Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

The objective of the current research is to identify:
1 - The enthusiasm of the among primary school teachers
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted the scale of Bunia and Boal (Punia and Bala 2021) for the enthusiasm of the teacher, which consists of five areas (fun and interest, interaction with students, passion for learning, professional development, and enrichment of the study material with knowledge), The current research sample consisted of (400) teachers and a teacher from primary schools in Wasit Governorate. The researcher extracted the psychometric properties from the truthfulness and stability of the two scales, and the stability coefficient was reached by the method of re-testing the two research scales (teacher enthusiasm).

The research aims to identify (the skills of the theory of serious creativity among fourth-grade literary students and their relationship to the level of achievement in creative reading texts). To achieve this, the researcher chose a sample of (320) students from fourth-grade literary students in schools affiliated with the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Governorate, Al-Rusafa, the third. The researcher prepared a scale for serious creativity according to the five skills of serious creativity, consisting of (40) paragraphs, and its validity and reliability were verified. The researcher also prepared an achievement test in creative reading texts consisting of (30) test paragraphs, with (20) objective paragraphs and (10) essay paragraphs, and its validity and reliability were verified. After applying the research tools and analyzing the results statistically, the results showed that the level of fourth-grade literary students in serious creativity skills was weak. The results also showed that there was a correlation between serious creativity skills and achievement in Creative reading texts for fourth-grade literary students. In light of these results, he recommended the need to pay attention to developing serious creativity skills for fourth-grade literary students, and suggested conducting an analytical study of Arabic language books according to serious creativity skills.

The Ak tribe, one of the tribes of Yemen ٫ inhabited Tihama of Yemen facing the Red Sea coast in an important strategic location on the trade caravan routes that linked the country of Yemen to the Hijaz. Its main base was Al-Mahmaj, whose land was endowed with abundant resources of water and agricultural sources. Its lands included fertile villages , valleys and the mountains. It had common homes with other Tihama tribes, including the Ash’ari and Al-Hakam, which linked it with a peaceful relationship based on alliances. It was known as one of the strong and fierce tribes in combat when it emerged as a fighting force that defended its lands and fought long wars from the third century AD until the sixth century AD. It was the prominent ally of the Abyssinians who spread out and established themselves in Wadi Saham.
It was an ally of the Arab tribes residing within the Tihama region of Yemen, such as the Ash'aris and the Sahras, who stood united with it with the Ethiopians to repel the attacks of the kings of Sheba and Dhu Raydan and the continuous attacks of the Himyarite state on them.

The research aims to investigate the use of modern teaching methods by history teachers in the intermediate stage and to understand their impact on students' academic achievement from the teachers' perspective in the intermediate schools affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Al-Rusafa 1, Baghdad. The research population consisted of 120 history teachers, while the sample included 60 teachers. To achieve the research goal, the researcher adopted a descriptive survey methodology. A research tool was developed in the form of a questionnaire consisting of 30 items, covering three areas of modern teaching methods: motivational teaching methods, cognitive teaching methods, and creative teaching methods. Statistical methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient, weighted mean, and percentage weight were employed. The results indicated a variation in the use of modern teaching methods among history teachers in the intermediate stage. Based on this, the researcher formulated several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

The aim of this research is to study the effectiveness of the Stofflett & Stoddart model in improving students' achievement in Teaching Methods and their attitudes towards the subject among third-year students in the Physics Department. To achieve this objective, the research population was defined as the third-year students in the Physics Department at Al-Mustansiriya University’s College of Education for the academic year 2023-2024, totaling 197 students. An experimental design was chosen, involving two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experiment was conducted during the second semester of the academic year (2023-2024). A test consisting of 40 multiple-choice items and an attitude scale comprising 40 items, based on the Likert scale, were prepared.
The research results, analyzed using the t-test for two independent samples of equal size, indicated that the experimental group students who were taught according to the Stofflett & Stoddart model outperformed the control group students who were taught using the traditional method in both the achievement test and the attitude scale. The analysis using the SPSS statistical program showed that the calculated t-values were 4.642 and 9.980 for the achievement test and the attitude scale, respectively.
Based on these results, the researcher concluded that teaching using the Stofflett & Stoddart model has a positive effect on students' achievement in Teaching Methods and their attitudes towards it. Consequently, the researcher provided a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This is one of research papers on methods of teaching in Islamic Education that depends in its writing on a group of specific resources in the recent teaching strategies, ways, and methodologies, In teaching Islamic education and its branches. Trying to keep up with everything new in the methods, techniques, and means, used in memorizing and understanding the Holy Quran, and the Noble Prophetic Hadith. Each part of it contains a numbers of pieces of advice for teachers and learners in the Islamic Education subject matters with a focus on teaching the Holy Quran and the prophet speeches as well as Biography of the Prophet, in addition to tips on Holy Quran memorization. This is because the lesson of the Holy Quran depends to a high degree on memorization and remembrance. The paper further involves instruction and tips on general methods of teaching which are indispensable by teachers of all specialties. The research comprises two parts, each part is composed of three requirements. In the first section, there is a definition of the terms mentioned in the title of the research, then followed by general guidelines for teaching Islamic education. Then I mentioned the most important methods and ways for those who want to memorize the Holy Quran. Mentioning modern methods and means that helps in memorization and remembrance. As for the second topic, I mentioned examples of plans for teaching the Holy Quran, the Prophetic Hadith, and the Prophetic Biography. All is done with Allah assistance.

The Hawarteh Valley basin is located in northern Iraq, in Erbil Governorate, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, within the boundaries of the (Bradost) district, between latitudes (36°42'59.0") and (36°51'15.0") north, and longitudes (44°35'41.0") and (44°51'57.0") east, with an area of (220.56 km2). The natural characteristics were studied for use as inputs to the process of calculating the environmental suitability of agricultural lands and creating a distribution map. After that, the researcher studied the characteristics of gully erosion in the basin according to the (Bergsma, 1983) law, then intersecting the gully erosion map with the environmental suitability map to create a map of environmental suitability under the influence of gully erosion for agricultural lands in the Hawarteh Valley basin.
The research aims to demonstrate the importance of the gully erosion layer in calculating the environmental suitability of agricultural lands as a fifth layer with the four layers required to find the environmental suitability, because the slope layer is not sufficient to represent the process of gully erosion due to its reliance on calculating the total river tables in one area unit, which was proven to the researcher when reducing the area of the (suitable after modification) category from (51.07 km2) without calculating gully erosion to (15.95 km2) after calculating the erosion, as well as the (suitable for forests and grazing only) category, which decreased in area from (163.37 km2) to (78.12 km2).

This research aims to "identify the effectiveness of a proposed strategy based on the suitability theory in acquiring Arabic grammar among fifth-grade literary students." The researcher adopted a descriptive and experimental approach. To achieve the research goal, the researcher selected a sample of (60) female students, divided into two groups of (30) each: an experimental group and a control group. The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups across several variables. Teaching plans and an achievement test for Arabic grammar were developed. Behavioral objectives (102) were formulated for the course topics. After administering the post-tests to both research groups, the data were statistically analyzed. The research concluded that the female students in the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on both achievement tests. The control group received instruction through traditional methods. Based on these results, the researcher concluded the effectiveness of the proposed strategy based on the suitability theory in addressing weaknesses in Arabic grammar.

The Iraqi-Kuwaiti border issue is one of the most important issues that has raised many crises and repercussions in the Arab region in general and the Arabian Gulf region in particular.
The intertwining of international interests and the increasing importance of natural resources have made the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border issue an old-new issue that affects international peace and security.
The historical, geographical, demographic and legal motives leading to its emergence as a problem have varied throughout the historical stages, until it became the focus of the entire world, after it was linked to international decisions that determine and draw the borders between the two countries.
The research deals with the role played by Britain in the issue of demarcating the borders between Iraq and Kuwait. Which did not take into consideration giving Iraq some of its historical, geographical and demographic rights. As British interests in the region were the main driver of the process of drawing the borders between Iraq and Kuwait.
The research problem focuses on a central question related to the nature of the historical, geographical, demographic and political facts associated with the process of dividing and demarcating the borders between Iraq and Kuwait, which focused on achieving British interests and vision.

Attention to visual beauty in the urban environment is one of the most important factors that prevent the emergence and development of the phenomenon of visual pollution in the New Baghdad municipal unit. Therefore, the research included two sections. The first section is to study the impact of random, unplanned changes that occur on urban land uses and is subject to the requirements of society, which contributed to the exacerbation of the problem of visual pollution. While the second section included studying the many interconnected reasons that led to the emergence of non-urban scenes that distort the visual image and have negative effects on a person's psychological, mental and physical health, In addition, it contributed to the imbalance of the components of the urban fabric of the research area, and these reasons are : economic, social and cultural reasons, planning and design reasons, administrative and legal reasons, procedural reasons, visual culture, cultural dependency, imbalance in the general context of the urban landscape.

This study examines the characteristics of smart cities and their impact on achieving sustainable development, highlighting the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of these cities. Smart cities are defined as those that rely on information and communication technology (ICT) to improve the quality of life for their residents by providing public services in more efficient and effective ways. These cities aim to achieve a balance between economic growth, environmental protection, and social justice.
The research employed a descriptive methodology based on available sources. The findings indicate that smart cities utilize advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Big Data analytics to develop smart management systems for infrastructure and urban services. These technologies contribute to reducing energy consumption, lowering carbon emissions, and improving the management of natural resources, thereby enhancing environmental sustainability.
Economically, smart cities help promote economic growth by improving the efficiency of capital and human resource utilization, offering innovative solutions for e-commerce and e-business, increasing productivity, and contributing to the development of both local and global economies.
Socially, smart cities aim to improve the quality of life by providing advanced services in healthcare, education, and transportation, enhancing citizens' well-being, and achieving social justice by reducing economic disparities and ensuring equitable resource distribution.
Keywords: smart cities, sustainable development, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things.

When talking about pre-Islamic poetry, it is necessary to look at the images that this poetry produced, and the ideas that were ideologised according to the poet’s axioms. The poets of pre-Islamic times demonstrated that man does not separate himself from his environment and the molds in which he grew up and upon which, so all the poetic images that we can find are the product of The poet’s environment, his life, his society, and everything that surrounds him, his thoughts, and his imagination are the harvest of this upbringing. Therefore, we had to explain these images and their reasons, but in a rhetorical manner, to demonstrate the templates that can be used on Arabic texts in all times. The pre-Islamic text is capable of subjecting rhetorical images to its analytical concepts. We have taken some poetic models from pre-Islamic poetry as text to talk about similarity, juxtaposition, and exchange in ancient Arabic poetry, by subjecting them to analysis in form and content, and this is the area of work that we worked to uncover in the lines of this research.

This research deals with the reason or evidence of approval among the Arabs ,which was represented in the phenomena of Arabic with its various branches , as it is in the phenomenon of deletion , many morphological issues have been received approval was mentioned in various books of the Arab class and through the initial inventory that took place for morphological books and then to classify matters of approval and address them in a way that suits an address through consider the content of the morphological issue , and these issues were addressed by presenting the various opinions that it was said about the issue and the clarification of the places of approval in which it was found , and what are the causes and reasons that were it has the role of approving one opinion over another on the same issue , and it has adopted the linguistic texts that l dealt with the morphological level and other texts of Arabic scholars , old and new , especially what is especially what is speaking about the phenomenon of definition .

The World Trade Organization (GATT) is the largest economic organization، as it is the main engine of the global economy، and Iraq is striving to obtain full membership in this organization، and this matter requires achieving a number of conditions and structural and organizational determinants of Iraqi economic policy، the most important of which is addressing structural imbalances and diversifying Economic sectors، and not relying solely on oil to finance the gross domestic product. Estimating the expected effects of Iraq’s accession to the World Trade Organization (GATT) is not an easy matter، and requires efforts by the state covering various commodity and service production activities، in light of the positives and negatives expected to be achieved. In light of the nature of the economy، and the extent of its adaptation to international economic data، in light of the regulations and policies adopted by the organization.

The research aims to find out (Reasons for the weakness of fourth grade primary school students in grammar from the point of view of subject teachers and supervisors in Maysan Governorate) for the academic year 2022/2023. At the beginning, theresearcher prepared an exploratory questionnaire to find out (the reasons for the weakness of fourth-grade primary school students in grammar from the point of view of The view of subject teachers and specialized supervisors in Maysan Governorate. The researcher presented it to an exploratory sample of (15) male and female supervisors. In light of the final questionnaire, it was presented to experts and specialists in the field of teaching methods, measurement and evaluation. According to its reliability for the repetition method (0.81), it was then applied to the original sample which It consisted of (45) supervisors, male and female teachers, and after processing the data statistically, the research results showed that there was a weakness in the subject Arabic language grammar faced by fourth grade students. At the end of the research, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals. The researcher recommended that attention be paid to preparing a guide for male and female teachers of the Arabic language for the primary stage that keeps pace with the scientific and technological progress of their school curricula. In addition to that, introducing modern teaching methods and methods that include the student’s participation in educational situations, stimulating his thinking, and developing his inclinations and abilities, so that the student learns how to understand the structure of sentences and their meanings and how to think about linking logical sentences and giving him the freedom to act in the structural structure of the sentence. This would help prepare the student. In applying the rules of the Arabic language because it is one of the linguistic phenomena that characterizes it. It contributes to understanding the blessed Qur’anic texts and the noble Prophet’s Sunnah.

The research aims to find out (Reasons for the weakness of fourth grade primary school students in grammar from the point of view of subject teachers and supervisors in Maysan Governorate) for the academic year 2022/2023. At the beginning, theresearcher prepared an exploratory questionnaire to find out (the reasons for the weakness of fourth-grade primary school students in grammar from the point of view of The view of subject teachers and specialized supervisors in Maysan Governorate. The researcher presented it to an exploratory sample of (15) male and female supervisors. In light of the final questionnaire, it was presented to experts and specialists in the field of teaching methods, measurement and evaluation. According to its reliability for the repetition method (0.81), it was then applied to the original sample which It consisted of (45) supervisors, male and female teachers, and after processing the data statistically, the research results showed that there was a weakness in the subject Arabic language grammar faced by fourth grade students. At the end of the research, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals. The researcher recommended that attention be paid to preparing a guide for male and female teachers of the Arabic language for the primary stage that keeps pace with the scientific and technological progress of their school curricula. In addition to that, introducing modern teaching methods and methods that include the student’s participation in educational situations, stimulating his thinking, and developing his inclinations and abilities, so that the student learns how to understand the structure of sentences and their meanings and how to think about linking logical sentences and giving him the freedom to act in the structural structure of the sentence. This would help prepare the student. In applying the rules of the Arabic language because it is one of the linguistic phenomena that characterizes it. It contributes to understanding the blessed Qur’anic texts and the noble Prophet’s Sunnah.

When studying the French role in training and preparing the Royal Moroccan Army, we find that France wanted to compensate for the losses it suffered after agreeing to sign the independence of Morocco, as France sought to maintain its presence in the Kingdom of Morocco, but not as a colonial country, but rather as a country providing military assistance in the development of the Kingdom. Morocco, which was one of its former colonies.
Although the Kingdom of Morocco gained its independence from France in 1956, it did not sever its relations with it, as King Mohammed V asked France for assistance in preparing and training Moroccan soldiers and military assistance in providing French officers who were an important part of the Moroccan army, While France was able, despite the withdrawal of large numbers of the French army from Moroccan territory, to preserve its interests through the military agreements it concluded with the Kingdom of Morocco, as it delivered a large number of military equipment and military installations to the Moroccan national military forces. France also provided direct military assistance in the event of an external threat or internal rebellion threatening the integrity of the Kingdom of Morocco, in addition to integrating any forces outside the government forces into the formations of the Royal Moroccan Forces, based on a governmental request submitted by the Kingdom of Morocco. France also trained military forces in French military schools.

The study area is located in the upper parts of the Daquq Gay Basin in Kirkuk Governorate, between latitudes 35, 7, 9 - 35, 42, 43 north and longitudes 44, 50, 24 - 45, 25, 47 east. The research topic aims to know the most important The morphometric characteristics of the basin by applying the rules of cartographic generalization and their effect on the variables of the morphometric values. This is done through the analysis processes followed based on digital elevation models and the geographic information systems program Arcgis. The research problem is summed up in arriving at the most important variables for the morphometric characteristics of the basin and the extent of the influence of the scale change according to the rules of generalization with different scales. On the morphometric analysis values, scales of 1:90,000, 1:170,000, and 1:400,000 were used. The analysis of the study revealed that the basin falls within the ninth rank, that the lengths of the waterways of the basin are different, and that the bifurcation ratios of the basin are different according to the different scales. The morphometric variables were revealed in terms of the results we reached, and it must be There is a detailed study related to the research area

The current research aims to determine the impact of the "Curriculum Theater" strategy on Arabic language grammar achievement among second-grade intermediate students. A sample of 70 second-grade intermediate students was selected and divided into two groups: the first experimental group consisted of 35 students, while the control group also comprised 35 students. The experimental group was taught using the "Curriculum Theater" strategy, while the control group learned the subject in a traditional way.
The researcher rewarded both groups in the following variables: chronological age (measured in months), father's education level, mother's education level, and a pre-test for language proficiency.
The researcher implemented the experiment at the beginning of the first semester of the academic year (2022-2023) and continued it for a full semester. The researcher used statistical methods such as Chi-square, independent sample t-test, and the Kuder-Richardson equation. At the end of the experiment, the researcher conducted an achievement test for both the experimental and control groups. The results indicated a statistically significant difference at the significance level of 0.05 between the two groups in favor of the experimental group.

The study area is located in the upper parts of the Daquq Gay Basin in Kirkuk Governorate, between latitudes 35, 7, 9 - 35, 42, 43 north and longitudes 44, 50, 24 - 45, 25, 47 east. The research topic aims to know the most important The morphometric characteristics of the basin by applying the rules of cartographic generalization and their effect on the variables of the morphometric values. This is done through the analysis processes followed based on digital elevation models and the geographic information systems program Arcgis. The research problem is summed up in arriving at the most important variables for the morphometric characteristics of the basin and the extent of the influence of the scale change according to the rules of generalization with different scales. On the morphometric analysis values, scales of 1:90,000, 1:170,000, and 1:400,000 were used. The analysis of the study revealed that the basin falls within the ninth rank, that the lengths of the waterways of the basin are different, and that the bifurcation ratios of the basin are different according to the different scales. The morphometric variables were revealed in terms of the results we reached, and it must be There is a detailed study related to the research area

The current research aims to determine the impact of the "Curriculum Theater" strategy on Arabic language grammar achievement among second-grade intermediate students. A sample of 70 second-grade intermediate students was selected and divided into two groups: the first experimental group consisted of 35 students, while the control group also comprised 35 students. The experimental group was taught using the "Curriculum Theater" strategy, while the control group learned the subject in a traditional way.
The researcher rewarded both groups in the following variables: chronological age (measured in months), father's education level, mother's education level, and a pre-test for language proficiency.
The researcher implemented the experiment at the beginning of the first semester of the academic year (2022-2023) and continued it for a full semester. The researcher used statistical methods such as Chi-square, independent sample t-test, and the Kuder-Richardson equation. At the end of the experiment, the researcher conducted an achievement test for both the experimental and control groups. The results indicated a statistically significant difference at the significance level of 0.05 between the two groups in favor of the experimental group.

A research plan to identify the hexagram strategy in obtaining Arabic information among senior second-year students.
The employee conducted the semi-experimental lesson to identify the results of the research.
The researcher identified the research community that attracts second-grade students in middle and high schools in the districts of Baghdad Governorate.
The researcher randomly selected the research sample from Al-Tali’ah Secondary School for Boys as a sample that represents the community.
The researcher selected the achievement test consisting of thirty items as a research tool.
The researcher found that the students of the experimental group excelled over the control group.
The researcher recommended the necessity of using modern teaching methods.
The researcher suggested building studies similar to the current study in other variables such as literary appreciation and reading comprehension.

The current research aims to explore the impact of using a selective model in teaching contemporary history on the academic achievement of students in the History Department. To achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental approach by designing a control group. Data collection involved constructing a standardized test for contemporary history and verifying its psychometric properties, including validity and reliability. The experiment was conducted on a sample of 62 students from the History Department, divided equally between the experimental and control groups. The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups prior to the experiment. After confirming the integrity of both the internal and external validity of the experiment, it was implemented, leading to the following results:
1.There are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups, with these differences favoring the group with the higher mean, namely the experimental group.
2.Members of the experimental group outperformed those in the control group in the post-test for contemporary history.

The current research aims to explore the impact of using a selective model in teaching contemporary history on the academic achievement of students in the History Department. To achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental approach by designing a control group. Data collection involved constructing a standardized test for contemporary history and verifying its psychometric properties, including validity and reliability. The experiment was conducted on a sample of 62 students from the History Department, divided equally between the experimental and control groups. The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups prior to the experiment. After confirming the integrity of both the internal and external validity of the experiment, it was implemented, leading to the following results:
1.There are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups, with these differences favoring the group with the higher mean, namely the experimental group.
2.Members of the experimental group outperformed those in the control group in the post-test for contemporary history.

The technological changes taking place in our country, Iraq, after 2003, with the presence of the Internet, imposed social changes. The security events also imposed economic and social changes accordingly, and students, being a sensitive element devoid of knowledge and experiences, had all of these accumulations reflected on them. Therefore, the researcher went to open the closed doors and share the hidden secrets to diagnose what is the role of Educational awareness in the family, society and school and what are the limits of the contribution of the dimensions of early family education in understanding gender identity at older stages of life. The role of early family education is not hidden in its three dimensions represented by the social, cultural and psychological dimensions. It contributes greatly to the development of the child’s gender identity, either by strengthening it towards... Birth gender identity or causing its disorder, which makes the child reject part of his social identity, which will create many problems in social interaction and thus become a victim.

Prepositions are one of the pillars of the parts of speech, and the most important of them because of the function they perform in linking speech, conveying the meanings of verbs to nouns, and because they contain meanings that contribute to the meaning of the sentence.
Among the valuable books on its subject and style: the book Durar Al-Samt fi Khabar Al-Sabt, and due to the availability of prepositions in the book Durar Al-Samt fi Khabar Al-Sabt by Ibn Al-Abbar Al-Andalusi, a grammatical study.
The research came in one section that includes the definition of the letter and prepositions and the names of the prepositions and the increase (and alternation and inclusion) and their number, and the details of their meanings with mention of evidence from the book Durar Al-Samt, and this section is preceded by an introduction, a preface and followed by a conclusion, and a list of sources.
The conclusion came with several results, including: Despite the difference in the meanings of prepositions inside and outside the context, the function of prepositions remains the same, which is attraction and conveying the meanings of verbs to nouns, and other results. In conclusion, I ask God for success and prosperity.

The research aims to identify the effect of serious creativity strategies in developing analytical reading skills among fourth-grade scientific students. To achieve the research goal, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control. Section (B) was for the experimental group whose students will be taught reading according to serious creativity strategies, in reality (30) female students, and Section (C) the control group, in which reading will be taught according to the traditional method, consisted of (30) female students, so the research sample was (60) female students, and the equality of chronological age, the academic achievement of the parents, the intelligence test, and the previous year’s grades were confirmed, The researcher used the t-test for two independent samples, the square (K2), the paragraph discrimination coefficient, the difficulty coefficient equation, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the results showed the superiority of the experimental group.

The Argument of the Righteous (Burhan al-Siddiqin) is one of the most significant ontological arguments that prove the existence of God through knowledge of His essence. Among the prominent philosophers who have explored this argument in their philosophical studies are Mulla Sadra, Ibn Sina, and various Muslim philosophers, particularly Allama Al-Tabataba’i. Allama Al-Tabataba’i precisely defined this argument in his philosophical works and applied it remarkably in his well-known exegesis, Al-Mizan.
Based on this, the present study has been chosen to explore the topic through two main dimensions:
1. Theoretical Aspect: This section delves into the nature of the argument, covering its linguistic and terminological definitions, its derivatives, and related concepts.
2. Applied Aspect: This section examines the application of the Argument of the Righteous in Al-Mizan by Allama Al-Tabataba’i, based on relevant Quranic verses. The findings reveal that Allama Al-Tabataba’i had a profound understanding of this argument and skillfully employed it in his exegesis of Quranic verses. Moreover, he demonstrated exceptional innovation in this field.

Nature has occupied a large part of the poems of poets throughout the literary ages, as he devoted long poems to it and created in it a living spirit and made it a living, rational being that speaks to him and shares his conditions, a wise man who complains about his pains and worries, and a lover to whom he expresses his secrets and his anguish. Therefore, when he sees a natural scene, he does not describe it sensually, nor does he stop at abstract superficiality, but rather he is affected by it and looks at it through his thoughts and feelings, so he acts according to what he sees. Rather, he involved nature in this feeling, so it becomes depressed by his depression, and suffers by his pain, or rejoices by his joy. From here, it appears to us that poets were lovers of nature and loved it with a strong love, and such a vision of nature is considered a poetic doctrine in Arabic literature that pertains to poets in the modern era and those who followed it.
As for the poet Adnan Al-Sayegh, he followed the traditional method of describing nature, but he worked on employing symbols that exist in nature in abundance in his poems. These symbols and shapes were not created by God, such as mountains, terrain, trees, and birds, but rather are human requirements that man needs in his daily life, some of which are positive (such as the street, the sidewalk, the garden, the city, etc.), and some of which are negative and not necessary in life (such as the execution square, the statue, and the graves). They have become symbols over decades, so it was necessary to study them and show the great differences between what God created for us and what man made with his own hands.

As the backward regions of the world are teeming with Takfiri ideas, just as the Arab region is teeming with a group of young people who are ready, desperate, and capable of harmonizing with this new religious concept for various social and political reasons, it was therefore necessary in this brief study to show the extent of the danger of terrorism. This study was conducted on the term terrorism in its known meaning today, which is behavior based on armed force to achieve political goals that do not have legitimacy, as it showed The research showed that the word terrorism in this sense was not mentioned in the Holy Quran, but rather it was completely the opposite, as it called for peace and coexistence of religions in an atmosphere of security and love, and it was not mentioned in language books either, but terrorism is a product of Western reality since the Renaissance and the French Revolution, and the position of the study was to clarify the legislative position on that practice, relying on authentic sources For the jurisprudential ruling and exposing the deception of those responsible for it, this statement has the utmost importance in defending the Islamic faith and proving its peacefulness, and its fight against terrorism represented by the fatwa of the authority. The research plan was in four demands, the first of which includes the Qur’anic discourse and its nature, while the second deals with terrorism, defining the term terrorism by tracing its historical practice, and diagnosing the subject. Terrorism with the specification of the jurisprudential ruling and mentioning its basis. As for the third requirement, it dealt with the position of Islamic law on it. The fourth requirement dealt with the concept of religious authority (history and origin), the fatwa of the authority, sufficient jihad, and confronting terrorism. The research concluded with several results that it reached to give a brief picture of Islam’s vision and position on terrorism. Finally, the sources that the researcher relied on to support her research and support this study came.

This research deals with the topic of "Killing and its sanctity in Islam: Al-Wafi by Al-Kashani as a model", focusing on how Al-Faydh Al-Kashani deals with the subject of the sanctity of killing in his book Al-Wafi. The research begins with an introduction about Al-Kashani's life and the importance of Al-Wafi as a comprehensive hadith reference, then reviews the book and its method in dealing with jurisprudential and ethical topics. The research presents the Qur'anic and hadith evidence on which Al-Kashani relied in his prohibition of killing, and reviews the effects of this crime in Islam from the religious and social perspectives.
The research discusses the importance of the prohibition of killing in Islam as a fundamental pillar for protecting the human soul, and reviews the moral and legal impact of this prohibition in enhancing security and social stability. It also addresses the spiritual impact on the individual and society in light of his prohibition of killing, as Al-Kashani confirms that killing contradicts the objectives of Islamic law and leads to a disruption in social cohesion. The research concludes with a conclusion that emphasizes the greatness of the sanctity of blood in Islam, and highlights the status of Al-Wafi in addressing these important issues, which reflects the great scholarly effort that Al-Faydh Al-Kashani made in explaining and clarifying the issues of Islamic law.

This research aims to examine the phenomenon of opposites in the book Al-Amali by Abu Ali Al-Qali، who died (356 AH). Al-Qali show awareness and knowledge. We see him sometimes stating the ratio of the word to opposites، and in other places Al-Qali denies that there are opposites، and there are expressions that we do not see mentioning the ratio of the word. To its opposite، he does not name its meanings، and although he is correct in interpreting many of the words، in my opinion sometimes other meanings are more likely than what the speaker mentioned I explain the reasons for it in its places، and the research concluded that the phenomenon of opposites is considered one of the oddities and wonders of the Arabic language، and the strangeness in the word comes as a result of its opposition. It has contributed to growth، linguistic wealth، and breadth in expression. It is one of the Arab traditions in its speech، and it is a kind of relationship between meanings. Whenever mentioning one of the meanings calls to mind the opposite of this meaning، especially between colors، then when white is mentioned، the mind conjures black.

The current research aims to “A proposed strategy according to Schmeck's model for the acquisition of Arabic grammar and the development of deductive thinking among fourth-year middle school female students. The research problem was defined in the following question: (Is the proposed strategy according to Schmeck's model effective in the acquisition of Arabic grammar and the development of thinking? Reasoning among female students in the fourth year of middle school), as the research community consisted of female students in the fourth scientific year in middle and secondary day schools, and middle and high school day schools in Baghdad in the third Karkh District, as the number of schools reached (51) schools, and the researcher used the descriptive and experimental approach, and the researcher By building a proposed strategy according to the Schmeck model, basing its construction on the educational assumptions and applications of the theory to which the model refers, then the researcher presented it to experts and specialists in methods of teaching the Arabic language to express their opinions on it and obtained approval with some modifications, and then she applied these steps. The strategy was based on one of the topics of Arabic grammar for the fourth scientific grade, and it was presented to experts to express their opinions on it and was approved.
The researcher used several statistical methods, including the SPSS program, the t-test for two independent samples for equality between the two research groups, the t-test for two correlated samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Spearman coefficient, the Vacronbach equation, the McGogian equation... etc., and the results concluded that the experimental group was superior to the control group, and in light of Results: The researcher concluded: The application of the proposed strategy contributed to giving the students the opportunity to think, instilled in them enthusiasm and vitality, and spread the spirit of cooperation among them and the love of participation. This confirms what most educational literature and modern studies have stated in their assertion that modern teaching strategies contribute greatly to Developing thinking in general and deductive thinking in particular.

The research aims to determine the effectiveness of the dialogical imperative in developing persuasive writing among fifth-grade literary students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated and relied on the experimental descriptive approach with a design with partial control, which is the design of the experimental and control groups with a pre- and post-test. The researcher defined her research community as female students in the class2 The literary fifth. A preparatory school chose Walad bint Al-Mustakfi to be the research sample. It included (49) students. The researcher conducted parity between the two research groups in the linguistic ability test, the intelligence test, chronological age calculated in months, Arabic language grades for the previous year, parents’ academic achievement, and academic achievement. For mothers, pretest persuasive writing test scores). The researcher prepared teaching plans for both groups. She studied the experimental group according to the dialogue prompt and the control group in the traditional way. The researcher used statistical methods appropriate for the research, the Mann I-Whitney test, the coefficient of difficulty and ease, the coefficient of discrimination, Chi-square, the Cronbach’s alpha equation to calculate reliability, the Wilcoxon equation, the McGoogian). The results were superior to the experimental group over the female students of the control group, and in light of the results shown by the research, the researcher drew a set of conclusions, put forward a number of proposals, and recommended a number of recommendations.

In this research entitled (Literary Intertextuality in the Poetry of Hussein Al-Qasid), I discussed the phenomenon of linguistic intertextuality, which has received the attention of many researchers and critics, and the first to say it was the critic (Julia Kristeva) in the late sixties, and she was influenced by her professor (Bakhtit), who coined the term dialogueism, which is a modern term that has entered It is based on Arabic literature in many translations, such as (textuality - textual correlation...), but it has roots in the Arab heritage, and is considered a means of preserving words and meanings. It is also able to reveal the overlap between texts if it recalls texts in different forms on a functional basis that embodies the interaction between the past. And the present. This study revealed the aesthetic and artistic value of intertextuality in the poet’s poetry

The Arabic language comprises an extensive range of subjects, with a particular emphasis on morphology in this study. Our investigation is based on excerpts from the text "Madarik al-Ahkam" that pertain to morphology. The research is structured into different sections, starting with an analysis of derivatives as outlined in "Madarik al-Ahkam." These derivatives are classified according to specific requirements. The initial requirement pertains to the active participle, wherein we define its nature, discuss its significance, and address its formation. Furthermore, we examine the process of forming the active participle from verbs that are not trilateral. Moving on to the second requirement, we explore the passive participle and its formation, which includes deriving it from non-trilateral verbs. The third requirement centers on the verbal noun, while the fourth delves into the concept of exaggeration and the various verb patterns. The subsequent section of our research delves into collectives, encompassing broken plural forms, the plural forms denoting scarcity and abundance, as well as collective nouns.

This research attempts to shed light on the cultural and social content in Najah Al-Arsan's poetry. It aimed to explore the text through a study of cultural and social themes.
The research began with an introduction and the research problem, and was divided into three sections: the first deals with cultural influences on Iraqi poetry – the poet Najah Al-Arsan as a model. The second addresses modern and Western social influences on Iraqi poetry – Najah Al-Arsan as a model. The third examines the social and political influences on Najah Al-Arsan's poetry, through an examination of the social and cultural content of his poetry. The research concludes with a conclusion that includes the most important findings and recommendations reached by the researcher, as well as a list of the sources and references he consulted.
The study also relied on the descriptive and analytical approach.