Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

This experiment was carried out at the Poultry Breeding Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of the Animal Science Department at College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, from February,1,2022 to June,20,2022.
Fifty ducklings were collected from different locations in Suleimani at one week age, The housing was divided into (4) floor cages. The average of the studied samples across all populations was (10.000). All 15 markers used to investigate the genetic diversity of local ducks produced (0.695) alleles on average, of which (1.137) were determined to be effective. The mean of Shannon diversity index was (0.147), and the mean of diversity was (0.091). Finally, the mean of unbiased diversity was (0.101).
The Result of dendrogram clustering confirmed the result of PCoA. The Main samples indicated three main classes. The results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that among populations accounted for 25% of the genetic variance. Within populations, 75% of the genetic variation was detected.

Keywords: Local Duck, ISSR and URP marker

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University within longitude E 44 and latitude N 32, for the agricultural season 2022-2023 to study the effect of adding humic acid and spraying potassium silicate on the growth, yield and content of some nutritional elements of local garlic. The first factor included three levels of humic acid (0, 500, 1000) kg. ha-1 and the second three levels of potassium silicate 0, 2 and 4 ml. L-1. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results showed that the treatment (1000 kg.ha-1 humic acid) was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments in terms of the number of cloves per head, which amounted to 29.83 cloves.head-1. The treatment also achieved a double interaction between ( 0 kg.ha-1 humic acid and 2 ml.l-1 potassium silicate) excelled in traits of bulb neck length and plant height, which amounted to 38.7 cm and 93.2 cm, respectively, while the double interaction treatment was recorded between (1000 kg.ha-1 humic acid and 2 ml. L-1 of potassium silicate) had the highest values for traits of head weight and total yield, which amounted to 47.3 g and 12.62 tons.ha-1, respectively.

A field experiment was carried out during the winter agricultural season for the y 2022-2023, in Babil Governorate, Al-Qasim Green University - College of Agriculture - Fields affiliated with the Field Crops Department, to study the response of three cultivars of black barley “Zanbaka”, “Mosul 1” and “Black Local” and amino acid Spraying, Phenylalanine at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg L-1 in some growth and yield characteristics of black barley plants. The combinations of treatments were distributed in a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data was collected and analyzed according to the analysis of variance table, and the means were tested according to the least significant difference test at the level of Probability 0.05.
The results showed a significant superiority of the “Zanbaka” cultivar in the characteristics of the height of the main stem (85.65 cm) and the number of grains per spike(30.96 grain), and a significant superiority of the “Mosul 1” cultivar in most of the vegetative characteristics, yield components. Similar superiority was also recorded in the treatment of spraying Phenylalanine at a concentration of 50 mg L-1, while it was significantly superior in the treatment of spraying at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 at the height of the main stem only, and a conductive overlap treatment of Mosul 1×50 mg L-¹ Phe. was achieved. significantly superior to leaf area, total chlorophyll pigment index, percentage of dry weight, number of spike per square meter, weight of 1000 grains, total grain yield, and biological yield, it gave the highest averages of 16.51 cm², 43.54 SPAD, 13.11%, 359.00 spikes, 45.44 g, 4.71 tons ha-¹, and 11.19 tons ha-¹, respectively. While the treatment Zanbaka × 100 mg L-¹ Phe. was significantly superior. in plant height, while the Zanbaka x 50 mg L-¹ Phe treatment outperformed. in the number of grains per spike amounted to 32.96 grams.
Key word: Cultivars, Spraying Phenylalanine, Growth, Yield, Black Barley

The experiment was conducted in the lath house affiliated to the Dept. of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening/ College of Agriculture / Tikrit University for the season 2023 to study the effect of the mycorrhiza fungus bio-fertilizer with three levels ( 0,5 and 10 g. Saplings -1) and spraying seaweed extract with three levels (0,5 and 10 ml L-1) on the vegetative growth of sweet orange saplings cv.Local buded on sour orange rootstock, results obtained can be summarized as follows: soil application of biofertilizer at a concentration of 10 g. sapling-1 led to a significant increase in both the characteristic of the sapling height of 17.15 cm, the stem diameter of 4.34 mm and the leaf area of 29.48 cm2 and the percentage of dry matter in the leaves of 9.20%, either at a concentration of (5 g. sapling-1) the number of leaves were increased which registered 74.07 leaf, on the other hand , seaweed extract with concentration 5 ml.l-1 increased stem length While seaweed extract at a concentration of (10 ml L-1) led to a significant increase in stem diameter of 5.14 mm, number of branches 8.94 sapling branches -1, number of leaves 82.47 (sapling leaves-1), leaf area 28.12 cm2 and leaves relative chlorophyll content which gave( 63.05 SPAD ) and dry matter which gave (8.35)
Keywords: Biofertilizer, Seaweed extract, Sweet orange, Foliar application, vegetative growth.

The experiment was conducted in the Al-Azawiya area, affiliated with the Musayyib project in Babil Governorate, during the winter agricultural season of 2023. The study aimed to investigate the effect of bio and organic fertilization and foliar spraying with boron on the growth and yield of yellow maize (variety: Al-Maha). The experiment was conducted using a factorial experiment based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and with three replications randomly distributed within three sectors, totaling 18 treatments to make the number of experimental units 54, The experiment included three factors: the first factor was bio-fertilization (seed inoculation) with a mixture of Azotobacter and Azospirillum at two levels (without inoculation, inoculation), The second factor was organic fertilization (sheep manure) added to the soil at three levels (0, 10, 20) Mg ha-1. The third factor was foliar spraying of boron as boric acid at three levels (0, 5, 10) mg L-1. The mean values of the treatments were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a significance level of 0.05.
The results of the experiment showed that the addition of bio and organic fertilizers and foliar spraying with boron resulted in significant differences in all vegetative growth and yield Properties. Additionally, the results indicated significant interactions between the bio-fertilizer (seed inoculation) and organic fertilizer (20 Mg ha-1) and between the bio-fertilizer (seed inoculation) and foliar spraying with boron (10 mg L-1), as well as between the organic fertilizer (20 Mg ha-1) and foliar spraying with boron (10 mg L-1), resulting in significant differences in all growth and yield Properties. Similarly, significant interactions were observed between the bio-fertilizer (seed inoculation), organic fertilizer (20 Mg ha-1), and foliar spraying with boron (10 mg L-1), indicating significant differences in all growth and yield Properties.
Keywords: Biofertilizer, Organic fertilizer, Foliar spraying, Boric acid, maize.

A genetic diversity study in the native cattle populations of three regions in the Middle Euphrates in Iraq was carried out using 8 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers. A total of 60 individuals were genotyped and 149 alleles were identified. The overall mean observed (Na) and expected (Ne) numbers of alleles were found to be 6±1.17, 6.12±1.40, 6.5± 2.01, 2.166±0.077, 4.30± 1.10, 4.62±1.27, and 4.91±1.21 in Babylon, Karbala, and Najaf, respectively. The mean Shannon’s information index (I) and fixation index (Fis) values were found to be 1.55±0.21, 1.63±0.22, 1.67± 0.25; 0.28±0.03, 0.31±0.05 and 0.26±0.04 in Babylon, Karbala and Najaf respectively. The overall means for observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity were 0.53±0.11, 0.52±0.12, 0.58±0.14, 0.76±0.05, 0.78±0.04 and 0.80±0.05 in Babylon, Karbala, and Najaf cities, respectively .The mean F-statistics includes Fixation indices (Among populations) (FIS), Fixation indices (Among individuals within populations) (FIT), and Fixation indices (Within individuals) (FST) values were found to be 0.284, 0.309, and 0.029 respectively. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed that 4.16% of the total variation was due to differences among native cattle genetic groups.
Keywords: Genetic diversity, Heterozygosity, SSR markers, Shannon’s index.

The experiment was conducted in lath house of Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University / Al-Musayyib Technical College in Babylon province during the period from March to the beginning of December 2023 to study the effect of spraying with nano-fertilizer at three levels (0, 2 and 3g.l-1) and ground application. With nanofertilizer at three levels (0, 0.5 and 1g.pot-1) on seedlings of three cultivars of mandarin. The most important results can be summarized as follows: The Clementine cultivar excelled in most of traits of vegetative growth, represented by the number of branches and the number of leaves, as it reached (4.42 branches.plant-1, 80.55 leaves.plant-1) respectively. The chemical traits (iron, zinc, and manganese) in the leaves amounted to (43.56 mg. kg-1 dry weight, 36.65 mg. kg-1, 15.05 mg. kg-1 dry weight), respectively. The treatment of spraying vegetative growth with nano-fertilizer showed a significant effect on most of traits of vegetative growth and the content of the leaves of mineral elements, as the highest average was recorded when the treatment of spraying vegetative growth with 3 g.l-1 increased the number of branches, the number of leaves, and iron. Zinc, manganese. The treatment of adding nanofertilizer had a significant effect on most of traits of vegetative and root growth and the leaf content of elements, as the highest rate was recorded when adding g/pot, an increase in the number of branches, the number of leaves, iron, zinc, and manganese. The binary interaction between the Clementine cultivar and spraying with nano-fertilizer at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 (A2B3) showed a significant increase in the studied traits: number of branches, number of leaves, iron, zinc, and manganese. Bi-interaction between the Clementine cultivar and the addition of nano-fertilizer at a concentration of 1 g. pot-1 ( (A2C3) A significant increase in the studied traits: number of branches, number of leaves, iron, zinc, and manganese. The two-way interaction between spraying nano-fertilizer with a concentration of 3 g.l-1 and adding nano-fertilizer with a concentration of 1 gm. Pot-1 (B3C3) showed a significant increase in the traits: number of branches, number of leaves, , iron, zinc, and manganese. The triple interaction between the study factors showed a significant increase in the studied traits, as the treatment (A2B3C3) excelled in the number of branches, number of leaves, iron, and zinc and the treatment (A3B3C3) excelled in the percentage of manganese.

This study was conducted for the purpose of comparing the effect of each fenugreek powder by adding it to the feed throughout the duration of the experiment, which amounted to 6 weeks, where the effect of each of them on the productive and physiological performance of broilers was studied. (150) one-day-age Hubbard broiler chicks were used and randomly distributed into 5 groups (30 chicks/group), with two replicates for each group (15 chicks/replicate). The first group included (control treatment), while the second group represented (0.50%) of barley, and the third treatment (50% + 50% fenugreek powder) was given. The results showed the following: T3 treatment (Fenugreek 0.5%) and T2 (Barley 00.5%) showed a non-significant increase in average live body weight and cumulative weight gain compared to the control group. treatment T3 (Circuit 1) showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the average weekly live weight and the average weekly and cumulative weight gain compared to the rest of the groups. There were no significant differences in the values of feed consumption and feed conversion factors between the different groups. An improvement in blood traits appeared in the T2 and T3 groups, compared to the T1 control group.The four groups T2 and T3 showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in blood sugar and cholesterol concentrations compared to the control group T1.Adding fenugreek seed powder contributed to maintaining the biological balance of total bacterial colonies, coliform bacteria colonies, and lactobacilli bacteria colonies in the intestinal contents of broiler chickens compared with the T3 control group.

This study was conducted at the University of Mosul - College of Agriculture and Forestry - Department of Animal Production - Poultry Field. 300 broiler Chicks, type Rose 308, one day old, unsexed, were used in this experiment. They were divided into 5 treatments (each treatment had 3 replicates). The experimental treatments were as follows: First treatment: control diet (without additives). The second treatment: adding 4% sunflower oil. The third treatment: adding 4% sunflower oil + 250 mg vitamin E/kg feed. Fourth treatment: Adding 4% animal fat. Fifth treatment: Adding 4% animal fat + 250 mg vitamin E/kg feed. The results at 42 days of age showed a significant increase in the characteristics of the body weight of the animal, its weight gain, and the amount of feed consumed for the experimental treatments, and a significant improvement in the feed conversion factor for the third and fifth treatments. As for the carcass cuts, the percentage of dressings, and the edible offal, there were no differences between all the experimental treatments.
Keywords: Broiler, Performance, Vitamin E, tallow & sunflower oil.

The experiments of this study were conducted for the purpose of using plant tissue culture technology to increase the production of medically effective alkaloids capparisine A (1), capparisine B (2), capparisine C (3), and the chemical components of the Caper plant (Capparis spinosa L.). The results of the study can be summarized as follows. The MS culture media prepared to induce and maintain callus at a concentration of 40 Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) mixed with 4.5 Adenine sulphate (AdS) gave the highest rate of fresh and dry weight of callus with increasing NAA concentrations, reaching (481.22) mg for fresh weight and (26.545) mg. For dry weight. respectively. Thecate that the MS culture media prepared with a concentration of 100 (mg/l) Progesterone gave the highest average fresh and dry weight of callus, amounting to (50.61 and 7.461) mg, respectively.The results also showed that the MS culture media prepared with a concentration of 150 (mg/l) Cholesterol gave the highest rate of callus based on fresh and dry weights, amounting to (73.733 and 14.807) mg, respectively. While a concentration of 8 (mM) of Squalene gave an average fresh and dry weight in callus induction from the growing apex of (56.882 and 20.303) mg, respectively.The alkaloids capparisine A (1), capparisine B (2), and capparisine C (3) were quantitatively and qualitatively determined using an HPLC device.Its highest value was recorded for all alkaloids when the concentration of the precursors Progesterone, Cholesterol, and Squalene was increased in the secondary metabolite accumulation medium at a concentration of 150 (mg/l) of Progesterone, Cholesterol. While the concentration of 8 (mM) Squalene for alkaloids was best for production. Phytochemical analysis using LC-ESI-MS/MS of callus tissue extract showed the presence of some chemical and nutritional compounds.
Keywords: active compounds, alkaloids، Chemical composition ، Capparis spinosa L

The goal is to investigate the coliform bacterial serotype that exists in chicken hatcheries throughout the hatching period in Babylon. In order to detect Escherichia coli bacteria, 200 samples were taken from four hatcheries (Babylon, Al-Jaflawi, Asaad, and Al-Anwar). Cotton swabs were used to collect the samples, which were subsequently taken to the laboratory, where their serotypes were identified and their reactivity to antibiotics was examined. The investigation findings showed that 32 isolates of Escherichia coli were found, along with 108 Klebsiella, 28 Proteus, 8 Pseudomonas, 12 Bacillus and 12 isolates of Staphylococcus. According to the findings of the research, the enterohemorrhagic serotype of the E. coli bacterium was identified (EHEC). 16 isolates of the somatic serotype O114 (representing 80% of E. coli samples), 12 isolates of serotype O124 (representing 60%), and 4 isolates of type O142 (20%) were found. Aside from being resistant to Gentamicin, Cephalexin, Ampicillin, and Trimethoprim, the recovered E. coli also showed moderate sensitivity to Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin and high sensitivity to Imipenem, Amikacin, and Cefotaxime.

An experiment was conducted in which 525 Ross 308 broiler chicks, one day age and with a starting weight of 43 grams, were used for a period of 35 days in which different levels of red chili pepper powder (Capsicum annuum) and the synthetic essential amino acid DL-Methionine were used to determine the extent of their effect on some physiological and immune traits. For meat chickens. These chicks were distributed randomly and equally among seven treatments that differed among themselves in terms of the nutritional treatments provided in the feed mixtures. Red chili powder and synthetic methionine were added to the chicks’ diet from the first day until the age of five weeks (marketing age). The treatments were distributed as follows: First treatment ( Control treatment) free of any additives. The second group was fed a diet containing 0.50 g/kg red chili powder feed. The third group of chicks was fed a diet containing 0.75 g/kg red chili pepper powder feed. The fourth group was fed a diet containing 1 gm. /kg of Red chili pepper powder feed. The fifth group fed the chicks a basic diet containing 0.50g/kg artificial methionine feed. The sixth group fed its chicks a basic diet containing 0.75g/kg artificial methionine feed. The seventh group fed the chicks a basic diet added Including synthetic methionine at an average of 1 g/kg feed. The research results showed that there was a significant superiority (P<0.01) for total protein in blood serum and a decrease in the concentration of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in the treatments to which red chili powder and industrial methionine were added compared to the control treatment. The best treatment had the highest addition (1 g/ kg of feed) whether Red chili pepper powder or synthetic methionine. The results of the study confirmed that there are significant differences (P<0.01) in the immune traits represented by antibodies directed against some diseases (Newcastle ND, Infectious bronchitis IBD and Comborro (IBV), as the results showed that there is a significant increase (P<0.01) in the rate of antibodies directed against diseases in favor of the treatments to which red chili powder and synthetic methionine were added, and that the increase in antibodies against diseases was directly proportional to the increase in red chili powder and synthetic methionine compared to the control treatment, which recorded the lowest significant value against antibodies directed against diseases

The aim of the research to identify the size of the obstacles facing broiler breeders in the areas of Saladin Governorate / Iraq in general, and to identify the size of the obstacles in each of the following areas of research: (administrative problems facing broiler breeders, financial problems related to the processing aspect facing breeders Broiler chickens, production problems facing broiler breeders, marketing problems facing broiler breeders, guidance problems facing broiler breeders) and arranging the research areas according to the size of the obstacles facing broiler breeders. The research included all broiler breeders who own breeding halls and have broiler rearing licenses from the Salah al-Din Agriculture Directorate, their number (585) breeders officially registered in the records of the Salah al-Din Agriculture Directorate and who are distributed in the districts and districts of the governorate. A random sample was chosen from the breeder community with a percentage of (25%) of breeders, bringing the number of respondents who underwent research procedures to (146) breeders. The results in the objective showed that 51.36% of the respondents fall into the category of major obstacles, which is the highest percentage. We conclude from this that there are real obstacles that threaten the profession of raising broiler chickens in the governorate. Salahaddin. In light of the results and conclusions reached by the research, it is recommended that the Agricultural Extension Center and the Veterinary Clinic prepare educational extension training activities to provide broiler breeders in Salah al-Din Governorate with the theoretical and applied information and expertise necessary to protect broilers from the most important diseases and provide them with financial support represented by treatments.
Keywords: obstacles, broiler chicken

Black mulberry fruits have a significant role in human nutrition ,due to its antioxidant activity .However owing to their high moisture content and sensitivity to storage, fresh black mulberries have a very short life time . Hence, they are usually processed immediately after harvesting ,which some time reduce their nutritional value . This study was carried out to check the effect of some processing methods (drying, concentration, freezing) in processing dried black mulberry, concentrated juice, leather sheets (Nana Shatw), and frozen juice on some physiochemical properties ( Vitamin C, Total Phenol, Total Anthocyanin and Antioxidant capacity) as well as flavour properties (sugar contents ,organic acid contents ) and sensory parameters. For this purpose, samples were subjected to quantitative and qualitative analyses (spectrophotometric, HPLC technique) in order to monitor the changes in those parameters.
The results shows that the most processed methods that cause reduction in Vitamin C levels in black mulberries fruit were concentrating fruit juice and drying the fruit , due to their related with elevated temperature . Conversely these processes increase the level of total Phenol(2520 µg GAE/g and 2490 µg GAE/g respectively), Total Anthocyanin(824 µg C3GE and 784 µg GAE/g respectively ),and the Antioxidant Capacity which depend on those parameters .Ragarding to the study of the effect of the processing methods on the flavor of black mulberries fruit which based on the ratio of sucrose to organic acids. the results show that all the processed methods reduce the level of sucrose while concentrating juice displayed elevated levels of Fructose (7.24 g/100g) and Glucose (8.94 g/100g), followed by dried black mulberries which also exhibited a highest level of total sugar content (17.23 g/100g), and higher concentration of organic acids Drying process cause increase in the level of the all studied organic acids, (oxalic, citric, tartaric, and malic acids). Sensory evaluation results also indicated consistency in most parameters, suggesting that consumers can enjoy these products. Further studies are recommended to optimization of food processing to protect the phenolic compounds in blackberry fruits to minimise the antioxidant loss and improve the final product quality.


Keywords: Black mulberry, drying, Leather sheet, frozen juice and Antioxidant.

An experiment was conducted in a citrus nursery in the Holy Governorate of Karbala / Hindiyah District belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture on local lemon seedlings to study the effect of adding bio fertilizer at four levels (0, Trichoderma, Mycorrhizal, Trichoderma + Mycorrhizal), the second factor is the addition of plant residues at three levels (0, 20, 40 Mg.ha1), while the third factor was adding the NPK Nano fertilizer at three levels (0, 5, 10 Mg) on some soil properties. The experiment was implemented as a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The average results were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test at the probability level of 0.05. Bio fertilization showed a significant effect on all the studied soil characteristics (soil reaction pH, salinity, exchange capacity CEC, organic matter, bulk density). Whereas organic fertilization behaves the same behaviour, NPK Nano fertilization showed a significant increase in the CEC. The dual interaction between the study factors had a significant effect on some traits, while the triple interaction, there was a significant effect on all the studied traits.
Keywords: Bio-fertilizer, Organic fertilizer, Nano fertilizer, Local lemon seedlings.

The aim of the research is to study and determine the food gap between production and consumption and verify the existence of a balanced relationship between the variables used in the long term, and then estimate the error correction model for wheat crop consumption according to the (ARDL) for the period (1995-2022), and co-integration is tested between the variables included in form Under study using the Bounds Test, The results showed the existence of a long-term balanced relationship between local consumption of the wheat crop and the independent variables. As for the results of the error correction test for the long- and short-term relationship, it showed that the parameters(Quantities produced x1, quantities imported x2, price of the competitive crop barley x3) It came with a positive and significant signal in the short and long term and is consistent with economic logic, as any increase in these independent variables will lead to an increase in consumption of this wheat crop, It turned out that the parameter of the independent variable, the world price (X4), was with a negative and significant sign in the short and long term, and this is consistent with economic theory, meaning an increase in the world price will lead to a decrease in the quantities consumed of the wheat crop. It turned out that the parameter of the variable, population size (X5), was with a wave sign, consistent with logic. Economic in the short term, but in the long term its sign has become negative (inverse), contrary to economic logic and not significant,The study recommends working to increase investment in the agricultural sector by granting soft agricultural loans, and the necessity of exploiting these loans in the field of wheat cultivation to increase agricultural production with the aim of reaching the stage of self-sufficiency and reducing imported quantities.
Keywords: wheat crop consumption, ARDL model, price policy

The current study aimed to evaluate the qualitative, chemical of processed meat products (camel meat burgers) preserved through refrigeration at 4°C for 12 days. It was treated with three concentrations of peppermint oil extract. The volatile oils from peppermint leaves were extracted using steam distillation with a Clevenger apparatus. The peppermint oil extract was analyzed using a Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) to isolate the active compounds., and conducting chemical, qualitative tests over 1, 4, 8, and 12 days of refrigerated storage. The results clearly showed the superiority of the 1% peppermint oil treatment (B2) over the other treatments in maintaining the chemical and qualitative characteristics within acceptable limits in the samples after a 12-day storage period at 4°C, with significant differences between the treatments at a probability level of (P≤0.05).
Keywords: Peppermint Oil, Camel Meat Burgers.

This study demonstrated the effect of methanolic and nano-extracts of pumpkin peels on beef stored refrigerated for 12 days. A concentration of 200 mg/ml was adopted for the methanolic extract of pumpkin peels and a concentration of 32 mg/ml for the nano-extracts Add the extracts separately as follows: Treatment A0 (control treatment), Treatment A1 (3% methanolic pumpkin peel extract), Treatment A2 (6% methanolic pumpkin peel extract), Treatment A3 (0.3% nano extract), and Treatment A4 (0.6% nano extract). The results showed that the nano extract was excelled on the methanolic extract of pumpkin peels. The peroxide value at the beginning of storage was 3.25, 3.20, 3.18, 3.20, and 3.20 mmEq/kg fat, respectively, and the final values reached 8.20, 7.00, 6.12, 5.88, and 5.12 mmEq/kg fat. The values of thiobarbituric acid at the beginning of storage were 0.032, 0.032, 0.032, 0.033, 0.033 mg malondehyde/kg, respectively, and the final values were 0.079, 0.068, 0.060, 0.052, 0.049 mg malondehyde/kg, respectively. As for the free fatty acids, they were at the beginning of storage, it was 0.36, 0.35, 0.36, 0.35, and 0.36 mmEq/kg fat, respectively. The final values were 0.85, 0.69, 0.60, 0.53, and 0.50 mmEq/kg fat, respectively. As for the pH at the beginning of storage, it was 5.89, 6.33, 6.58, and 6.00. 6.09, respectively, and the final values were 4.84, 5.74, 5.80, 5.33, and 5.48, respectively. As for the total nitrogen values at the beginning of storage, they were 4.22, 4.21, 4.22, 4.21, 4.21 mg/100 g, and the final values were 10.89, 8.62, 8.02, 7.11. 6.55 mg/100 gm, respectively. The results confirmed that the nano-extract of pumpkin peels can be very effective as a natural antioxidant, as it preserved the quality of Ground beef by reducing fat oxidation when stored in cold storage for 12 days, where the values of peroxide, thiobarbituric acids, and acids decreased. Free fat, pH, and total volatile nitrogen in meat samples treated with 0.3 and 0.6% concentrations of nano-extract of pumpkin peels.
key words :Antioxidant, beef, peroxide value, nano

This study was conducted in (Al-Kafil district) for the purpose of determining the appropriateness of the groundwater, Which is considered a "no" source in those areas for human use where (18) wells "Engraved" were chosen to design a database for it and (17) Bares "from them to take Samples and for three chapters, and the specific water tests were conducted at the Babylon Environment Directorate Laboratory on 1/1/2022 until 10/12/2022 such as (EC, PH, T.D.S, T.H, SO4, No3, NA, MG, CA) In addition to determining the Concentrations of ions on all models taken from the water of these wells, indicators And characteristics that depend on evaluation purposes and knowledge of the extent Of the water suitable for uses for civil uses were identified, and the area of the study Area reached (150km2 )The results showed that the concentrations of some of the Studied characteristics fall Within the permitted, while the concentrations of other Characteristics exceeded the Limits of the required specifications, in general the water OF some wells is acceptable For human use and others need treatment at the present Time and all wells are valid for Agriculture As a result of High salinity and sulfate due to their proximity to sewage water and because they are Within the classification of residential.
Keywords:Spatial Data, Standard Deviation , Coefficient of Variation ,Mean Center, Standard Distance

This study was conducted in the poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture / Al-Qasim Green University on 2022 /12/1 until 2023 /1/14, for a period of 6 weeks ., Twenty-five 45-week-old roosters were used in five treatment , where each treatment consisted of 5 replicates, and each replicate contained one rooster. All replicates were subjected to similar conditions of nutrition, temperature and lighting. Kohlrabi leaf powder was added to the roosters’ ration as follows: T1 :5 mg / 100g feed / day, T2 :10 mg / 100g feed / day, T3 :15 mg /100g feed / day, T4 :20 mg /100 g feed /day, T5: control treatment (no addition). The aim was to study changes in the qualitative characteristics of roosters’ semen. The results indicated a clear improvement in the condition of the qualitative characteristics in the addition parameters compared to the control group, as the results showed a clear improvement in the volume of the ejaculate (ml), collective movement %, individual movement %, sperm concentration (X 109 / ml), and percentage of live sperm. %, percentage of dead sperm, %. We conclude from this study that some of the active substances found in Kohlrabi fruit powder can improve the qualitative characteristics of the semen of Ross 308 broiler breeders.
Keywords : Kohlrabi , roosters , Qualitative characteristics of semen

The research aimed to identify the level of efficiency of agricultural extension in transmitting agricultural information to growers of cucumber crops in greenhouses in Babylon Governorate in general, as well as in all areas of research studied, and to determine the relationship between the level of efficiency of agricultural extension and the importance of transmitting agricultural information to growers of cucumber crops in greenhouses. The research community included all registered cucumber growers in greenhouses in Babylon Governorate. The number of growers is (318) farmers. A proportionate random sample of (50%) of the total cucumber growers in greenhouses was chosen, with a size of (160) respondents. A preliminary test of the collection tool was conducted. Data on a random sample of 30 respondents from outside the research sample, and field data was collected through a personal interview in August 2023.
The results showed that 53.1% of the respondents fell into the two medium categories. The results showed that the level of efficiency of agricultural extension in the areas of research varied between a high level and an average level, and the averages for the areas of research were (21.5, 17.98, 23.6, 19.02, 14.38, 30.53, 21.03, 19.4) Respectively, there are also positive moral correlations between the level of efficiency of agricultural extension in transmitting extension information to farmers and the importance of transmitting agricultural information. The results of the research recommended the need for the Agricultural Extension Service to pay attention to transferring information to growers of cucumber crops in greenhouses through implementing more extension activities aimed specifically at cucumber growers in greenhouses, identifying categories of farmers who do not benefit from extension activities, and encouraging them to benefit from this information, as well as from It is important that the agricultural extension agency implement extension activities in areas where there has been a decline in the level of efficiency in transferring information to farmers.
Keywords: efficiency of agricultural extension, cucumber yield in greenhouses/Babylon.

This study was conducted in the winter season 2022- 2023 to find out influence of various fertilizer elements in their nano form by spraying method on two varieties of bread wheat, the first (Al-Fayyad V1) is early-growing and the second (Dijla V2) is late-growing, and the randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture of Kirkuk University included: nine treatments with three replications of each one, and the study is used nanomicroelements (Fe ) , (Zn) and (Cu) individually and intraction , the results showed that there are no significant differences in grain yield between the two varieties , but there are significant differences between them in the grain content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, copper and zinc. As for the fertilizer treatments, the triple treatment T9 gave the highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content (2.356, 0.400, 5.400, 5.000). 356, 0.400, 5.713) PPM in the grain, T3 the highest iron content (43.660) PPM, T4 the highest copper content (4.908) PPM, T5 the highest zinc content (48.511) PPM and T1 the lowest values. As for the interaction, the varieties' response to the fertilizer treatments varied significantly for the grain yield trait, as the interaction between Dijla x T9 gave the highest mean trait of 7. 96 tons. Ha-1, and did not differ significantly in the al-Fayyad x T9, and recorded 7.82 tons. Ha-1. while the al-Fayyad x T1 gave the lowest value of 3.38 tons. Ha-1.
Keywords: Wheat, nano-micronutrients, microelements, varieties, mineral

A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture / University of Basrah, Karma Ali site in Basra Governorate during the winter season 2022-2023 with the aim of studying the best level of nitrogen fertilizer and the number of mowing times that give the best yield of green and dry fodder and some qualitative qualities for three varieties The experiment was carried out by arranging the split split plot according to the design of the complete random sectors R.C.B.D and with three repeats where The main plots included the number of times mowing (mowing once, twice, three times) which are (C1, C2, C3 ) and the varieties occupied the secondary plots (Buraq , Ibaa 99, Ibaa 265) which is symbolized by (V1, V2, V3 ) while the panels under the secondary included fertilizer levels (100,200,300) N kg h-1 and symbolized by N1, N2, N3) and summarized the most important results: -
The fertilizer level N3 significantly exceeded in all the studied traits the yield of green and dry fodder and the protein quotient and the fiber yield and amounted to (20.97, 33.21 and 49.80 tons h-1 respectively as a green fodder yield, while the dry yield reached a value of (6.60, 9.62 and 14.90) tons h-1 respectively for the three mowings As for the protein yield, if the fertilization level N3 gave the highest average of 1.059 and 1.766 tons h-1 respectively for the second and third mowinges only, while the fiber yield was the highest average when treating the mowing for one time, amounting to 1.228 tons h -1, while the results showed the superiority of the V1 variety significantly in the characteristic of the quotient Green and dry fodder and protein yield gave the highest average of (50.84, 15.37 and 1.813) tons ha-1, respectively, for the third mowing. As for the interaction between fertilization levels and types, it was significant in terms of green and dry fodder yield and protein and fiber yields in some mowings.
Keywords: barley, nitrogen fertilization, varieties, yield.

The field experiment was carried out in the 2022-2023 growing season in one of the greenhouses affiliated with the research station of the Soil and Water Resources Department, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala. The experiment was conducted for the period from 1/11/2022 to 1/4/2023, studying the effect of adding three levels of NPK fertilizer. R.C.B.D. system of practical experiments based on random selection. the experience is the result two factors. The first factor was three levels of NPK(20:20:20) fertilizer, which are the symbols for the treatments M0, M1, and M2, respectively (0, 50, 100 gm.(The second factor was three levels of organic fertilizer. The symbols for the transactions are respectively O0, O1, O2 (0, 5, 10 gm. Liter-1., all three of them were repeated as replicates if the number of experimental units reached 27 experimental units.
Statistical analysis of the studied traits was performed according to the selection using SPSS program and a test conducted using Duncan's multinomial test at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed the effect of chemical and organic fertilizer on, plant height, number of branches, number of flowers, number of leaves, stem thickness, and plant weight if it affects increase in adding organic fertilizer when the level of O2 addition in leaf area, stem height, number of branches, and number of leaves reached, respectively178.33, 29.50 cm, 5.00 (plant branch-1), and 178.33 leaf Palnt -1. As for the effect of chemical fertilizer, excelled in plant height, number of flowers, number of leaves, percentage of chlorophyll, stem thickness, and plant weight, each of which reached 31.50 cm and 3.83 (flower plant-1) respectively. 193.83 leaf plant -1 ,40.81 spad, 2.03 cm, and 4.25 kg , while it is noted that in the interaction between the organic and chemical fertilizer additions, the M2O2 and M1O2 interaction coefficients exceeded the M2O0 treatment excelled in the number of branches, number of flowers, number of leaves, percentage of chlorophyll, stem thickness, and plant weight, each of which reached, respectively, 5.50 branch plant-1, 5.00 flowers per plant-1, 200.50 leaves plant-1, 43.90 spad. 2.70 cm and 4.65 kg.
Key word: Organic fertilizer, Chemical fertilizer, Ground application,Rose.

A factorial agricultural experiment with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was carried out in the woody canopy / Department of Horticulture and Garden engineering / College of Agriculture / Tikrit University for the agricultural season 2022-2023, to determine the effect of foliar nutration with nano-iron oxide at three levels (0, 50, 100) mg L-1 and ground potash fertilization at four levels (0 1, 3, 5) gm L-1. The results showed that spraying with nano-iron oxide led to significant differences in the studied traits, and the level (100) mg L-1 gave the highest rates in the percentage of dry matter of the shoot (45.81) and root systems,(43.35) the number of flowers(3.67)flowers plant-1 and the concentration of potassium 2.52%, nitrogen 2.69%, phosphorus. and Iron in plant leaves was (97.74)ppm, The addition of potassium had a significant effect on the above traits, and the treatment (5) gm liter-1 gave the highest averages. The percentage of dry matter of the shoot and root systems reached (46.65, 43.69)%, the number of flowers was (3.53) flower per plant-1, and the concentration of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus was (3.53, 2.56. 0.209)%, respectively, and the iron concentration (88.66) ppm. As for the interaction, the K4Fe3 treatment gave the highest rates of the studied traits, and the percentage of dry matter in the shoot reached 50.74%, the root part reached 47.89%, the number of flowers (4.45) flower plant, the percentage of potassium 3.18%, nitrogen 3.018%, phosphorus 0.23%, and the iron concentration (103.48) ppm in Baby rose leaves
Keywords: nanoiron oxide, potassium, Baby roseThe research is taken from the first researcher’s master’s thesis

The experiment was conducted in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture at the University of Babylon, during the agricultural season 2022-2023 to study the effect of combinations of growth regulators and nano-iron on the growth and yield of dill plants. The experiment was carried out according to the split plate system and with three replicates, with fifteen treatments in each replicate. The treatments were distributed The first factor (gibberellin and benzyl adenine) is on the main panels, as it includes (H1: comparison, H2: gibberellin 25 and benzyl adenine 25 mg.L-1, H3: gibberellin 50 and benzyl adenine 25 mg.L-1, H4: gibberellin 50 and benzyl adenine 50 mg.L-1 , H5: Gibberellin 100 and benzyl adenine 50 mg.L-1, and the treatments of the second factor (nano-iron) were distributed on the secondary panels, as it included three concentrations (0, 50, 100) mg.L-1. The experiment included 45 experimental units, and they were The results are as follows: There are significant differences between the combinations of growth regulators in most vegetative traits and yield, where the treatment (H5) was significantly excelled in plant height, number of branches, and dry weight of the root compared to the control treatment, while the treatment (H3) was significantly excelled in the number of seeds in the inflorescence. The main traits compared to the control treatment, while the rates of total yield and percentage of potassium were higher in the treatment (H2) compared to the control treatment. The results also showed a significant excelled of the treatment with nano-iron in most of the studied traits compared to the control treatment, as the spraying treatment at a concentration of 100 mg.l-1 excelled in the average dry weight of the root, the percentage of total chlorophyll, the total vegetative yield, the number of flower inflorescences, the number of seeds, and the percentage of nutrients (nitrogen, Potassium. As for the percentage of phosphorus, it was significantly higher in the spraying treatment at a concentration of 50 mg.L-1 compared to the control treatment. The results of the interaction treatments between the combinations of growth regulators and nano-iron showed significant excelled in most of the studied traits compared to the control treatment, as the treatment (H4Fe2) excelled significantly and achieved the highest rate for the trait number of seeds (1494 seeds) and the percentage of phosphorus (0.498%). The treatment (H2Fe3) excelled. ) significantly in the total vegetable yield (30400 kg.ha-1). The spray treatment (H4Fe3) was significantly excelled in the number of flower inflorescences (43.00 inflorescences . plant-1) and the percentage of nitrogen (4.087%). As for the (H5Fe3) treatment, it was significantly excelled in the average root dry weight (13.90 g .plant-1). As for the percentage of potassium, it was significantly higher in the treatment (H2Fe2), giving (1.947%). The treatment (H3Fe3) gave the highest percentage of total chlorophyll (138.8 mg.100 g-1). It was also shown that the treatment (H3Fe2) was excelled in terms of the number of branches (7.87).
Keywords. Anethum graveolens L., Gibberellin, Benzyl adenine,Dill.

This study aimed to evaluate the microbial nature of local minced chicken meat preserved in polyethylene wrappers treated with cold and hot aqueous carnations extract and zinc nano particles. The experiment included refrigerating the minced chicken meat at 4°C for 10 days.
The study included four treatments with different additives through which the polyethylene bags were treated: the first treatment (T), the control treatment (no additive), the second treatment (T1) cold aqueous carnations extract at a concentration of 1250 mg/ml, and the third treatment (T2) hot aqueous carnations extract. With a concentration of 1250 mg/ml, and the fourth treatment (T3) was nano-zinc with a concentration of (20) mg/ml. The minced local chicken meat was kept in the treated bags individually and stored for periods of (1, 5, 10) days in refrigeration at 4°C. After that, some tests were conducted. Microbial, the results of this study were as follows:
1- The zinc nano addition treatments recorded the lowest value in the logarithm of the total number of aerobic bacteria and E. coli compared to the control treatment of local minced chicken meat stored in cold storage.
2- Addition treatments with zinc nano and cold and hot aqueous carnations extract contributed to extending the shelf life of minced local chicken meat stored in cold storage for (10) days compared to the control sample.
Keywords: Cold and Hot aqueous carnations extract, Minced chicken meat, Microbial contamination.

This study was conducted in the poultry field at the College of Agriculture at Al-Qasim Green University for the period from December 1, 2022, to February 22, 2023, with the aim of investigating the impact of adding different levels of Açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea) to the diet of laying hens on the reproductive performance of roosters, specifically focusing on volume of ejaculate, sperm motility, and histological characteristics. At the age of 65 weeks, 25 roosters from brown Lohman laying hens were used in the experiment. The birds were randomly divided into five treatments, each consisting of five roosters with five replicates per treatment, with each replicate representing one rooster. The experimental treatments were as follows: control without addition, addition of 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg of Açaí fruit for treatments T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The experiment continued for four periods, with each period lasting one week. During the study period, the experiment used 25 roosters from brown Lohman laying hens at the age of 65 weeks. Most treatments showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in ejaculate volume compared to the control treatment. Researchers found a significant improvement in sperm motility. In terms of some histological characteristics, significant differences (P < 0.05) were evident in the relative weight of interstitial tissue components in Leydig cells and muscular cells. The fourth treatment showed significant superiority compared to the control treatment, while the first, second, and third treatments did not differ significantly from each other. On the other hand, we note that the addition of açai fruits to the diet led to a significant decrease in the relative weight of the interstitial spaces and intratubular distances in the third and fourth treatments compared to the control treatment. The relative weight of the seminiferous tubule lumen, basement membrane, and blood vessels showed no significant differences.
Keywords: Açaí fruits, Rooster laying hens, Reproductive traits, Histological traits

The experiment was conducted at a greenhouse in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during 2019-2020 season , relying on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-split plot order, with three replications. The experiment included three factors. The first factor was four bitter gourd genotypes, symbolized by C, B, G, and H; the second factor was reaping the fruit at the age of 10, 20, and 30 days; and the third factor was using the fruit as a whole or without seeds (E and F); thus, the experiment included 72 experimental units. The results showed that the triple interaction treatment GE20 recorded the highest concentration of momaodin, reaching 13.53 mg.g-1, and the BE10 treatment recorded the highest concentration of total phenols, reaching 02.39 mg.g-1. The binary interaction treatments CF20 and C20 recorded the highest charanitinconcentration in the fruits, reaching 1.180 mg.g-1 and 0.877 mg.g-1.The treatments HF, G20, and E20 produced the highest concentration of momordin, amounting to 273, 7.908, and 5.097 mg.g-1, respectively. The binary interaction treatments BE and B10 were superior, recording the highest concentration of total phenols, reaching 2.178 and 2.091 mg.g-1, respectively. Concerning the individual factors, genotype C was superior in charanitin concentration, producing 0.451 mg.g-1; in contrast, the G genotype recorded the highest concentration of momordin, amounting to 4.199 mg.g-1, which did not differ significantly from genotype H, which recorded 3.454 mg.g-1. Genotype B gave the highest concentration of total phenols, reaching 1.855 mg.g-1. Concerning the individual factors, genotype C was superior in charanitin concentration, producing 0.451 mg.g-1; in contrast, the G genotype recorded the highest concentration of momordin, amounting to 4.199 mg.g-1, which did not differ significantly from genotype H, which recorded 3.454 mg.g-1. Genotype B gave the highest concentration of total phenols, reaching 1.855 mg.g-1.
Key world: fruits age ,Charantin, Momordin, and total phenols.

This is study aims primarily to identify the external effects of salinization on the environment from the point of view of employees in a healthy manner according to some personal discrimination methods based on (Academic achievement, job service, training in environmental conservation, contact information sources), and to arrange the research in descending order according to arithmetic moderation and the solutions can be distinguished. Because it began the phenomenon of salinization in the environment from the point of view of agricultural employees in the research area. The research sample included (133) respondents, representing (50%) of the total agricultural employees in Salah al-Din Governorate. A three-part questionnaire was prepared, the first part of which included the employees’ personal variables, and the second part (15) paragraphs to measure the magnitude of the negative effects of the salinization phenomenon in The environment, a five-level scale was placed in front of the paragraphs (very large, large, medium, few, very few), and the third part proposed solutions to reduce the phenomenon of salinization in the environment from the point of view of agricultural employees in Salah al-Din Governorate, a three-level scale was placed in front of the paragraphs (useful, moderately useful, little useful).
A preliminary test was conducted on a simple random sample of the research community with a size of (27) respondents to find the reliability and validity coefficient. The reliability coefficient was valued at (0.72) and the validity coefficient was valued at (0.84). The data was collected, transcribed, and the data was classified. The SPSS program was used. ) and a number of statistical methods to analyze the data.
The results of the research showed that the majority of the respondents fell into the medium to high category. From this we conclude that the phenomenon of salinization is widespread and the respondents’ awareness of the negative effects of this phenomenon.
The results showed that one of the most important negative effects of the phenomenon of salinization in the environment is the clogging of the drippers in the drip irrigation network with salts, which leads to following the old methods of irrigation that farmers use for irrigation. The results of the research showed that the highest average of the proposed solutions to address the phenomenon of salinization in the environment is by making trocar networks to get rid. From excess salinity.

A field experiment was conducted during the 2022-2023 agricultural season in Salah al-Din province /Shirqat District (AL-khasm area), to know the effect of five Types of fertilizers on the growth and yield of four bread wheat cultivars. Each replicate contained five main plots that represented the levels of the first factor (fertilizer treatments), then the levels of the second factor (cultivars), which were four secondary experimental units, were randomly distributed within them. The two-factor experiment was coundected using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split plot system and three replicates. Each replicate contained five main plots to which fertilization levels were distributed. Each main plot was divided into four secondary experimental units to which the varieties were randomly distributed. The fertilizers used in the experiment were (Mineral fertilizer, organic fertilizer, nanofertilizer, biofertiliser, humic). As for the cultivars, they are four cultivars of bread wheat (Baghdad 1, Buhouth 158, Adna 99 and Jihan 99). The following traits were studied: number of days until flowering, plant height, number of tillers, Flag leaf area, number of spikes, number of grains per spikes, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield. The results obtained from this study were as follows:
The organic fertilizer treatment was excelled in number of days to flowering and weight of 1000 grain, with averages reaching (117.41 days, 48.82 g), respectively. The biofertilizer treatment was excelled of the number of grains per spike, with an average of (60.33 grains. spike-1). The Baghdad 1 cultivar achieved significantly excelled in plant height and 1000 grain weight, with an averages of (92.54 cm, 51.64 g), respectively. The Bohuth 158 cultivar achieved significantly excelled in the number of grains per spike, with an average of (66.1 grains. spike-1), respectively. The Aadna99 cultivar below gave a significantly excelled in traits of the number of spike and the number of tillers, with averages reaching (512.67 spike.m-2 and 464.60 tillers.m-2). The interaction of the Jehan99 cultivar achieved the highest number of tillers and the Aadna99 cultivar achieved the highest number of ears with nanofertilizer treatment, with averages reaching (557.33 tillers.m-2 and 520.33 grain.m-1), respectively.
Keywords: mineral fertilizer, organic fertilizer, nanofertilizer, biofertilizer, humic fertilizer, fine wheat

A pots experiment was conducted at a private nursery in the Khan Bani Saad district of Diyala Governorate, located in the north of Iraq's capital, Baghdad, During the winter growing season of 2023. The aim was to evaluate the allelopathic effectiveness of leaf extracts of acacia, eucalyptus, and moringa plants on the vegetative and physiological traits of faba bean plants. The experiment was designed according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and the extracts were applied as foliar sprays on the faba bean plants at concentrations of 5% and 10% as well as the control treatment. There were a total of 7 treatments, each with three replicates, making the total number of experimental units, 21. The results indicated that the moringa extract at a concentration of 10% outperformed the other extracts by recording the highest averages for all studied traits, except for the dry weight of the root and the phosphorus and potassium content of faba bean leaves. For the dry weight of the root, the acacia extract at a concentration of 10% , recorded the highest average, while the 5% concentration of acacia extract recorded the highest average of Potassium percentage of faba bean leaves. Additionally, In addition, the results showed that the eucalyptus extract at a concentration of 5% recorded the highest average of phosphorus percentage of the faba bean plant leaves. The use of plant biostimulants is a new and environmentally friendly strategy for sustainable crop production, which is constrained by issues such as water scarcity, resource depletion, environmental stresses, and climate change.
Keywords: Allelochemicals, faba bean, Acacia extract, Eucalyptus extract, Moringa extract.

Heavy metal toxicity, a problem of growing importance for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional, and environmental reasons, is one of the major environmental pollutants. The heavy metal contamination of soil has evolved to be a worldwide concern, resulting in reduced productivity in agriculture, for these reasons this research aimed to exam the effect of Fe element on Capsicum annuumL plant and the results recorded the toxic effect for Ironelement(Fe) on some biochemical characteristic,at iron concentrations (0,750, 1500, 3000) ppm were determined from (FeCl¬3)2 in addition to control (D.W.) astriplicate for each concentration Capsicum annuumL buds irrigate with age (30) day and afterimplantation in fertilized soil and the irrigation continue for(5weeks). On the other hand, regarding soil pH, E.C. and soil texture values were determined to detect the soil characteristics after implant.The results have confirmed at the end of the experiment and from plant species analysis that iron concentration in irrigation water were led to change in ROS, SOD, CAT, MDA, GSH-px, chlorophyll & moisture content in Capsicum annuumL.


Key words: Capsicum annuum L, Biochemical factors, chlorophyll, antioxidants parameters, heavy metal, Fe

It has been determined that Syzygium cumini L., also known as jamun and a member of the Myrtaceae family, has anticancer properties. Bacterial infection a significant problem around the globe. Therefore, the primary objective of this work is to use S. cumini leaf extract as antibacterial agent. Fresh plant samples of the S. cumini species were collected Al-Zafaraniyah - Botanical Garden. Methanol was used for extraction. The effectiveness of the extract was evaluated as antibacterial agent by using agar well diffusion with different concentration of extract against two Gram negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram positive ( Streptococcus pneumonia , Staphylococcus aureus). The zones of inhibition were measured by using a caliper micrometer against the back of the petri plates . Leaf extract significantly exhibit the most potent as antibacterial with Inhibition zone diameter range 22.1mm -11.5mm against Gram positive and 21.8mm- 12.4mm against Gram negative. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extract were determined. The MIC for Gram positive bacteria was 104 μg/ml while the MIC for Gram negative bacteria was 208 μg/ml . The synergistic effect of S. cumini leaves extract was investigated with six antibiotics against the higher resistance isolates which appeared increase the antibiotic effect .
Key words : Syzygium cumini , Myrtacea , Antibacterial activity .

In Iraq, tomato is one of the most significant vegetable fruit grown for consumption in every home, consumed both fresh and in paste form and a cheap source of vitamin A, C, E and minerals which protect the body against diseases. Tomato is a perishable fruit that has a somewhat limited shelf life. Fresh products, like tomatoes, have different firmness and nutritional values depending on how they are stored. The objective of this study was to determine how biopreservatives (garlic and neem or their combined) affected tomato shelf life and quality at doses of 100 and 200 mg/ml. According to the findings, tomatoes treated with biopreservatives had a longer shelf life (22 days), were firmer, more marketable, and had better quality than untreated fruits. They also showed lower percentages of weight loss and postharvest degradation. Although not to a statistically significant degree, treated fruits had higher titratable acidity, beta carotene, and lycopene values than control. Consequently, the application of biopreservatives seems to be the most effective method for increasing tomato quality and shelf life.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture / University of Basrah - Karma Ali site, which is located at a longitude of 47.80º W and a latitude of 30.57º N during the winter agricultural season 2022-2023 in the soil of a alluvial mixture with the aim of studying the response of three varieties of oat crop (Genzania, Shifaa and Carrolup) to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 120, 180 and 240) kg N h-1 .The experiment was applied according to the method of factorial experiments using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates that distributed the different global coefficients of the varieties randomly within each replicate and agriculture was carried out on 25/11/2023, The characteristics of the yield and its components (the number of panicless m-2, the number of grains in the panicles (panicles grain-1) , the weight of 1000 grains (g), the grain yield (tons h-1 ), the biological yield (tons h-1 ), the harvest index (%) and the percentage of protein in the grains (%) were studied.
The results showed the superiority of the variety Genzania in giving the highest mean the number of grains in the panicles amounted to (48.75 grains of panicles -2), While the Shifaa variety excelled in giving the highest mean the number of panicless m-2 , the grain yield, the biological yield, the harvest index and the percentage of protein in the grain amounted to (467.00 panicles M-2, 4.08 tons h-1, 17.28 tons h-1, 23.70% and 14.47%) respectively.
While the Carrolup variety excelled as the weight of 1000 grains amounted to (39.93 g).The results also showed that the level of nitrogen fertilizer exceeded 240 kg N h-1 significantly in the number of panicless m-2 and the bioyield and protein percentage in the grains amounted to (454.22 panicles M-2, 16.91 tons h-1 and 14.07%) Sequentially, while the fertilizer level of 180 kg N h-1 recorded a significant superiority for the characteristics of the and the number of grains in the panicles and the grain yield and the harvest index amounted to (50.08 grains panicles-1, 4.13 tons h-1 and 25.11%) respectively, and the fertilizer level exceeded 120 kg N h-1 by giving the highest weight of 1000 grains amounting to (40.56) g.

The aim of the research is to identify the determinants of disseminating agricultural techniques through social networking sites from the point of view of agricultural extension workers in Salah al-Din Governorate, which are represented by (determinants related to the agricultural extension system, determinants related to farmers, determinants related to agricultural technology), and to identify the extent of the conflict in the opinions of agricultural extension workers. Employees in the directorate. Agriculture and its people according to some personal characteristics Governorate in (age, gender, educational attainment, number of years of extension service, participation in the field of disseminating agricultural techniques, sources of obtaining information about disseminating agricultural techniques, trend towards modern technologies, trend towards social networking sites, as well as ranking of fields The research was descended according to the size of the determinants, and the research included all agricultural extension workers working in agricultural extension, namely (plant production, animal production, prevention, agricultural extension). Their number is (315) agricultural extension workers affiliated with 26 agricultural departments, in addition to the employees of the governorate’s agriculture directorate. 50% of the agricultural departments, thus the number of departments subject to the research procedures became 13 agricultural departments with (212) employees. A survey sample of the size of (30) employees was conducted in the Directorate of Agriculture, and thus the number of employees subject to the research procedure became (212) respondents. . 50 %It was taken quickly of them. Thus, the number of employees subject to the study procedures became A random, proportional sample of 50% was selected from them (110) respondents respondents. A questionnaire form consisting of two parts was prepared, the first part of which included the personal and functional variables of the extension workers. The second part included (43) paragraphs representing the determinants of disseminating agricultural techniques through social networking sites. From the point of view of agricultural extension workers in Salah al-Din Governorate, it is divided into three areas: determinants related to farmers, determinants related to agricultural technology). A three-level scale was placed in front of the items (large, medium, and small). After ensuring the content validity and face validity of the questionnaire, the reliability coefficient was found using Cronbach\'s alpha.
The research data was collected and analyzed using a number of statistical methods, the most important of which are (range, frequency distribution, analysis of variance). The results showed that the determinants facing agricultural extension workers are moderate and tend to be high. We conclude from this that the determinants facing agricultural extension agents in the process of disseminating agricultural technologies through social networking sites are large. The results also showed that the determinants related to agricultural technology ranked first, followed by the rest of the determinants, and all of these Problems and limitations lead to an obstacle for agricultural extension workers in the process of disseminating agricultural techniques through social networking sites. The researchers recommended solving these problems and supporting agricultural extension workers and providing assistance to them to enable them to disseminate agricultural techniques through social networking sites.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Bentonite mineral, poultry manure, and the addition of some elements on the level of N, P, and K in corn plants. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used arranged in split plot. The treatments were consisting of 81 experimental units resulting from the three levels of Bentonite mineral (P0,P1, and P2)and three levels of poultry manure ( M0, M1 ,M2) and three chemical element , which are magnesium, zinc, and copper (Emg, Ezn, and Ecu), and the effect of these factors on the elements in the plant. The results showed : The level of P2 addition to the bentonite mineral outperformed the rest of the levels in influencing the element content in the plant . The level M2 application addition to poultry manure is superior in influencing the content of elements in the plant over other levels. Binary interactions between the mineral and poultry manure showed a significant effect at a probability level of 0.05, and the P2M2 treatment outperformed the rest of the treatments . The P2Emg treatment gave the best effect on the N and K content, and the P2Ecu treatment gave the best effect on the P content of the interaction between the mineral and the chemical elements, while the M2Emg treatment gave the best effect on the N and K content, and the M2Ecu treatment gave the best effect on the P content of the interaction between poultry manure and the elements.