Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

A healthy lifestyle has become a precious commodity with a pace of life. It can be achieved by not just well programed dietary patterns, but also by being physically active. However, nowadays well-balanced energy foods may already be overtaken by sports supplements by athletes. This study investigates the general knowledge of athletes about the benefits and health risks of consuming sports supplements using questionnaire research type using organized proper form. A two group of Participants of both genders has been taken in five sports centers (the GYM) in Sulaymaniyah city. The questionnaire was about their general background information in terms of using the GYM for a better lifestyle and most importantly sports supplement consumptions: for example, selecting the right product, determining a proper amount, appropriate time for consuming, observing their health status, the nature of their workout and goal to achieve. Depending on those questions and according to vast researches that have been conducted in this area, it has been revealed whether to which extent both genders are aware of their lifestyle, advantages and possible health risks of improper use of sports supplements. Further and complicated research is crucially needed to be done to make athletes, especially beginners aware of consuming sports supplements appropriately to achieve their goals healthily.

Water is essential to support life and therefore preserving water quality is an effort that should be made. Due to the possible implications of waterborne illnesses, microbial pollution is currently regarded as the most serious risk factor affecting the quality of drinking water. This research is analyzing data of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli in drinking water of Sulaimani city from 2018 to 2020. Sample analysis was based on results that had more than double replications at least during a year. The samples collected (100 ml) from different points of distribution network (project stations, main store tanks, and domestic tanks) continuously along the year and then transferred to the lab. Samples analyzed at same day by multiple tube/ most probable number technique for FC (9221 E) and EC (9221 F) in the lab according to American public health association procedures. High contamination of drinking water by fecal coliform and Escherichia coli in main and domestic tanks was found in 2018 and 2019 with 6.82% and 15.22%, while 2020 had 0.82% and 3.10% respectively. The most probable number per 100 ml (MPN/100) of coliforms, thermotolerant and Escherichia coli ranged from 2.2 to more than 16.6. The percent of contamination by total coliform bacteria is different over the past three years. In 2018 nearly 14% of samples were contaminated by coliform bacteria, of which 4 samples was determined as EC contamination. In 2019 the contamination by total coliform decreased slightly, of which 3 samples we detected as EC. In 2020 out of 20% total coliform contamination only one sample detected as EC. Residual chlorine of drinking water during 2018, 2019 and 2020 was 0.0-1.2, 0.0-0.8 and 0.0-1.0 ml/gm, respectively. There was negative correlation between residual chlorine and coliform survivability. Most detected coliform and Escherichia coli was absent (0.0 ppm) of residual chlorine in water networks. Home tank spoilage in 2019 was greater by 25% compared
to 2018 and 2020, which is the highest record among those three years.

Field experiment was conducted in the dry season between December 2012 to April 2013 at Bakori, Bakori local government, Katsina (11033’N, 7036’E). The experiment consisted of 8 treatments which include 4 different formulations each; viz: ParaeForce(R)(Paraquat) at 150mL / 20L and 200ml / 20L and AminoForce(R) at 100ml / 15L and 125ml / 15L applied a day before sowing and 4 weeks after sowing and a weedy control. A randomized complete block design was used to lay out the treatments (RCBD). Ten families with total amount of seventeen species were documented including Ipomoea vagans, Doctylocterium aegyptium, Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, and Eleusine indica. Exhibited significant (0.05) resistance to ParaeForce(R) + AminoForce(R) at 150mL / 20L, followed by 100mL / 15L, with 29, 31, 17.17, and 7.67 weed count at 4, 8 and 16 WAS, respectively, representing 91.70, 87.12, and 49.15 % weed control efficiencies. Sequential application of ParaeForce(R) + AminoForce(R) at 200mL/20L followed by 125mL/15L recorded significantly (≥0.05) low weed count with 13.33, 40 and 6.0 at 4, 8 and 16WAS which represent 86.28, 77.58 and 33.55% weed control efficiencies. This study recommended application of ParaeForce(R) and AminoForce(R) at 200mL/20L followed by 125mL/15L as alternative way of reducing weed resistance to ParaeForce(R) + AminoForce(R) formulation.

The aim of the study was to compare the chemical composition particularly protein content, minerals and some heavy metals and the level of microbial contaminations between Kurdish local chicken eggs and commercially available in retail markets in Kurdistan. Total protein in white egg, minerals (Fe, Mg, Cu, and Ca), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Co), and microbiological quality were assessed. The results show that depending on egg type it is possible to use such nutrient claims as “high protein”. The examined eggs samples comply the permissible limits for trace elements in table eggs. The findings indicate that the concentrations level of heavy metals in eggs are set within the standard limits and considered as safe for human consumption. In addion, microbial loads off egg samples were tested for aerobic plate count which shows that 46.6% of examined entire contents of egg samples (Barn, Erbil, Domestic, Iran and Turkey) fulfilled with the standards and a total bacterial count within the permissible count (2.5× 104/g) except one sample from barn of the coliform count was confirmed E. coli, and one sample from barn was positive for salmonella.

Nine newly introduced cherry tomato cultivars were evaluated for the yield and yield components and some phytochemical characteristics under high tunnel conditions. The cultivars were Indigo Rose, Oregon II, Indigo Kiwi, Saucy, Oroma, Oregon Cherry, Large German, Gold Nugget, and Indigo Cherry Drops which were developed at Oregon State University breeding programs. A completely randomized block design with three replications was followed in this study. The number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, plant yield, fruit pH, total soluble solids (TSS) of the fruits, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of the fruits was measured. Gold Nugget showed the highest fruit number per plant (237.89) and yield per plant (2.08 Kg) while Indigo Kiwi expressed the largest fruit weight (50.08 g). In addition, the cultivars showed a wide range of quality characteristics. The fruit pH ranged between (3.73- 4.45) for Gold Nugget and Oroma, respectively whereas the TSS ranged between (3.71- 9.60) for Indigo Rose and Oregon II, respectively. Also, the cultivars showed a wide range in TPC (0.11-0.56 mg GAE g-1 E) for Gold Nugget and Oregon Cherry, respectively. Moreover, the results showed that the cultivars varied in ABTS Inhibition percentage (14.04- 44.95%) in Gold Nugget and Saucy, respectively. Regarding repining time, the earliest cultivars were Gold Nugget, Oregon II, and Oregon Cherry which harvested 66 days after transplanting, while the Indigo Rose cultivar, on the other hand, was extremely late which harvested 112 days after transplanting.

This work includes studying the thermodynamic parameters such as Ko, ∆Go, ∆Ho, and ∆So determined in five calcareous soils at two different temperatures (298 oK and 318 oK) include Sharazor, Qaradagh, Bazian, Mawat, and Surdash differing in total calcium carbonate, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity of Sulaimani governorate in the Iraqi-Kurdistan region. One gram of soil samples equilibrated at (298 oK and 318 oK) with 50 ml of solution CaCl2 (0.01M) containing a series of Cu concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40) mg Cu L-1 as (CuSO4). The values of the standard free energy (∆Go) were negative of the five soils ranging from (- 5.026 to - 4.009 kJ mol-1) and (- 5.201 to - 4.075 kJ mol-1) respectively at both 298 oK and 318 oK temperatures. Entropy values (ΔS°) were negative in Sharazor and Bazian soil, while, entropy values (ΔS°) were positive at both temperatures (298 oK and 318 oK) in Qaradagh, Mawat, and Surdash soil.

The study was conducted in the nutrition laboratory belongs to the Animal Production Department - College of Agriculture/Al-Qasim Green University to investigate the effect of the level of dry matter (DM) of yellow corn stover (YCS), 25, 30, 35 and 40% and the soluble carbohydrates sources (SCS), cane molasses (C-M), date molasses (D-M) and corn flour (C-F) on the chemical composition of produced silage. The results showed that the increase in the level of DM of those materials led to a significant increase (P<0.01) in the DM and ash contents of silage samples produced, while its crude protein (CP) content was decreased (P<0.01) especially in the samples made with a level of 35% DM in which this content was decreased to 5.86%.
The percentages of cell wall components were also decreased with the increasing of the DM level, samples of silage made with the levels of 35 and 40% DM were characterized by the lower (P<0.01) content of the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of 63.64 and 64.71% respectively. The lower (P<0.01) content of the acid detergent fiber extract (ADF, 33.33%) was found in samples made with a level of 35% DM. While the higher (P<0.01) content of hemicellulose (33.20%) was associated with the samples made with a level of 25% DM. With regard to the effect of the SCS, the results showed that a higher (P<0.01) DM content was associated with the silage samples made by the addition of C-F, while the CP content was significantly (P<0.01) increased to 6.25 and 6.34% in the samples made by the addition of C-M and C-F respectively. It was also observed that the addition of C-M and D-M led to a significant decrease (P<0.01) in the NDF, ADF and hemicellulose contents. While the addition of C-F led to a significant decrease (P<0.01) in the content of lignin (ADL) to 17.11% and cellulose to 11.17%.

The study was conducted in the nutrition laboratory belongs to Animal Production Department - College of Agriculture/Al-Qasim Green University to investigate the effect of dry matter (DM) levels (25, 30, 35 and 40%) of yellow corn stover (YCS) and the soluble carbohydrates sources (SCS) (cane molasses (C-M), date molasses (D-M) and corn flour (C-F)) on quality and nutritive value of produced silage. The results showed that increasing the DM levels before ensiling decreased (P<0.01) the percentage of DM loss, lower percentage of 9.78% was estimated in the silage samples made with a level of 40% DM. Some parameters of quality and nutritive value of silage including Fleig points (Fp) and aerobic stability (AS) were improved (P<0.01) in an ascending manner, while the higher in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of 69.37% was associated with the samples made with a level of 35% DM. With regard to the effect of the SCS, the results showed that making YCS silage by the addition of C-M enhanced (P<0.01) Fp, AS and IVDMD as compared with other additives, values were 95.37 points, 97.55 hours, and 86.53%. However, silage samples made by the addition of C-F were characterized with less (P<0.01) DM loss percentage. The quality characteristics and nutritive value of silage were also affected by the interaction between the level of DM of YCS and the SCS added at ensiling.

Rice is an important food in the world, particularly in Asian countries, it is consumed as a staple food. This study analyzes the 5 different samples (imported basmati rice such as India-1, India-2, India-3, Iraqi- PDS, Russian and local Kurdish rice) by using most covenant, economical technique Energy-dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy). Techniques were used after grounding, and pressing the samples in the sample containers to analyze 15 minerals (Al, Ca, Cl, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, Si, Ti, Zn, Na, and Sr). The results of variance showed that there is a significant difference (p<0.01) in the minerals content of the rice samples and the main trends show that all rice samples were not contained sodium (Na) and strontium (Sr). On the other hand, the dominant minerals in all samples were silicon (Si) > phosphate (P) > Sulfur (S) than other minerals, while rice as a plant is considered to be one of the most accumulator of Si, P and S minerals. In conclusion, EDXRF offers a reliable and fast approach to screen of minerals in different sample of foods and the differences in minerals content in the study may refer to the influence of different factors such as irrigation, rice verities, type of soil, and fertilization.

The research aims to identify agriculture research problems from the researchers' point of view and identify differences in total problems according to some variables in Sulaimani Governorate, then to determine the differences in average of total problems according to some variables. The research population included all researchers in college of agricultural, technical institutes, agricultural research centre, agricultural research stations, agricultural extension department in Sulaimani Governorate and agricultural research involved 282 respondents. The research sample included 94 respondents taken by the simple random sampling method was representing 33.3% of the study population, The data was collected through personal interviews. A questionnaire was prepared for this purpose. To measure the validity, the questionnaire was reviewed by some experts. The reliability coefficient was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and its value was (0.77). The results showed that the total problems are facing researchers during conducting agricultural research from the researchers' point of views was medium tend to high, furthermore the results revealed that there are significant differences in the total problem according to the following characteristics (Age, Academic title, Job duration, Job satisfaction). While non-significant differences were found according to (Gender, Educational level, Work location, Attitude toward agricultural research). The researchers recommended providing all requirements for scientific researches by the concerned authorities in terms of material and moral, review laws and legislation and instructions related to the scientific research by the responsible authorities to facilitate conducting scientific research, need to expand opportunities for interaction and coordination between researchers in educational and agricultural institutions with researchers from outside Kurdistan and other countries, and to provide financial support for scientific research by stakeholders and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of Salicylic acid ith 4 levels (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L and salinity stress by Nacl with4 levels (0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M.) on germination percent, Vigor, germination speed, Plumule Length, Radicle Length, seedling wet and dry weight and the salinity resistance index in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).
The experiment dealt with the effect of using the growth regulator "Salicylic acid" (SA) at concentrations: 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L under four levels of salinity: (0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 Molar (M)). of NaCl, the study showed that the Salinity reduced the germination and growth of chickpea seedlings with the increase in the intensity of the salinity level until it reached 0.0 at the 0.2 and 0.3 M. Salicylic acid reduced the damage caused by salinity, and increased all study parameters under salinity levels, the highest percentage of germination (97.3 and 92.6%) was observed when the concentrations of 100 and 150 mg/L of Salicylic acid.
The salinity resistance index STI showed a significant decrease in this indicator with an increase in the salinity intensity from 1.00 at the level of 0.0 molar NaCl to 0.00 at the level of 0.3 molar NaCl.

A field experiment was carried out in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad for the seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split plot design with three replications for the two seasons. Eight genotypes of bread wheat and durum wheat add in the aim : molecular work were planted individually to test their ability to tolerance moisture stress, the genotypes occupied the secondary plots, and moisture depletion levels were 50, 70 and 90% of the ready water main plots. The results showed that reducing the moisture depletion to 50% of the ready water caused an increase in most of the yield components, as it was superior in giving the highest mean number of spikes (26.67 and 23.21 spike plant-1), the number of grains per spike (77.67 and 73.00 grain spike-1), and the highest weight of 1000 grains (44.46 and 43.42 gm) and the biological yield (82.61 and 78.33 gm plant-1), and this confirms the improvement of the photosynthetic system ability, as it gave the highest mean grain yield (43.42 and 38.76 gm plant-1). Plants grown under this moisture level were distinguished in increasing their efficiency in CO2 assimilation, as it gave the highest mean harvest index (53.33 and 46.23%) for both years respectively. The two genotypes Um- Rabee and Al-Noor were superior in their ability to tolerance different levels of moisture depletion, and represented by giving the highest means in the number of spikes (23.00, 23.22 , 21.44 and 21.00 spike plant-1) and the number of grains in a spike (63.00, 63.34, 69.90 and 67.90), and the superiority of Um- Rabee in giving the highest mean weight of 1000 grains (38.23 and 40.04 gm), and this shows the ability of this composition to give the highest yield of grains (40.46, 40.67, 34.61 and 33.94 gm plant-1) for the two genotypes respectively. The high levels of moisture depletion led to the high levels of gene expression in the drought-tolerant NAC, GSK and dreb gene. From this, we conclude that the availability of the appropriate quantities of irrigation water worked to create a balance, activate metabolic processes, and increased the efficiency of photosynthesis and reflected positively on the yield of the plant, and that the decrease in the quantities of irrigation water caused the high levels of gene expression that increased the plant’s ability to tolerance water stress.

The research was conducted in the 2019-2020 season in Al-Kasak sub-district of Tal Afar district, 50 km west of the city of Mosul, to study the effect of salicylic acid on the growth characteristics, yield and protein content of chickpea plant (Cicer arietinum L). Salicylic acid (SA) was used at concentrations of 0.0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L in three dates: the first date: soaking the seeds with SA for 8 hours and the second date: spraying with SA 30 days after planting and the third date: spraying with SA 50 days after planting.
The results of the study showed:
in vegetative growth characteristics; All concentrations of salicylic acid (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L) caused a significant increase in the vegetative growth characteristics. The maximum was 39.88 cm in plant height at 150 mg/L and the lowest was 27.7 for the control treatment, while the concentration was 200 mg/L. Significant increase in leaf area, the top of which was 549.52 cm2.plant-1 compared to 172.76 cm2.plant-1, and the number of leaves and number of branches increased significantly in all concentrations of salicylic acid used, which reached a maximum of 82.38 leaves.plant-1 and 2.74 branches.plant-1 respectively at concentration 200 mg/L compared to 49.78 leaves.plant-1 and 1.37 branches.plant-1. The dry weight increased significantly with the increase of concentrations, especially the concentration 150 mg /L, it reached 7.93 g. plant-1 compared to 4.90 g. plant-1.
As for the dates, their effect differed according to the studied characteristics. The best date for using salicylic acid was the third date (spraying after 50 days of planting) in terms of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and number of branches, while the first date was the best in dry weight.
In the yield characteristics; The results showed that all the used concentrations of salicylic acid had the ability to improve the yield characteristics in varying proportions according to the concentration. The concentration of 100 mg / L was distinguished in reducing the time required for the appearance of the first pod, as it reduced the period from 73.78 days in the comparison treatment to 70.67 days from the date of cultivation. As for the concentration of 150 mg/L, it was characterized by a significant increase in each of the traits; The number of pods (9.58 pods.plant-1) compared to (5.95 pods.plant-1) in the control treatment, and the plant yield from seeds (50.94 g/m2) compared to (34.40 g/m2) in the comparison treatment, and the biological yield (151.2 g/m2) compared to (93.9 g/m2) in the comparison treatment And seed protein (27.36) compared with (20.66) in the comparison treatment, and in the weight of 100 seeds also (27.87 g) compared to (25.81 g) when the comparison.
The dates of treatment with SA showed the superiority of the first date (soaking before planting) in most of the yield traits represented in the number of total pods, weight of 100 seeds, plant yield of seeds and biological yield, while the second date showed superiority in the characteristic of the time required for the emergence of the first pod and The seed protein.

The study carried out during (April to October 2020) at two different locations in Sulaimani governorate, the first location was the Agricultural nursery in Tasluja (back to nature), and the second at the vegetable farmer in Dukan, the study determines the response of an okra variety and the effect of salicylic acid on the growth and germination of seeds and foliar application with biozyme as well as the use of temporary vegetation covering on growth, yield and seed quality. Then the two locations were compared in quantitative and qualitative appearances of the local okra production, and their interactions on yield and its growth characteristics and the quantitative and qualitative of the local okra crop. This study was designed as a factorial according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replicates and (54 experimental units). An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of the vital properties of local okra seeds obtained directly in Sulaymaniyah during the season from (2020). The seeds were soaked for 4 hours in three different concentrations (0 ppm, 75 ppm and 150 ppm)) of salicylic acid with distilled water to achieve a higher germination, Biozyme foliar application at three levels (0 ml.lˉ¹ , 0.75 ml.lˉ¹ and 1.5 ml.lˉ¹), and covering on okra yield quality in green shade-net house. The results indicated that salicylic acid treatment led to significant effect on seed germination and yield.
The interaction among locations, covering, salicylic acid and biozyme foliar application, significantly (P˂0.05) effected positively on pod weight (4.829 g), Yield Per Hectare (9.491 ton/ hectare), number of seeds per pod (78.467) and seed weight per pod (68.000 g).

This study was conducted in march 2020 included Four seasons, spring, early summer, late summer and autumn respectively at the apiary of the agriculture office, Sulaymaniyah / Kurdistan Region - Iraq. Sixteen colonies with the almost same densities (4-5 bee frames) were randomly divided in to four groups, comprising four feeding treatments (Sugar solution as control, Wady Nektapoll+Sugar solution, Varroa Nektapoll+Sugar solution and Candy Shahang+Sugar solution).
The result showed that the highest numbers of workers prefer fed on Varroa nektapol plus Sugar solution was (627.500) worker inside the hives and (350.000) worker outside the hives The highest percentage of protein content in the workers body was (164.187%) which fed with Varroa nektapol +Sugar solution and the lowest was (39.5%) fed with sugar solution .The highest average of body weights of 5th larvae stage fed on Wady nektapol + Sugar solution was (116.250) mg in late summer season but the lowest was (63.750) mg fed on Sugar solution in autumn season. The highest body weight of 10-day old workers was (110.750) mg fed on Varroa nektapol in spring season and the lowest was (78.500) mg fed on Sugar solution in autumn season.

Thirty-two of ewes from Iraqi Awassi breed and thirty-eight of her births used in the present study with the same feeding conditions from Al-Kafeel sheep station, Karbala, molecular analysis were completed in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory at the College of Agriculture / University of Basrah. We investigated fecundity genes-bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15) in order to detect any possible mutations in this gene in iraqi Awassi ewes using DNA sequencing technique. We identified one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from the studied fragment of gene BMP-15 which is 356bp at (T287C) site, the frequency polymorphisms of this site for CC, CT and TT were 0.59, 0.22 and 0.19, as for the frequency of allele A and B, it was 0.69 and 0.31. The difference of the least squares means for litter size between polymorphisms of BMP-15 gene CC, CT and TT was not significant (p>0.05) with this study, the values of the litter size were recorded 1.16, 1.29 and 1.17 for polymorphism TT, CT and CC respectively.
The results did not show any significant effect (P<0.05) of the difference in the BMP-15 gene polymorphisms at site (T287C) on any of the growth traits as lamb weight at birth (BW), weaning (WW) and average daily gain (ADG). The sequences of BMP-15 gene were submitted to the GenBank database, the Sequences were recorded under accession numbers LC495449 into LC495469.

The present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of genotype on the response of seven wheat F1 crosses to anther culture and their ability to initiate callus and haploid green plants (plants with half number of chromosomes) in vitro and the efficiency of chromosome doubling to produce the doubled haploid plants under the conditions predominant in the middle region of Iraq. Anthers at uninucleate stage were excised and plated in the callus induction medium. Few weeks later, developed calli were transferred to plant regeneration medium. Regenerated haploid plants were transferred to the soil in a growth chamber. Chromosome doubling was applied and doubled haploid plants were produced. The genotype clearly affected callus induction and green plantlets frequency. The overall response of F1 crosses grown under environmental conditions predominant in the middle part of Iraq is encouraging, and the pollen-plants could be successfully induced.

The experiment was carried out during the fall season 2019/2020 in one of the plastic houses belonging to the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Land scape / College of Agriculture / University of Diyala. Using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment consisting of two ingredients, the first ingredient is four concentrations of organic fertilizer (Fylloton), which are 0, 1, 2 and 3 ml. L-1 . The second ingredient is three concentrations of boron, 0, 50 and 100 mg. L-1 with three replications. The foliar spraying with organic fertilizer (Fylloton) 2 ml L-1 in recording the best results for plant height and total number of leaves, which were 301.01 cm and 71.66 leaves. Plant-1, as for the foliar spraying with boron, 100 mg L-1 in giving the best results for number of total leaves, percentage of dry matter in leaves, yield per plant, and total yield were 69.27 leaves. Plant-1, 23.85%, 1.40 kg. Plant-1, 3.783 tons. the plastic house, area of 504 m, The best overlap treatment was F 2ml L-1 B 100 mg L-1, which gave the highest values in all the characteristics studied in this research, compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded the lowest values in all the above-mentioned characteristics

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the University of Basrah, College of Agriculture, Department of Food Sciences in the laboratories of the Food and Consumer Protection Unit, where germinated and non-germinated pea seeds were selected from which the enzyme was extracted with various buffer solutions in order to know the bactericidal capacity of the enzyme.The use of distilled water, sodium acetate buffer solution pH 5, phosphate buffer solution pH 6, potassium phosphate buffer solution pH 7, and Tris-HCL buffer solution pH 8,Through the extraction process, a phosphate buffer solution with pH 7 was determined as the best solution for extracting the enzyme, as it was superior in the values of enzymatic activity and specificity than the rest of the extraction solutions. Then the enzyme was precipitated using ammonium sulfate to partially purify the enzyme and get rid of the impurities present in the enzyme extract, with a saturation percentage of 40-80%, as the precipitation was excelled to 80% with a specific and enzymatic efficiency of germinated and non-germinated pea and he used infrared technology to diagnose the active groups in germinated and non-germinated seeds and the effect of the germination process on the enzymatic extract, the appearance of wide bands of amide groups during the germinated period

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C as an antioxidant and its capability to reduce and/or prevent the H2O2-induced oxidative stress and its effects on antioxidant status as well as on some hematological variables of quail. 150 male quail (Coturnix coturnix) were randomly distributed into five groups (30 males/group), and treated from 21 to 56 days age as follows:1st group: Control, 2nd group: 0.5% H2O2 with drinking water, 3rd group: Vitamin C (300 mg/kg feed), 4th group: 0.5% H2O2 with drinking water and Vitamin C (300 mg/kg feed) which added from the beginning of treatment, 5th group: 0.5% H2O2 with drinking water and the Vitamin C (300 mg/kg feed) which added after two weeks from the beginning of treatment. Results showed that the hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress, as represented by the retraction of the antioxidant status, as well as blood indices (cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase) of male quail. On the contrary, the addition of substances that have an antioxidant capacity, such as vitamin C, reverse the negative impact of H2O2 and improved significantly most of the studied blood indices values, as well as the antioxidant status (increased serum glutathione level and decreased malondialdehyde level compared with the control group) by preventing and/or reducing the bad effects of oxidative stress.

Cell phones are widely used in our lives, they are contaminated by several pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial contamination of mobile phones with different pathogenic bacteria and non-pathogenic bacteria and determine the antibiotic resistant strains. Two hundred mobile phone samples of university students during the month from March to June were at Mosul university swabbed. Samples were cultured on standard bacteriological media. Samples were collected from mobile phones of 200 university students (150 male and 50 female) through the period from (March to June 2019), The number of isolations were 242 of which 164 were from mobiles of males and 78 were from mobiles of females. The result showed that contamination of mobile phones was 100% and some of the mobiles were exhibit polymicrobial contaminates as 242 bacterial isolates were obtained 214 of the isolates were gram- positive bacteria with coagulase Negative Staphylococci forming the highest number of isolates followed by coagulase- positive Staphylococcus aureus and the lower isolated gram-positive bacteria was Kocuria rosea forming 6.1% of isolates gram- negative bacteria with Acinetobacter Lowffi forming the highest isolate 4.9% and E. coli the lowest 2.9 %. The antibacterial sensitivity of isolates to antibiotics exhibits the prevalence of MDR among the isolates 69.9%. The result also showed that Ciprofloxacin was the most effective on all isolates Staphylococcus aureus, most of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, the other antibiotics showed different sensitivity against gram positive and negative bacteria.

The aim of this study was fined a basal area growth model for individual trees in Nineveh Governorate in the north of Iraq grown in the open places such as urban trees. Trees were selected and drilled with increment borer to determine the increment. Regression analysis was used for develop the growth model. Results shows that, for Melia azedarach L. individual trees, there is a significant nonlinear relationship between the annual basal area growth, as the dependent variable, and the diameter at Brest height, as independent variable. The most suitable equation that we get was B.A.I. = - 0.00155602 + 0.000394616*D . Where the value of coefficient of determination is (99.9), and percentage of standard error is (0.0003).

The study aimed to produce healthy bread for diabetics and obese people by adding medicinal herbs, including pomegranate peels, ginger and Cinnamon. The field experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production / College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad from 27/3/2021 to 5/5/2021 (35 days).To know the effect of adding the powder of some medicinal herbs and spices (pomegranate peel powder, ginger and Cinnamon) at an average of 7.5 g / kg feed for each of them separately (7.5% pomegranate peel powder + 7.5% ginger and 57% Cinnamon) g/kg fodder to broth in productive performance and some physiological traits. The 150 chicks of unsexed 308 Ross broilers were used and bred, with an average initial weight of 3 g 39.6/chick, prepared from the Al Shukr National Company hatchery for broiler products located in Abu Ghraib district. Chicks were randomly distributed into five treatments, each treatment containing three replicates (10 chicks/replicate).The replicates were randomly distributed among the pens since the first day of the chicks' age and the treatments were as follows:
(T1), the control group: giving a standard diet without any addition. (T2): The treatment containing barley at a percentage of 50% only. (T3): The treatment containing 50% barley + 7.5% g of pomegranate peel powder (T4): The treatment containing barley at a percentage of 50% + 7.5% g ginger powder T5: The treatment containing barley at a percentage of 50% + 7.5 g of Cinnamon powder .
The results showed significant differences when applying the treatments of types of feed to broiler chickens, where the nutrition of Cinnamon and ginger showed a decrease in cholesterol amounted to (26,45) respectively, while feeding with barley showed the lowest level of glucose, which averaged (211), compared to the treatment of normal feeding that It gave an average of (288) and a decrease of (36%).The treatment of barley, pomegranate peels, Cinnamon and ginger achieved an average of 178.53 / g (122.86) 26.310 g (314.20) respectively, in the fourth week, while the control treatment showed the highest rate of broiler weight at 35 days, which amounted to 2293.67. (g) compared with the feeding treatment of ginger (1394.33).We conclude from this study that ginger and barley have a role in lowering total cholesterol (T.C), LDL (T.G) and glucose.

A field experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during the winter season 2020-2021, with the aim of studying the effect of adding levels of organic fertilizer and chelated iron on the growth and yield of cabbage (Hybrid Clubmaster),The experiment included two factors, the first factor was organic fertilizers and included 6 treatments, which is the addition of 1/2 the fertilizer recommendation NPK, 1, the full fertilizer recommendation NPK and the ground addition of organic fertilizer at the level of 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg. ha-1 and its symbol is 1/2 Chm, Chm O200, O300, O400, O500 respectively The second factor is the ground addition of chelated iron Fe-EDDHA (6%) at three levels 0, 3 and 6 kg. ha-1 and symbolized by F0, F1 and F2 sequentially, where three batches were added a week after cultivation, 15 days after the first batch, and after 30 days From the first batch.All fertilizers are added in the manner of spraying around the plant. The full NPK fertilizer recommendation included 150 kg N.ha-1, 120 kg P2O5.ha-1 and 120 kg K2O.ha-1 A factorial experiment was conducted according to the randomized complete block design, R.C.B.D. With three replications, the averages of the treatments were compared using the least significant difference test (L.S.D). At the 5% probability level, The results showed the O500F2 treatment excelled in most vegetative growth indicators and yield, and the ChmF2 treatment gave the highest leaf area of (200) cm. interaction treatment O500F1 gave the highest average head diameter of (19.30) cm, and interaction treatment ChmF1 gave the highest head height of (29.89 cm,The interaction treatment ChmF0 and O300F0 gave the highest ratio of head height to diameter (1.60) cm.

The experiment was conducted during the winter agricultural season 2020-2021 at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah. In order to study the effect of spraying with three concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 50 and 100) mg L-1 and three concentrations of potassium humate (0, 2.5 and 5 gm L-1) on the growth and yield of two hybrids of cabbage (Galaxy and Durra).It was conducted as a factorial experiment in the system of two split plots (System Split - Split Plot) and within the design of completely randomized plots (R.C.B.D) and with three replicates, and the arithmetic means were compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D) test at a probability level of 0.05. The most important results that were obtained can be summarized as follows: The excelled of the hybrid “Durra” in the marketing head weight (1.58) kg and the marketing yield (46.59) tons ha-1. The percentage of sodium in the leaves was (1.427)%, while the hybrid “Galaxy” excelled on the percentage of vitamin C In leaves (38.49 mg) 100 g fresh weight and chlorophyll in leaves (43.32) mg.The marketing yield (46.99) ton ha -1 The percentage of carbohydrates and the percentage of sodium in the leaves in the leaves, while the concentration of 2.5 gm L-1 of potassium humate excelled in vitamin C, As for salicylic acid, the concentration of 100 mg L-1 significantly excelled in the total number of leaves, leaf area, marketing yield (47.26) tons ha-1, market head weight (1.61) kg, vitamin C, total chlorophyll, carbohydrates, sodium percentage . in papers

A field experiment was conducted during the 2020-2021 season in the fields of the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Basra, which is 30 km north of the center of Basrah province.In order to study the effect of spraying with different times and concentrations of ethephon on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).Four concentrations of ethephon (zero, 0.300, 0.600 and 0.900 kg ha-1) and three times of ethephon spraying at different stages of plant life (ZGS18, ZGS25 and ZGS30) were studied. A factorial experiment was applied using the R.C.B.D randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement and with three replications.The results showed that the concentrations of ethephon differed significantly among themselves in most of the studiestraits, and the level of 0.900 kg ha-1 exelled in the number of days from planting up to 50% of spike, number of stalks and grain yield, with an increase of 3.32, 23.15 and 32.21%, respectively, compared to the control treatment.As for the spraying dates, it showed a significantly excelled at the ZGS25 stage and gave the highest average number of days from 50% spike to full maturity, flag leaf area and grain yield.We conclude from this study that ethephon plays an important role in plant growth. Spraying ethephon at a rate of 0.900 kg ha-1 at the tillers formation stage gave a significant increase in the number of tillers and grain yield.

The experiment was conducted in one of the greenhouses of the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture ,University of Basrah for the autumn season 2020-2021 in order to know the effect of four biocides (Abamectin, Levo24%sl, Metrxine plus, Neem oli (FytomaxN)) during three time periods (10, 7,3) Days in the moving roles of Tetranychus turkestani mites on a cucumber plant.The experiment was organized according to the RCBD randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed the excelled of the pesticide Metrxine plus in recording the highest average of the relative efficiency of pesticides on the moving roles of the strawberry mites amounted to 93.85%, while the pesticide Levo24%sl recorded the lowest relative efficiency rate of 75.77%.The results showed the superiority of Jha cultivar in recording the highest average of the cultivar's effect on the relative efficiency of pesticides, which amounted to 85.33%, while the mumtaz excellent cultivar recorded the lowest average of the effect of cultivars on the relative efficiency of pesticides on the moving roles of strawberry weeds, which amounted to 81.27%.The interaction showed the excelled of the biocide Metrxine plus in influencing the moving roles of liquorice, where the relative efficiency reached 100% after 10 days of the Jha cultivar , while Levo24%sl recorded the lowest relative efficiency of 74.20% on the variety, whichever is after 10 days of treatment with the pesticide for the adoption of integrated management of the pest, we must move towards the use of bio-pesticides Metrxine plus for its effectiveness against the teat of T. turkestani, and the cultivar Jha as one of the cultivars control to the pest.

The experiment was conducted in the vegetable field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul for the spring season 2019.To study the effect of planting distances between plants (35 and 45 cm) with the use of Fylloton yeast extract sprayed on the leaves at concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5) ml L-1 on the vegetative growth and yield of two summer squash hybrids (Aseel and Marvel).A factorial experiment was conducted in the split-split plots in a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications.Where the hybrids were placed in the main plots and the planting distances were placed within the sub plots (Sub-plots), while yeast extract (Fylloton) was placed in the sub sub-plots. The results of the research showed the hybrid Aseel excelled in most vegetative growth traits (plant length, number of leaves, leaf area and percentage of fruit set) while the hybrid Marvel was superior in both traits (number of female flowers and number of male flowers).As for the planting distances, there was no significant effect on the vegetative growth traits except for the characteristic of the number of male flowers in which the planting distance of 35 cm between plants was excelled and the same treatment excelled in terms of early yield and total yield (4.14, 46.54) ton.ha-1, respectively. While the spray treatment gave Fylloton yeast extract at a concentration of 4.5 ml. L-1 has the highest significant values in these traits.

This study was conducted in one of the unheated greenhouses of the Agricultural Research Station at the College of Agriculture - the University of Basra during the 2020 growing season. In order to improve the salt tolerance of two cultivars of fig seedlings (Ficus carica L.) by treating them with Clean Salt treatment. The experiment included 18 factorial treatments with three replications, where the number of experimental units reached 54 units, with four seedlings for each experimental unit, according to randomized complete block designs(R.C.B.D ).The experiment included three factors, the first factor represented the salinity treatment Clean Salt at three concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4) ml.L-1, the second factor represented the salinity levels of the irrigation water with three concentrations (0, 3, 6) dSm-1,The third factor represents the cultivar (Aswad Diyala and White Adriatic), as the number of experimental units reached 54 experimental units, with four seedlings for each experimental unit. The averages were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test at a probability level of 0.05.The aforementioned treatments and their interactions in some chemical traits (total chlorophyll g.100 g-1, carbohydrates in leaves gm.100gm-1, nitrogen %, phosphorous %, potassium %) of fig seedlings were studied. The following results were obtained:The treatment of saline treatment at a concentration of 0.4 ml L-1 significantly excelled on most of the studied chemical characteristics (chlorophyll content of 51.69 mg 100 g-1, carbohydrate content of leaves 393.47 mg 100 g-1, nitrogen content of leaves 4.31%, phosphorous 0.60%, potassium 5.08%) compared to control treatment,The treatment at the saline level of 6 dSm m-1 also gave a significant decrease in all the studied traits, which are (chlorophyll content of 33.41 mg 100 g-1, carbohydrate content of leaves 278.94 mg 100 g-1, nitrogen content of leaves 2.98%, phosphorous 0.34% , potassium 3.69%) compared to seedlings irrigated with RO water.The cultivar Aswad Diyala showed significantly excelled in all chemical traits (46.08 mg, 321.21 mg, 179.84 mg, 3.79%, 0.54%, 4.55%) for each of (total chlorophyll g.100 gm-1, carbohydrates in leaves gm.100gm-1, nitrogen%, Phosphorous %, potassium %) respectively compared to the White Adriatic cultivar.

This study was conducted in one of the greenhouses of the Agricultural Research Station at the College of Agriculture - University of Basra during the growing season from 11/28/2019 to 1/8/2020. In order to improve the salt tolerance of two cultivars of fig seedlings (Ficus carica L.) by treating them with Clean Salt treatment. The experiment was conducted statistically as a factorial experiment (3 x 3 x 2 x 3) according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D). The experiment included three factors. The first factor represents the Clean Salt processor with three concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4) ml L-1 The second factor is the salinity levels of irrigation water with three concentrations (0, 3, 6 dSm-1), The third factor represents the cultivar (Aswad Diyala and White Adriatic), where the number of experimental units reached 54 experimental units, with four seedlings for each experimental unit. The averages were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test at a probability level of 0.05.The aforementioned treatments and their interactions in some indicators of vegetative growth were studied, plant height cm, stem diameter cm, number of Nodes, Nodes.plant -1, number of leaves (leaf. Plant -1, leaf area cm2 for fig seedlings. The following results were obtained:The treatment of saline treatment with a concentration of 0.4 ml L-1 was significantly excelled in most of the studied vegetative traits (plant height 108.14 cm, stem diameter 1.65 cm, number of Nodes 37.93 Nodes.plant-1, number of leaves 32.78 leaves, leaf area 1089.56 cm 2 compared with the control treatment. The treatment at the salinity level of 6 dSm-1 gave a significant decrease in most of the vegetative traits (plant height 93.87 cm, number of Nodes 24.42 Nodes.plant-1, number of leaves 21.27 leaves, leaf area 418.01 compared to the control treatment,The cultivar Aswad Diyala showed significantly excelled in all studied vegetative traits (104.88 cm, 1.57 cm, 32.44 Nodes, 29.09 leaves, 788.08 cm 2, 174.63 g, 92.93 g, 39.24 g, 11.42 g) for each of the traits (plant height, stem diameter, The number of nodes, the total number of leaves, the leaf area, respectively, in comparison with the control treatment.The study also showed that the bi and triple interaction of the study factors gave a significant superiority to all indicators of vegetative growth.

The study was conducted during the agricultural season 2019-2020 in one of the unheated greenhouses in one of the private farms affiliated to Al-Faris Agricultural Company located in Al-Zubair district, southwest of Basrah region To study the effect of spraying with different concentrations of seaweed extract Algazone and the number of irrigation times on the chemical properties of two cultivars of the local okra plant Al-Khanisariah and Batira .The experiment included 54 treatments, which is the combination of three concentrations of seaweed extract 8.4,0 ml L-1 and a spray average of 4.3 times during the duration of the experiment for two okra cultivars . The factorial experiment was conducted as split split plot experiment according to the Randomized Complete Block Design and with three replicates. The results showed the cultivar Khneisri excelled in trait of specific yield such as vitamin C, T.S.S. percentage of total soluble solids in fruits, and percentage of dry matter in fruits.The study also showed the excelled treatment of the number of times of spraying, especially spraying by an average of four times, a significant effect with regard to the percentage of dry matter in the leaves. The extract concentration treatment was also excelled for all the studied traits, especially the concentration (8.4) ml.L-1, while the percentage of total soluble solids and the percentage of dry matter in the fruits.The concentration of 8 ml L-1 spray showed a significant effect with regard to the content of the fruits of vitamin C and the percentage of total soluble solids (T.S.S). As for the bi-interactions, they were significant for some of the studied traits. The triple interaction between the experimental factors also showed a significant effect, especially with regard to the percentage of dry matter

The experiment was conducted in the Horticulture and Forestry Division of the Najaf Agriculture Directorate for the period from (1/3/2021) to (1/7/2021) to study the effect of spraying liquid organic fertilizer humic acid at a concentration of (6,3,0) ml. L-1 and boron at a concentration of (10.5, 0) mg. L-1 in some vegetative growth and yield traits of the cucumber plants .The factorial experiment was conducted according to The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) of the first factor, humic acid and the second factor, boron, bringing the nine treatments distributed over three sectors randomly, thus bringing the total number of experimental units to 27 experimental units. The averages of physiological traits and the yield were analyzed using the statistical analysis program Genstat, and the results of the averages were compared using Duncan's polynomial test at a probability level of 0.05. The most important results can be summarized as follows:-Humic acid showed a significant effect on all vegetative indicators and chemical traits of the cucumber plant. The following traits (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, length of fruits, total yield per hectare, yield per plant) at the concentration 6 ml. L-1 in that gave) 213.6 cm. plant-1, 42.70 leaves. plant-1, 23.12 cm 2. plant-1, 8.90 fruits. plant-1, 2.28 kg. Plant-1, 3.50 tons. ha-1. The treatment, spraying with boron at a concentration of 10 ml. L-1, gave an increase in traits (plant length, number of leaves, leaf area ,Fruit length, yield per unit area, yield per plant) and in order (212.9 cm. plant-1, 41.55 leaf. plant-1, 23.11 cm2. plant-1, 9.38 fruits. plant-1, 2.32 kg. plant-1 , 3.60 kg.plant-1).

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the living fungi (Tv) Trichoderma viride and (Pc) Penicillium commune, the bacteria (Pf) Pesudomonas fluorescens pf.DS and the fungicide Dazim and their interactions in controlling powdery mildew disease in cucumber plants, induction of systemic resistance and identification of control agent .The results of the pathogenicity test of the powdery mildew fungus obtained from infected cucumber plants in greenhouses showed a pathogenic potential, where the percentage of infection severity was 45.02%. The results of the antagonism between the bio control fungi T. viride and P. commune also showed an equal antagonistic ability among them, as the degree of antagonism reached (3) according to the Bell scale.While the results showed the inhibition of P. fluorescens pf.DS for the living fungi T. viride and P. commune, which amounted to 56.11 and 55%, respectively. The results showed the effect of bio agents and the fungicide Dazim and their interactions, as the severity of infection decreased in the treatment of the Dazim, reaching 17.48%. It was followed by the treatments Tv + Pc + Pf, Pc + Pf, Tv + Pf, Tv + Pc, Pf, Pc and Tv, which ranged between 22.43 and 27.38% compared to the control treatment of 70.64%. The results of the study showed that the rate of peroxidase enzyme activity increased significantly in cucumber plants treated with powdery mildew, where the treatments Dazim and Tv+Pc+Pf gave the highest enzyme activity, which amounted to 7.100 and 6,610 units/g fresh weight, respectively, compared to the control treatment, which amounted to 0.802. unit/g fresh weight. The results showed the effect of different treatments in inducing polyphenol oxidase enzyme in cucumber plants treated with powdery mildew. The results showed the effect of different treatments on increasing the percentage of phosphorous element in the content of leaves of cucumber plants treated with powdery mildew, as the fungicide treatments Dazim and Tv + Pc + Pf gave the highest percentage, reaching 0.592 and 0.528%, respectively, compared to the control treatment of 0.248%.The results also showed an effect on the percentage of potassium in the content of the leaves of cucumber plants treated with powdery mildew, where it reached the highest in the treatments Dazim, Tv + Pc + Pf, Tv + Pf, Pc + Pf and Tv + Pc, reaching 5.21, 4.98, 4.19 and 4. 17 and 4.11%, respectively, compared to the control treatment of 1.18%.The results of the study also indicated that all treatments achieved a significant increase in the total chlorophyll content of the leaves of cucumber plants treated with powdery mildew in the greenhouse. were 11,250, 10,465, 9.648, 9.618, and 9.471 mg/100 g-1, respectively, Compared to the control treatment of 4.800 mg/100 g-1. The results showed that all the treatments used increased the productivity of one plant in the cucumber plants treated with powdery mildew .The treatments of Dazim and Tv + Pc + Pf achieved the highest weight, which reached 716.0 and 666.0 g / plant, respectively, compared with the control treatment of 116.0 g / plant.

To investigate the response of four potato varieties (Arizona, Florice , Laperla ,Montreal ) to four Nano fertilizers Kind ( K , B. Zn , Fe 2 gm. L.-1 ) with recommend dosage of NPK as well as the recommend dosage of NPK 20:20:20 at 600 Kg.ha-1 as control a field experiment was conducted during spring season of 2020 . Nano fertilizers were spraying at 2 gm. L.-1 constriction three times in the season. The treatments were arranged in factorial experiment in split plot with in randomized complete block design with three replicates . The results showed that Florice variety gave the highest value of plant height( 45.26 cm.), nitrogen percentage in leaves (3.816%) and phosphorus percentage in leaves (0.351%) and Montreal variety gave the highest value of leaf area (4347.7 cm2.) and dry matter% in vegetative growth (14.392% ) while the highest value of chlorophyll content in the leaves (44.956 SPAD) and potassium percentage in leaves (2.624%) was from Laperla variety. The four types of Nano fertilizers showed a significant effect on plant height, number of stems per plant , leaf area, chlorophyll content, and dry matter% in vegetative growth compared to control treatment . Also the interaction treatments between varieties and Nano fertilizers types showed a significant effect on all studied parameters .
Key word : Potato , Nano fertilizers, leaf area , variety, Spraying.