Economic Studies

Economic policy makers seek to achieve goals that may sometimes be contradictory, such as the goals of growth and stability. Therefore, economic variables should be predictable as they are the most important tools of economic policy. Therefore, consumption should not deviate from this rule. For this to be the case, appropriate tools must prevail to create the appropriate climate to make consumption developmental, in the sense of serving it with the economic policy structure that aims for growth (in addition to providing Welfare economics), especially in the long term, such as permanent income and efficient financial systems that work as a compensation in cases of deficit or surplus of individual income. For this purpose, the paper analyzed consumption in Iraq during four decades (1980-2021) using World Bank data and statistical package applications (Eviews) as well as graphical shapes. The data showed through practical application that consumption in Iraq was not typical during the study period. Yes. A general pattern was obtained, but it is difficult to generalize it over the period studied

Gold is a financial asset that attracts unparalleled financial controversy, For many, gold represents the only real money, but the constant whether you believe in it or not is that gold has somehow lasted more than any alternative currency over thousands of years, Gold has played an important and major role in central bank reserves since the era of the gold standard, when the currency was fully denominated in gold, When the Bretton Woods system collapsed in the early 1970s

The current study seeks to shed light on the contributions of the smar
application economy by selecting international modelss. demonstrating the
impact that enhances our understanding of the subject of applications and
their economic uses,

The study aims to identify the role of the flow stream map with its flow and structure that fits with the requirements of the global environment and the actual need to provide a better service to customers in Iraqi banks in general and the private ones in particular and apply it in a scientific and solid manner to know the extent of its importance to enhance the flow stream map and the extent of its contribution to enhancing customer loyalty and creating customer A new organizational culture through which it enhances the true affiliation of the current and potential customer, where the researcher relied on defining the study problem and its dimensions on conducting the first survey of the community and the study sample to notice that there is a clear weakness and neglect in the transformation and change towards

: The research dealt with the theoretical and applied aspects of financial engineering, and a special focus was placed on the qualitative and quantitative developments witnessed during the period (1998-2021). The research aimed to discover and analyze financial engineering pathways

The research dealt with the relationship between tax revenues and internal
debt, and then the relationship between internal debt and GDP for a sample
of oil-exporting and importing Arab countries. Arab countries (Iraq, Saudi
Arabia, Egypt,.