Journal Of the College of law /Al-Nahrain University

This research was interested in focusing on the most important legal challenges facing the legislator in Iraq, as in other countries, with regard to the increasing population density and the emergence of different types of buildings, the most important of which are residential buildings that include huge numbers of people, where there was a need to enact legislation that regulates the right to housing in them. In terms of rights and duties of owners. And determining the scope of their common and divided ownership in a way that prevents the occurrence of disputes over ownership between individuals. Therefore, we find that the Iraqi legislator has approved the system of strata and apartments and allocated to it a set of laws regulating the provisions of the upper and lower parts in the Civil Code, Articles “1082-1086”, in which the rights and obligations of the upper owners are stated. And the bottom is in their separate and common ownership, but these articles came devoid of the formal rules for establishing the right of ownership in this type of real estate if we take into account the importance of formality in this type of transactions, and they are brief and not keeping pace with what the development of buildings has led to in terms of the spread of vertical construction and complexes. Residential areas with separate and shared spaces among a group of residents, such as gardens, garages, and service annexes, in addition to the Iraqi legislator enacting a special system for establishing ownership rights in floors and apartments, known as the amended Real Estate Registration Law No. (43 of 1971)

The constitutional jurisdiction in formulating the strategic policy for oil and gas wealth falls within the common jurisdictions in which local law prevails in the event of a dispute with the Union in accordance with the Iraqi Constitution for year 2005. There is no text in the constitution allows the Union to intervene to prevent harm to the legal or economic unity explicitly, similar to the German Basic Law of 1949.
But the Federal Supreme Court ruled that the central government should intervene because it is competent to formulate the economic policy and financial policy and sovereign commercial policy in accordance with Article (110) of the Constitution. It is necessary for the federal government to monitor the units producing the oil and gas; because they are public wealth for the people.
The federal government’s competence to put policies of oil and gas leads to balance between the federation’s units. However, there is no central law for oil and gas, while "the law of Oil and Gas in Kurdistan Region's No. 22 for year 2007 tends to impose complex conditions for cooperation with the federal government.

Financial technology companies represent one of the most important emerging and basic innovations in the investment field, as they open investment horizons in various fields and provide services to the public and company owners to meet their needs.
The various legislations of the countries have adopted such companies by establishing their own legal rules that are compatible with them, as in Egypt and the Emirates, for example, and they are still updating their legislations and legal systems for this purpose, by finding legal texts that target the procedures for establishing them and the nature of the activities they deal with, as in payment Electronic money, insurance, encrypted digital currencies and others, using the latest technologies as in the blockchain or as it is called the block chain, and what these companies will provide in terms of sustainable development and financial inclusion for all segments of society when adopting the latest technologies in financial services.

Islamic law in Iraq is an official, backup source for legislating laws and referring to it in the absence of a legal text, especially in the Civil Code and the Personal Status Law. Under this source, the judge is obligated to refer to them in the absence of a legal text, especially in modern and contemporary realities of technical, intellectual and technological development. The necessary strategic challenges are great, and the judiciary is trying to maintain the spirit of the legal text in its inclusion of new issues, but it faces great challenges in the absence of the legal text, and the judiciary cannot apologize for finding the necessary solutions to the issue before it. The judge had to find the most appropriate and correct solution in Confronting modern realities, the most important ways and means to rely on are the general principles of Islamic law and its rules that remain eternal in application, such as the rule of companionship, innocence, and guarantee, and the principles of Islamic public order and other rules, which can assist the judiciary in confronting the absence of a legal text in contemporary cases, and despite all this, it remains The concept of these principles among legal scholars is a matter of disagreement among them. Some of them are of the view that what is meant by the principles are only the rules of general principles, and some of them are of the opinion that the application of the principles is comprehensive of the rules of fundamentals and jurisprudence, as the judge is referred to the general principles that are recognized without addressing Detailed solutions that may be the subject of disagreement among sectarian jurists, and in order to shed light on those opinions and know the extent to which legislation takes them and the role of principles in resorting to them in the absence of a text, we decided to write about this important topic

Human trafficking crimes are organized crimes that are harmful to the interests of individuals, states, and the international community, and that affect vulnerable parties in society, such as children and women, especially as they are linked to the smuggling of migrants. They are also considered a new type that is more detrimental to human humanity and dignity than the types of human trafficking that were practiced in ancient human times. Therefore, governments and organizations took the initiative to strengthen international cooperation mechanisms in combating this serious crime by enacting international, regional and national laws and agreements, and approving multiple mechanisms with the aim of criminalizing this criminal act internationally and nationally, preventing these crimes and punishing their perpetrators, and increasing the seriousness of this crime, which comes in third place among the crimes. As the trading and profits after the crimes of arms and illegal drug trade have become one of the main sources of financing other organized crimes, especially terrorism and money laundering. In the face of these agreements and mechanisms, the perpetrators of these crimes have devised multiple methods in their criminal practices to evade prosecution and punishment by exploiting technological progress in means of communication and information, for example by exploiting the Internet to offer their services, communicate with each other, and exchange illicit materials.

In this research, we search for the role that can be achieved by regulating remote work by the legislator in light of the technological and cognitive development that the world is witnessing due to the impact of globalization on a large sector of workers in the public sector and the private sector, which is offset by a major crisis facing the labor market from the unemployment crisis and the provision of job opportunities. For a large sector of society members who aspire to achieve their ambitions to earn a living, with the presence of large offers to employ workers, whether inside or outside the country, which emulate people who match the criteria for accepting work in terms of economic, social, or health motives, including women, people with disabilities, and special needs, in addition to women with disabilities. Other matters related to the balance between work and family life, and in light of these presented data, there must be a legal regulation that regulates remote work, even if it violates the legal rules of the labor law in terms of legal dependency or the inability of the labor inspector to conduct an inspection, in addition to preserving the right to privacy at work, With the possibility of moving from the lack of regulation of remote work to the regularity of organized work, to which at least the Social Security Law applies.

The problem of territorial waters is considered one of the overlapping problems in international law, because this problem raises its legal and technical importance and in the issue of using or exploiting the territorial waters of countries adjacent to each other, which indicates the importance of the rights of countries and the duties of each other in the way of using water in a way that does not harm or harm the countries. Neighboring .
This research sheds light on the issue of territorial waters and the legal problems it raises as a result of relations between countries and what results from these uses.
This research addresses the issue of cooperation between countries neighboring territorial waters through the international efforts they provide to achieve international cooperation between neighboring countries, through the efforts made by countries and the United Nations in order to reach a method of cooperation between countries in accordance with the system of international law.

Monetary policy is an essential part of the general economic policy, as monetary policy seeks to achieve many economic goals through quantitative and qualitative tools to maintain stability and monetary balance, and its importance increased with the beginning of the twentieth century due to the increase and complexity of monetary and economic problems, Represented in the rise in the general price level , as it is considered one of the most important macroeconomic indicators around which the process of formulating monetary policies revolves for the welfare of consumers.
The study relied on the use of descriptive and analytical methods in analyzing the data as well as statistical method by using the program (SPSS) to find the effect between the independent and dependent variables during the period (2010-2018), the study also aims to identify the role of monetary policy in facing inflationary conditions, this policy is issued by the Central Bank, the most important of which is the legal reserve, the discount price, and open market operations through the three sections, which consist of general concepts about monetary policy tools and inflation. As for the practical section data for all variables was analyzed. Statistically, these results were proven to be identical to the economic theory.
Hence, the importance of monetary policy in solving economic problems has increased, given the multiplicity of effects that monetary policy leaves in various economic fields and aspects, including the impact on the performance of commercial banks by determining the amount of cash reserves in order to guarantee the rights of depositors and the safe use of funds and avoid risks, as well as open market operations which has an active role in curbing the increasing rates of inflation, as well as the discount price and its active role in controlling inflation therefore, the application of monetary policy tools is a preoccupation for banking departments, as banks can lose their customers as a result of the irrational and rational use of available financial resources, which is reflected Negatively on the levels of profits achieved and the financial position of the banking sector in particular and the overall economy in general, and this in turn affects the levels of inflation and limit the increase of its rates.

The emergence of the scientific and technological revolution, whose features we see day after day, has swept through all types of science, including the legal sciences, and the fluctuations and changes that have occurred in human societies as a result of this information revolution in all aspects of life that cannot in any way be ignored. It has made social relations more complex and more rebellious, and thus The legislative texts no longer meet the new vision of the principles of criminal justice, and based on this reality, and the need of societies to consolidate the foundations of criminal justice, it requires us to draw up a clearly defined philosophy with specific goals for those in charge of criminal justice administration to respond to these requirements.

Digital drugs are audio files that broadcast frequencies that affect the brain, and cause a feeling of pleasure as a result of the person feeling this “ringing on the ears.” The nature of this music and listening to it was limited to academic and medical circles only, but it has caused tremendous progress in the field of information and communications technology and an increase in... Electronic operations achieve many benefits at the personal and societal levels, and this progress has also had negative effects, including the emergence of new and dangerous types of cybercrime, represented by digital drugs, which are now threatening societies, as they create an effect similar to the effect of traditional drugs.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish a regulatory framework dedicated to combating it, to be agreed upon by all countries of the world, with the need to submit proposed legislative texts related to the process of depositing, distributing, or marketing digital drugs, which adopt the idea of punishing those who do so