severe climate changes and fluctuations in them, which negatively affected their food and water resources, and reduced the ability of countries to meet the needs of their people. This paved the way for the outbreak of intra-conflicts at the local level, The number of international conflicts has increased, the development of the terrorist phenomenon has increased, and the number of terrorists has increased, in addition to the increasing levels of fragility and political instability, especially in developing countries that lack the elements of response and flexibility necessary for confrontation.