URUK FOR HUMANITIES

The current study deals with the impact of water deficit and drought on the area confined between the governorates of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Muthanna, and Dhi Qar, where the natural characteristics of the study area were studied, as well as the study of the climatic water budget and the elements influencing it and calculating it by calculating the possible evaporation/transpiration according to the Ivanov equation and calculating the effective rain according to the Lange equation. By collecting monthly and annual climate data for three climate stations (Diwaniyah, Samawah, and Nasiriyah) from the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring in Baghdad for the period (2011-2023), It was found that the study area suffers from a large water deficit for most months of the year due to high temperatures, lack of rain, its fluctuations, low relative humidity values, and high evaporation rates. The impact of the water deficit and drought was clearly reflected in the study area, as it contributed to the exacerbation of the phenomenon of desertification, erosion activity, and wind winnowing. There are sand dunes and little vegetation.

There is no doubt that there are intense efforts and ideas in the field of revealing the role that language plays in defining the features of cultural identity, and in shaping the vision of reality and existence in any society. Language is style, and your style means your way of speaking, and the contents it contains that you wish to convey. To the listener with conscious intent, as the language is characterized by the ability to develop and interact with developments occurring in society. Hence, it has become natural for the language of poetry to tend toward innovation in its connotations, concepts, and themes in accordance with these changes at every time.
The argumentation theory is among the most important theories that concern speeches in general, regardless of whether they are political, social, or literary, as it is based primarily on studying the method and style that the speaker adopts to change the recipient’s beliefs and convince him of the topic he wants to convey to him, such as signs and arguments, as no one can The addressee, whether a poet or a prose writer, must dispense with the method of seducing and wooing the recipient. This matter does not only lie in the literary field, but we also find it in our daily lives, which are built entirely on arguments and evidence. To document speech during social communication, especially as is known about our (Arab) nation, it is a nation of controversy and its opponents.

The concept of mental image is one of the most concepts that has not been employed in a manner that is consistent with the problem it carries in the cognitive, psychological, cultural and semantic fields through which the creator can build and produce his creative text.
The American writer and politician Walter Lippmann says: "Man gradually creates for himself or within his mind images that can be relied upon about the world that we cannot reach." This means that the images that the mind draws, whatever they may be, are not random, but rather through intentionality and a previously studied method. Creators can build their creative texts by capturing realistic scenes that they infuse with their imagination.
This study seeks to stand on the mental perceptions in the novel "Rushna" by the Syrian novelist "Reem Abdul Karim Muhammad" by understanding, interpreting and explaining these perceptions in the mind of the writer and the recipient, and knowing the interpretive, textual, social, and rhetorical novel codes, and all dimensions of the character, and the extent to which all of this is reflected in the written text.

The modern technological and cognitive revolution, which represents part of the outputs of the social change process, all aspects present in society, including economic, educational, media, communication, etc. Knowledge has been affected by these developments, so it needs to develop new concepts that are consistent with the speed of technological transformation. Hence, the sources of knowledge, whether sensory or rational, represent a major problem that sociologists have discussed and differed in their approaches to the relationship between social change and cognitive development in society. Rapid developments in the world have contributed to changing the view of knowledge and its sources, so its importance and value have increased with the increase in accumulated cognitive experiences. The research aims to study the relationship between social change and the development of knowledge in society, and how social transformations affect the production, transfer, and application of knowledge. The research addresses several main axes related to the nature of social change, its definition, factors, and manifestations, with a focus on the role of knowledge as a factor and a basic driver in this change. The research concluded that social and cognitive change proceed in an integrated relationship, as each stimulates the other. Societies that invest in education and technology are more capable of achieving progress. The research recommended strengthening education and scientific research policies, addressing the digital gap between different societies, raising awareness of the importance of cognitive development, and understanding the interaction between social change and knowledge development, which contributes to developing strategies to achieve sustainable knowledge-based development.

Studying the history of intellectual movement in the Arabian Gulf region until the nineteenth century is a subject shrouded in mystery, which is why many researchers have neglected it and have not addressed it in their historical studies. Moreover, this era did not witness any features of intellectual and cultural awareness until the end of the mentioned century due to the prevalence of tribalism in the Arabian Gulf region and the tendency of individuals in their loyalty to the tribe without loyalty to a national political entity that unites them. The policy of cultural and intellectual isolation practiced by the colonial countries in the Arabian Gulf also played its role in this, so the region lived until the end of the nineteenth century in a stage described as intellectual and cultural backwardness. The Arabian Gulf society at that time did not witness any features of the emergence of political and intellectual awareness such as schools or literary and social associations.

The study come to explain the intellectual role of Mr. Muhammad saeed Al- Hakim through the intellectual and cognitive products he produced, this study clarified the approach of Mr. Muhammad saeed Al- Hakim , as the master followed the approach of the ancients and advanced thinkers in all his intellectual and jurisprudential research, It also clarified the general features of the approach through the interest of the master , Al- Hakim understood the evidence and aspects related to the jurisprudential ruling he was sent , and his approach is also distinguished by the strength of its traditional foundations , Al-Sayyid worked to abandon the old term , but worked to simplify it , Al-Sayyid Al- Hakim also has a huge amount of writings that translated his ideas, jurisprudential opinions and directives to different groups of society , as all of them were mentioned, the writings of Sayyid Al- Hakim, and after that a group of these writings were presented in various classification , including his religious writings and his writings in jurisprudence and jurisprudence, this study also clarified his guidance writings in the field of educational reform, guidance for seminary students and informants, and guidance message for.

The research presents models of works by artists who used artificial intelligence in the field of visual arts, analyzing these works and examining their artistic features, philosophy, and the role played by artificial intelligence in these works as a tool of visual art. This opens new horizons of creativity that keep pace with modernity and contemporaneity. The research methodology relied on the descriptive analytical method (content analysis) by analyzing five samples of visual content and the benefit of the artist's use of artificial intelligence as a tool for visual representation in these works. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are:
Artificial intelligence is a tool in the hands of the artist; it is subjected to experimentation and modification, and its use does not eliminate the artist but rather enhances his performance. The artist can develop new artistic techniques that help him to express his ideas by linking the present with the past, which enhances innovation and creativity beyond the conventional in visual arts. Additionally, the artist can use it to express the nature of time and space in the artwork in realms that may not have a place in reality, as if in a dream world, blending reality and imagination. By using algorithms to analyze artworks, artificial intelligence has become capable of mimicking artistic styles by understanding the artist's personality and style, collaborating with him to produce an artwork that reflects his attitudes and artistic personality.

The aim of the study is Highlight on the on the environmental impacts and levels of noise pollution in the city of Basra, and to determine the spatial patterns of the phenomenon under study. To achieve this, noise levels were measured in the streets, neighborhoods, shops and buildings of the city of Basra and were distributed into 6 geographical patterns (traffic - residential - commercial - educational - recreational). -Healthy) at a rate of six measurements for each type (highest and lowest). Then the data was processed using the SPSS program and based on the descriptive analytical approach. The results showed the diversity of noise sources in the city of Basra, which greatly affect humans physically and psychologically, and their levels range from moderate to severe. They also showed that the noise level in all locations and for various geographical types was higher than the environmentally permissible limits, as the highest average noise level was in Locations with traffic activity reached (85.57) decibels, while the lowest average noise level was in locations with health activity (71.93) decibels. The statistical analysis also showed that there are statistically significant differences in noise averages according to geographical type at a significance level of 0.05, and these differences are due to the patterns with the highest averages, that is, between traffic activity and residential activity in favor of traffic activity, in addition to the differences between traffic activity and recreational activity in favor of traffic, As well as the differences between residential activity and commercial activity in favor of commercial activity. The study recommended several recommendations, the most prominent of which is the need to educate society about the dangers of noise pollution and take all measures to mitigate its severity.

The current research aims to (analyze the content of the book Modern and Contemporary History of Europe and America according to the dimensions of the functional approach), and to achieve the research goal, the researcher prepared a questionnaire for the dimensions of the functional approach as a tool for analyzing the content of the book Modern and Contemporary History of Europe and America for the fifth literary grade, and it reached (6) main dimensions with (30) indicators, and after presenting it to a group of arbitrators and specialists in sciences, education, psychology and teaching methods, in light of that, it was used in a manner consistent with the goal of the current research, the research community was the history book for the fifth literary grade, 13th edition, for the year (2023), and for the academic year (2023 - 2024), and the researcher excluded (the introduction, the index, and the chapter questions), and thus the number of pages subject to analysis became (96) pages out of (112) pages, the researcher measured the stability using two methods, the first is stability over time, and the second is stability between another analyst, and for the purpose of extracting data, repetitions and percentages of indicators of the dimensions of the functional approach were used, and it resulted in The results of the research showed that the political and economic dimension ranked first with (273) repetitions, and a percentage of (26.6), and the cultural and social dimension came in sixth and last place with (97) repetitions and a percentage of (9.5), which is a clear disparity in the content of the book. According to these results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, including the availability of paragraphs of the dimensions of the functional approach in the book in varying proportions.

The change in the ground appearance is one of the important gemorphological manifestations that exists in all regions in the world, and it is a phenomenon that was found by human act as a gym, which led to a significant change in the surface of the earth with all its manifestations and transforming it in its interest and the work he needs in his daily life. Place to another, as well as building bridges over rivers and tables to facilitate movement of cars while crossing, railways, building factories and farms and the resulting change in their components during their plow, and the study reached a change in the ground appearance as a result of the concerted natural factors with the geomorphological action of the human being, which contributed to the existence of this Change .

Investigative journalism plays an important role at the level of democratic systems and society, as it represents one of the most crucial forces through which societal issues are addressed. Its mission lies in expressing public opinion and shaping its directions, as well as its role in presenting and discussing what preoccupies individuals. Therefore, it is characterized by influencing the thoughts and opinions of the readership, and it employs its capabilities in serving media objectives. Consequently, its significance arises from the human need to understand the phenomena and issues surrounding them, driven by curiosity and the desire to connect with others.
Journalism is distinguished by its various and significant functions in contemporary societies. Among the most notable types is investigative journalism, which plays a role in combating corruption. Its importance stems from the specialized oversight work it undertakes, aiming to reach the truth. In this regard, it plays an effective role in relation to societal values, as observed through the investigative reports provided by various newspapers, which in turn shape public opinion and disseminate information about events and trends relevant to the public concerning societal issues and phenomena

In in vitro fertilization, the doctor fertilizes the woman's egg with the man's sperm, then fertilizes the extracted eggs with sperm taken from the man's semen before selecting three or four eggs to be implanted in the woman's uterus. He fertilizes a large number of eggs to enable him to choose the best ones, and he also implants more than one to ensure that at least one is implanted. In some women, the doctor notices that the woman's ovary only produces one egg, which reduces the chance of pregnancy. In this case, the doctor divides the single egg in the early stages of its division into two parts, then divides each part into two, thus providing a sufficient number of fragmented eggs that can be implanted in the uterus. He implants three or four of them and keeps the rest in the cooling devices to be a reserve that can be used again if the first implantation does not succeed in achieving pregnancy.

This research paper aims to shed light on the most prominent phenomenon in electronic media represented by social networking sites, to identify the concept of social networking sites and to know the most important reasons that prompt the public to use social networking media and applications, and to identify the psychological, logical, mental and emotional motives, needs and satisfactions achieved from using social networking sites. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach to describe, analyze and interpret the media phenomenon through the chapters of the study, the methodological framework, the theoretical framework and the field study, which was applied to the public of Dhi Qar Governorate, Nasiriyah City, and to select samples within the community. They were chosen carefully and accurately and varied according to demographic variables and factors (gender, age and educational level variables). The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are the most important reasons that prompted the public to use social networking sites, which are participation, interaction, and expressing their opinions and intellectual trends and exercising the rights guaranteed by the constitution by following up on important issues and their role in shaping public opinion and the process of democratic reform. The study showed that there are cultural influences on the public using social networking sites. And its positive and negative repercussions. The study concluded with a set of proposals to organize awareness seminars on the use of social networking sites and to call on the Communications and Media Commission and the Publication Court to confront the serious challenges.

The current research aims to identify the level of academic self-efficacy among students of the College of Education for Human Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, as well as the extent of the existence of statistically significant differences in the level of academic self-efficacy according to the study variable (morning - evening). The research sample consisted of (200) male and female students who were selected from the original community randomly, with (100) male and female students from the morning study and (100) male and female students from the evening study. As for the research tool, the researcher adopted the (Al-Tamimi, 2019) scale to determine the level of academic self-efficacy among the sample members. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package to extract the research results. The research results showed that the research sample enjoyed good academic self-efficacy and that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of self-efficacy due to the study variable (morning - evening). From these results, the researcher reached a number of recommendations and proposals.

Studying the history of intellectual movement in the Arabian Gulf region until the nineteenth century is a subject shrouded in mystery, which is why many researchers have neglected it and have not addressed it in their historical studies. Moreover, this era did not witness any features of intellectual and cultural awareness until the end of the mentioned century due to the prevalence of tribalism in the Arabian Gulf region and the tendency of individuals in their loyalty to the tribe without loyalty to a national political entity that unites them. The policy of cultural and intellectual isolation practiced by the colonial countries in the Arabian Gulf also played its role in this, so the region lived until the end of the nineteenth century in a stage described as intellectual and cultural backwardness. The Arabian Gulf society at that time did not witness any features of the emergence of political and intellectual awareness such as schools or literary and social associations.

African leaders came to the conclusion at their summit in Sirté that creating a new organization would be the best
way to resolve diering views over the reform of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The proclamation of Sirté
was released on September 9, 1999. The African Union’s Constitutive Act was ratied in 2000 in Lomé at the Heads
of State and Government Assembly. Following that, an extraordinary OAU summit took place in Sirté in 2001, and the
implementation plan was produced during a meeting in Lusaka. The acceptance of the declaration of establishment
meant that in order for the legal requirements to be met, the Constitutive Act needed to be ratied by two thirds of the
member states. The African Union (AU) was formally founded during the 2002 Durban Summit. The main objectives of
the African Union’s founding were the promotion and defense of human rights, the bolstering of democratic institutions, and the encouragement of good administration. They felt that these issues, along with others like constitutionalism and legal observance, were necessary in order to pursue security and growth. The AU’s Constitutive Act included these goals and objectives along with social justice, gender equality, and public participation. This paper examines the challenges that democracy, good government, and the rule of law face. It also examines the impact of corruption on governance and discusses strategies for overcoming the challenges faced by African leaders.

The late 1960s witnessed the rise of Chicano Movement as part of the Civil Rights Movements in the United States
of America. A Chicano is someone born in the USA with Mexican descendant. Thus, Chicano represents a cultural
identity that is neither fully American nor Mexican, exemplifying the in-between nature of cultural hybridity. Chicano
literature emerges as a response to the discrimination and prejudice conduct aected Mexicans who migrated into the United States after the 1900s. Although, they are citizens of the United States for over one-hundred years, the Mexican-Americans have always been characterized in a negative manner by U.S. Anglos. They were subjects of many aspects of the dominant Anglo culture and suered from the stereotypical image imposed on them as being inferior,
lazy and criminals. Through their poetry, The Mexican-American poets reect their marginal limbo state of existence
and the identity crisis. The present study explores the ways, in which the Chicano poets assert their identity and sense
of selfhood in the multilayered daily experiences in a dierent socio-cultural world. Thus, they interpret the assertion of identity in Chicano poetry under conditions of socio-political injustice and the experience of racism and marginalizing
in a “third space” of existence. The selected poems under examination are Rodolfo Gonzales’ “I Am Joaquin”, Viola
Correa’s “La Nueva Chicana”, and Alurista’s “Left Just”. The study concludes that the Chicano voices emerge as a potent force to dismantle the isolated existence and to resist the discrimination and social oppression in a world that ignores their presence.

The current study is conducted to investigate the discourse markers used in courtroom discourse. It aims to identify the discourse markers used in the data under scrutiny and state the functions of such discourse markers. It hypothesizes that interjections are mostly used in the two selected episodes, and discourse markers are utilized to help keep the segments of the discourse coherent. Data is taken from a well-known TV show entitled “Caught in Providence” Providence municipal courthouse in which episodes, under question, are posted on the ocial account of Facebook. The results of the current study arrive at a variety of conclusions: discourse markers used to relate fragmentations of the discourse, the discourse markers “and” and “so” are vastly used in the present study in comparison to other ones, most of the discourse markers used initially to prepare what to be said next by the speaker, and nally, They are used to give clues about the structures of the discourse.

The rhetoric of fear has become a signicant point of reference in the language we use now days. The inevitable
question is what does make us fearful? The answer, of course, is not surprising since media has an important role in
inuencing the “language usage” and stimulating people’s emotions. This study focuses on the language of news and
how it is used to construct and maintain fear. It concentrates on the emotion of fear, which is trigged through anxiety,
risk and threat. The dataset represents certain selected news videos’ titles derived from Al Jazeera English channel on YouTube in the period 2022–2024 to account for their role in creating and conveying fear through the language of news. Halliday’s transitivity system is adopted to achieve the aim of the study. The ndings show that di
erent transitivity choices are used to show how the language of news’ titles is imbued with fear.

The World Health Organization (WHO) monitors public global health and tries to assist vulnerable populations in
their pursue to achieve optimal health. WHO has always voiced concerns regarding health and environmental impacts of fossil fuel consumption. Reviewing WHO website shows various reports on fossil fuel impacts from multiple perspectives.
The paper aims to examine the temporal construction of fossil fuel threat in WHO reports. Such construction aims to
encourage people to take preventive measures within time span that precedes the impact of the threatening element.
To accomplish this aim, the paper employs Cap’s (2013, p. 16) temporal proximization strategy as a component of the
proximization theory of crisis and threat construction. The methodology is both qualitative and quantitative, using corpus linguistics. AntConc (2019) software is used to perform corpus procedures, such as word lists, le views, concordances, wildcards, and le views tools. The corpus consists of a set of WHO reports on fossil fuel adverse e
ect compiled by the researchers. The results show that WHO reports employ various linguistic choices to construe the temporal proximization of fossil fuel. These linguistic choices are used at dierent rates to achieve cognitive-pragmatic objectives.