JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES

Despite the external challenges to its stability, represented by the Mongol attacks from the East and the Frankish from the West at the beginning of the century, there were several reasons behind this, including :the interest of the Mamluk Sultans in scientific life and the patronage of scientists, the decline of Baghdad's cultural role and the migration of many Baghdadi scientists to it after the Mongol invasion and the deterioration of the political situation (), in addition to the descent of many scientists, jurists, judges and students of science after the decline of the cultural role of Marrakesh and the decline of the Islamic influence from Al-Andalus, all this contributed to The revitalization of the cultural life in the Levant added to the emergence of a large number of scientists in this era in various aspects of knowledge, and they left us a great scientific product, the number of which Safadi (d764 Ah)( ) described as:( something Unlimited, and not investigated by control ...He pointed to such a thing as qalqashandi (d. 821 Ah): (I know that the classified books are too many to be counted, and yes, too many to be counted, especially the books written in the Islamic Millah) (). In particular, he wrote on jurisprudence, history, Hadith, Quranic Sciences, and other sciences.One of the recent studies confirms that the total of what was written in the Mamluk era (918) volumes, the share of religious books, of which (593) was approximately and accounted for (65%)of the total of a thousand intellectual products ( ) .

The educational process is a comprehensive process with multiple and different goals and purposes, and the practice of sports events and activities within the educational process leads to the achievement of part of what is planned in preparing students for life, as sports education is an aspect of general education and is even an important part of it. The role of school sports and its impact in finding and developing social and psychological values and motor and physical skills indicates the importance of addressing this topic for research to identify the nature of school sports and the problems of implementing internal and external sports activity, which resulted in a poor level of movement sports in general. The objectives of the research are defined, so the following :
- Identify the most important problems of school sports in secondary schools in Salah al-Din governorate.
- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0,05) between the average opinions of physical education supervisors and the average opinions of its teachers.
The research also included some theoretical studies related to school sports and its components, and the research procedures included the research method where the two researchers used the descriptive method in the survey method and the research community was represented by sports education supervisors and teachers with ( 7) a sports education supervisor and(155)secondary school teachers, the research sample consisted of (6)supervisors and (40) teachers, the questionnaire was used as a tool to collect research information, the data of which were statistically processed with opinions of the research sample were taken with its paragraphs and some statistical methods were used, such as weighted average and weight Percentile and correlation coefficient Pearson-Brown and a Test (T-test) of two separate samples, after viewing and analyzing the results, some conclusions were made from them

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and peace and prayers be upon our Lord Muhammad and upon his family and companions
And after:
The nature of these obstacles lies in the fact that they are natural or human, their impact on commercial activity is evident as a result of their presence in the sea and land trade routes, these obstacles represented real dangers that negatively affected the movement of Trade (International and local), among the natural dangers to which the sea trade routes were exposed; dangers beyond the control and ability such as storms, hurricanes and others, while the human dangers were represented by the dangers that are caused by man, such as Pirates And outlaws and others .

Westernization : "a movement aimed at dyeing Islamic and Arab culture with a strange color and taking it out of its pure Islamic character, and containing it in such a way as to make it lose its subjectivity and entity, and dissolve in the so-called(world culture)or(international thought)"(1)
It relies on literature as the most acceptable cultural channel for ideas, as well as other media, the press, the role of Culture, schools and universities.through all these means, it aims to stir up differences and rivalries between Arabs and Muslims and try to return the Arab and Islamic heritage to the Persians, Indians and Greeks. therefore, we find that westernization is interested in studying pre-Islam and reviving it in various forms, such as Pharaonic, pagan, ignorant, Persian and ancient Jewish images.. It also seeks to tear apart the unity of Arab and Islamic thought by isolating morality from education, religion from literature, and politics from the state, and it also works hard to spread atheism and pornography, and propaganda for them, because man only has his existence and personality with his principle that he believes and the values that he believes in, if these principles and values are lost, man, who is the nucleus of society, collapses.

This research deals with the motives of the gifts and gifts of the Abbasid caliphs in the first Abbasid era (132-218 Ah), In this period it takes several aspects, including political, social, humanitarian, military and religious motivation, as well as its high characteristic, which concerned the fixed salaries of Arab fighters, which is not the focus of this research, which did not fall into the hands of those who wrote on this topic،

Aesthetic taste is a necessity related with the creative man who really can understand life and universe. It puts him to be different from men of his kind who live in a lower standard of feeling and sensation.
This research tackles sense, its impression in developing aesthetic value and how it is able to touch beauty in natural how to educate aesthetic value purposefully that, may form the aesthetic sensation to pupils.

There is no doubt that there has been a significant development in the French position on the Arab– Zionist conflict during the Fifth Republic in 1958, especially under President Georges Pompidou, and after France was one of the Western countries that provided diplomatic, military and economic assistance to the Zionist entity from the first days of its establishment, to the point where relations between them reached the point of a joint military alliance against Arab countries, as happened in the triple aggression on Egypt in 1956, during the French Fourth Republic.
However, there is a development that did not come by chance nor in a short time, as it occurred in the French foreign policy towards the Arab – Zionist conflict, specifically since the beginning of the French Fifth Republic in 1958, which continued under President Pompidou, and that development came as a result of strategic factors that serve the highest French interests.
Given the importance of France in international politics and its distinctive political position from the Arab-Zionist conflict under President Pompidou, the research aims at an analytical and objective study of that position by showing the analysis of the main factors that prompted France under President Pompidou to take its positions on the Arab-Zionist conflict.

Since the Mongols occupied the capital of the Islamic caliphate, Baghdad, in 656 Ah/1258 ad, Iraq has become subject to an unpatriotic rule dominated by people who are strangers in their thinking about the country and its socio-economic system, society has dispersed into dispersed groups, cities and agricultural lands have been abandoned, irrigation methods have been neglected and their systems have disappeared, science houses have been closed after public and private libraries have been destroyed, chaos has spread and the country has become a field of wars, sometimes it is occupied by the Persians, and another time it is controlled by the Ottomans, after the state's power and influence this was one of the most prominent factors in the occurrence of the decline of civilization politically, economically and socially, until the state became in the middle of the eighteenth century Independent Emirates that enjoy full influence in their homes, such as the emirate of muntafiq, Al-Khazal, Zabid, Tay, and Shammar. The Sufi, papal, bahadini and Bhutanese principalities.
The Western penetration that Iraq was subjected to in the nineteenth century, represented by Britain and other countries such as France, Germany and Russia, because of its vital location in terms of transportation to transport mail between India and Europe, and economic interests that made Iraq a market for foreign goods and provides them with raw materials, in addition to taking care of the minorities present in it, especially Jews and Indians from the British government and exploiting them in order to implement their plans in espionage and transfer news to their employees located in Iraqi cities, and exploiting diplomatic representation to occupy Iraq, as foreign residents in Baghdad have become a pillar of Western influence in Iraq.
As a result of these reasons, a civilizational setback resulted in the nineteenth century, which was represented by political, military, economic and social weakness.it lost the ability to resist and eliminate its enemies because of the intellectual invasion, which led to the loss of the conditions of empowerment and away from its material and moral causes in its departure from God's law and his age, which are one of the most important reasons for the rise and setback of nations.