AL-Mostansiriyah journal for arabic and international studies

The structural and value changes and transformations that the global environment witnessed after the end of the Cold War in 1991 and the decline of the stage of ideological conflicts, contributed to drawing a global community characterized by ambiguity, complexity and interdependence at that time, and led to the different nature and map of new security threats and their transition from the traditional pattern to a new pattern known as Asymmetric threats, also known as asymmetric or asymmetric threats, World War IV, and unrestricted warfare. And the asymmetric war, which was followed by the events of September 11, 2001 and the American invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, which greatly affected the international system, and the emergence of new concepts, theories, actors and security threats that transcend the sovereign military scope of the nation-state and began to compete with the state over its sovereignty and the exposure of state sovereignty, which prompted many thinkers like “ Barry Buzan and Ole Waever to formulate new security theories and thought propositions commensurate with these non-traditional threats by saying, "We must transcend the narrow thinking of security and security threats, which has become confined to state security and military security, and expand this thinking through research About new actors threatening security and new security threats. As a new type of the fourth generation of wars, which has evolved into a new form known as "hybrid threats", which is a new type of fifth generation wars, which produced "hybrid strategies" and the need to formulate new theories of international national security to confront them emerged, as a result of complexity and ambiguity And mobility, which has come to affect the most important foundations and phenomena of international relations, which is global security, as it is a mainstay of the international community, which is under threat due to progress in the information and knowledge field.
From this point of view, which is of importance in its intellectual and security premises, the research will answer the following main question: (All of these security threats imposed on the United States a reassessment of its military strategy in proportion to the new security challenges that it may face in the foreseeable future, so it created a new strategy for it And different, unconventional ones to confront its enemies and achieve its undeclared goals, given that the parties to the conflict are aware of the nature of the tools and mechanisms they used in the second Gulf War in 1990, especially after their military strategy was subjected to failure and penetration after the events of September 11. 2001.By proposing new unfamiliar strategies for its opponents to enhance its position and hegemony over the international system by proposing a strategy of deterrence with skepticism-preventive). )
We based our research on the following hypothesis (that asymmetric wars are asymmetric and unconventional wars, and one of the new security threats that emerged after the events of September 11, 2001, as a new type of fourth generation of modern, asymmetrical, asymmetric wars and occurring between actors who have One of them is the state and the other actor is an unknown terrorist group that is unequal in means, organization, capabilities and strength, and adopts a strategy based on the element of surprise, surprise, mobility, secrecy, ambiguity, and the inability to determine the nature and identity of the enemy, and striving to create a long-term unequal conflict. It involves three levels, including the first level, the field level. It involves covert operations, kidnapping, treachery, and others, while the second level, which is the military strategic level, involves lightning operations and guerrilla warfare. Proxy, illegal immigration, terrorist operations, organized crime and Other.
Keywords: non_ linear wars _ asymmetric threats _ asymmetric wars, _ indirect approach strategy, asymmetric threats _ deterrence with doubt, preemptive _ preventive.

The cyber security of states is one of the main factors to protect their security and the future of their country. This security has become added to the main state borders (land borders - sea borders - air borders), because of its key and active role in protecting the state and enhancing its stability and sovereignty over its lands. Most of its interactions are launched in a wide electronic space and do a lot of its work at the internal and international levels within the scope of this space, which has become a part that cannot be minimized or neutralized at the level of the lives of individuals and countries, but this important electronic field and the important opportunity it holds at the level of countries and their activities And its work, which is now taking place faster and with less effort, but it brings with it many challenges for the state This space has created a new environment for carrying out an unspecified number of serious electronic crimes that threaten the security and safety of countries and the safety of their institutions and infrastructure, in addition to crimes committed against individuals and organized crimes directed at targeting youth and children, which forced states to focus heavily on building a cybersecurity system And developing a strategy for it that is capable of achieving the state's goals and taking advantage of this new space with its unique advantages, while at the same time able to put an end to the challenges and crimes that may exist within it.
Keywords: (security, cyberspace, information, cybersecurity, national security).

Summary
The electronic Democracy and the change in Iraq
The information revolution submitted with the expand of Social media has open new roads to youths of both boys and girls to expression their ideas and united their perceptions about the political and social and economic solutions in their societies . and Iraq didn’t lonely from these develops in electronic groups which appeared in every local society in all over Iraq . and these electronic groups has gathered Iraqi youths with their peers in the world and Arabic states and all they established public opinion on the need to change and negative cases represented by corruption and quotas that led Iraq to suffering from corruption this is what is confirmed and bog down achievement of democracy in Iraq and development for more than two decades. The change of political regime and that’s open the roads to Iraqi youth to electronic revolution and made groups of writers comments on political states and the summary of their efforts change Iraqi government of Adel abed al mahdy and take office to Mustafa al kadimy and all these benefit from digital world opened the for electrical democracy which promote political change in Iraq and the know about Iraqi youth . bout conditions and the changes of political and economic and security participated to regression role of youth in develop . electronic revolution open the roads to Iraqi youths to demands of change . these pessimistic and optimist. This scientific research has divided to three chapters : the first the dilemma of democracy and develop in Iraq . the second chapter the Iraqi youth and electronic revolution. The chapter three the change between pessimistic and optimist and the introduction and conclusion .
Key words: Social networks. Young . political crises .

The study sought to address the subject of the repercussions and effects of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the transformations of international conflict patterns and the theory of polarity in the world. In the transformations of patterns of international conflict, and the study approached the descriptive analytical and critical approach that suits the nature of the study, the results of the study showed that this war in which the whole world will be a loser, and that there are radical and decisive transformations that will work to redraw the world order, and the study came out with a set of recommendations based on its results.
Keywords: Russia - Ukraine - Russia-Ukraine war - international conflict patterns - new world order - political transformations - role exchange - Arab world.

The Arab security situation is characterized by its many crises and fluctuations at various levels, due to the marginalization and government neglect of many of the demands and protests of citizens. Developed or in the field, such as direct interventions by landing ground forces or air fighters, and this is what happened recently.
The Turkish forces relied on various criteria that were almost traditional in the province or the influence of any country on its areas, borders and regional or international surroundings. The military standards were superior through the development of military industries and Turkey’s possession of many modern weapons, whether manufactured locally or purchased from exporting countries arms on an international scale, as well as economic, geographic and diplomatic components.
The Turkish state used various mechanisms to influence the Arab crises through its influence, which it imposed according to the elements of power it enjoys, as it used military mechanisms, political mechanisms, and soft mechanisms represented in the media and others.
As a result, the Turkish intervention exposes the security of the Arab countries to material and moral danger, as some of the interventions affect psychologically and socially, and the relationship between these interventions has become a turbulent relationship that is directly proportional, as the greater the intervention, the greater the threats and security disturbances. In addition, external interventions, especially Turkish, can develop an extremist movement or mercenaries. Certain groups are working to destabilize security in the Arab regions, and this is what happened in the Libyan and Syrian crises. Turkey has obtained very important results for it, but it has further complicated the scene of the crisis.
Key Words :
Arab security, the Middle East, Turkish interventions, the Libyan crisis, the Syrian crisis, international security.

This study examines the extent of the impact of geopolitical approaches in determining the pattern and behavior of Russian movements and their perceptions towards its immediate regional neighbourhood, and the rehabilitation of its vital borders in line with Russian strategic directions to ward off the dangers of external pressures and protect its national security from the threats surrounding it. The study also clarifies the Russian geopolitical fears and the obsession of encircling them in the near terrestrial ranges, including the Ukrainian space. Transition in the international system.
Keywords: Russia, Ukraine, NATO, Geopolitics, the international system.

The impact of the oil-producing countries on the decline in oil prices is taking its negative effects on their economies as well as on the implementation of their development programs, as the revenues derived from oil exports represent the main source of financing those programs. In addition to the fact that most of the oil-producing countries of the south, led by the countries of the Arab Gulf region, are rentier countries, changing oil constitutes the basis for the formation of their public budgets. Iraq is one of these countries that depend entirely on oil, in the formation of the gross domestic product, the financing of government spending and the sustainability of the work of public and private institutions. Prices sometimes lead to harmful results at the long level when they are relied upon to build development plans and are adopted as the only source of income generation.
Therefore, the problem of price fluctuations in the main source of GDP in oil-exporting countries is not only reflected in the nature of the national economy of countries or on the capabilities of their governments in fulfilling their various obligations to their people and their external environment, but is reflected in the energy sector itself by exposing the energy security of the exporting countries. Oil has different challenges and risks.

Qatar’s foreign policy succeeded in shifting from the stage of being affected to the stage of being influenced by regional and international issues, after the start of the so-called Arab Spring revolutions, which was a turning point in its successful policy approach from the use of its multidimensional soft power tools, as it worked to activate the role of the international mediator. And the use of soft power tools while retaining its involvement in international alliances to combat any threat that could affect its national or regional security.

The idea of collective endurance in compensating the damage caused by oil and gas refining is one of the most important issues of civil law in general. Today, this idea of pollution damage is the most important and problematic image of other forms of civil liability. The image of a more specific and important dimension and characterized the idea of collective endurance in compensation of damage caused by the refining of oil and gas of a subjective nature made the application of general rules on them is often impossible, which raised a lot of difficulties and legal problems, And the procedural characterization of civil liability for environmental pollution caused many of its provisions to fall outside the framework of traditional rules. Special and modern rules that take into account this particularity, and the most prominent characteristic of civil liability for the damage of environmental pollution, To compensate for the environmental damage that environmental legislation established in the Environmental Protection Fund, which gave this responsibility great importance and effectiveness in practical and practical terms. The idea of such funds allows compensation for environmental damage in all cases where the injured party can not obtain this And the second is to activate the functions of compensatory and compensatory civil liability through the possibility of returning the Fund to the torturer in the end in accordance with the provisions of personal solutions or gain without reason.

Religious discourse is an important factor in society's religious stability and stability. As societies have changed from a technological explosion that has led to a marked cultural spread, frequent tradition and multiple values gained from Western societies. Other factors and causes have led to a decline in the influence of religious discourse and the role of the religious institution. Through this intervention, we are trying to clarify the role of religious discourse in the mosque and the sacred institution in society and how its role has now declined. This is a descriptive study based on analysis to determine the low level of discourse in impact and solving social problems, and how we can address and develop solutions to restore the place of a religious institution.
Keywords: religious discourse, social problems, cultural spread, value change.

(The importance of moderate religious discourse and ways to promote it to build social peace)
Since the advocacy discourse is the most important concern of Muslims today, it was necessary to develop
The advocacy discourse in accordance with the times, and in order for the advocacy discourse to develop, it was necessary to develop the means. The objectives of this study talk about the means of advocacy discourse in the light of renewal, so it talked about the concept of advocacy discourse, its purposes and the necessity of renewing the means, and it addressed the most important traditional means that preachers cannot abandon, and the most prominent modern means. Through the study, there was an attempt to value the positives of modern means in the advocacy discourse, and to get rid of the negatives and combat them, and through them the reality of dealing with these means emerged.
We also showed in the study the most important preachers and reformers who worked on renewing the means, and the most important and most common means that tried to serve the advocacy discourse.
In general, the study answers the most important question, which is about the extent of the impact of renewal on the means of advocacy discourse and the obstacles to renewing the discourse in order to make it an advocacy discourse in line with contemporary reality.