Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

In this study, the spray pyrolysis method was employed to prepare pure and aluminum
doped Tin oxide (SnO2) thin films. The aim of the study encompasses the investigation of
the doping effect on the optical properties of the prepared films. The UV-Vis results indicated an increase in the transmittance as a function of wavelength with increasing the doping
as a general trend while this is not the case with other related parameters such as absorption,
Reflection coefficient, complex refractive index and complex dielectric function respectively. The results also revealed that the absolute values of the transmittance and the energy
gap reduce when boosting the doping level. In contrast, this is not the case for other optical
properties where their values increase with increasing the doping concentration. The cost
effectiveness, stability and simple optical properties modification (doping) make the Tin oxide and its derivatives as a promising candidates in the application of optoelectronic devises

Annealing time influence on the optical and electrical properties of CdTe thin films prepared
by vacuum thermal evaporation method has studied at this work. These thin films which have
thickness of (200 ±25) nm has deposited on glass substrates under pressure of (5x10-5 torr).
The deportment of Absorbance and transmission spectrums at the range (375-800 nm) of the
wavelength have studied by spectrometer and then it was able to calculate the values of absorption coefficient and the energy bandgap, thus it was noticed that there was degradation
in the value of energy bandgap from 1.8eV to 1.6eV by increasing in the time of annealing. Also
it was found by Hall effect test, that the type of charge carriers changed from the (n) type to
the (p) type when annealing time ( 10, 20, and 30) min and a temperature of( 400°C ),and that
the electrical conductivity values did not behave in a regular manner, whether in increasing or
decreasing in value after the annealing process at different times. The concentration of these
carriers increases with increasing annealing time, and the mobility decreases with Increasing
annealing time

In this study, thin films of titanium dioxide and cadmium oxide (TiO2:CdO) were mixd of (50:50)%, and
were prepared and doped with copper oxide (CuO) with doping ratios of (0,1,3,5) %, using the chemical
thermal spray technique at a temperature of 350 oC and a thickness of (125±15) nm, and on glass bases. The
physical properties were studied, including the structural and the optical properties. The results of X-ray
diffraction revealed the Anatase phase of TiO2 with a polycrystalline structure and a quadrangular system,
for TiO
2 , and cubic for CdO, and we also notice There was a diffraction peaks at (101),(103),(200), at the
corners (25.68,36.4,48.23), respectively, with the dominant growth direction is (101), for TiO2, and we also
notice There was a diffraction peaks at (111),(200),(220), at the corners (33.02,38.56,55.16), respectively,
with the dominant growth direction is (111).
We also notice an increase in the crystalline size as doping rate increased. While the results of atomic
force microscopy (AFM) showed that the distribution of granules on the surface of the membrane, showed
that the grain size increased with increasing doping rates to become (89.06-97.21) nm. It was also shown
that the surface roughness and root mean square value increase when the doping ratio increases nm, and
the RMS (1.02-3.78) nm, respectively. The surface morphology of the thin films was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), as we notice that the nanoparticles are nanotubes in shape, agglomerated, and clustered in patterns. And different densities. The optical results showed that the transmittance
decreases with increasing percentages of copper oxide (CuO) doping. The results showed that the energy
gap decreased (3.57- 3.49) eV when doping ratios of copper oxide (CuO) are increased.

The effect of different molar concentrations on the structural and optical properties of zinc selenite films
(ZnSe) was studied, prepared from the use of ZnCl2 & Na2SeO3 compounds. And precipitate them by thermal
chemical atomization technique (spraying) on glass substrates with different molar concentrations ((0.1 –
0.05) mole/L). Under a base temperature of 200 °C, and then annealed at a temperature of 450 °C, the thickness of the thin films of the above concentrations was measured (177.98-232.02 nm), where it is observed
that when the molar concentration increases, the thickness increases due to crystal arrangement and crystal
growth. The results of the X-ray diffraction test (XRD) showed the appearance of the cubic phase structure and
that the preferred and dominant phase in all membranes is (200) as well as an increase in the crystal size of
the thin films ZnSe when increasing molar concentrations. The diagnosis of (FE-SEM) showed the regularity of
Nano bodies of small size approximate (38-68 nm) and spherical shape. Absorption increases with increasing
molar concentrations at wavelength (320) nm. It was found that the optical absorption edge varies with increasing film thickness, and the results of the transmittance and reflectivity spectrum showed that their value
decreased as the molar concentration increased. And that the energy gap increased due to the variation of
granular size in the membrane regions after annealing, and this was shown by the results of the optical fluorescence examination (Luminescence (PL)). Emission shows that when the concentration increases, we get
a higher intensity excitation. It also works in the ultraviolet zone. It was found that the energy gap increases
with increasing concentration, and it was found by measuring the attenuation across these membranes (ZnSe)
using a continuous laser (PSU-H-FDA) with a wavelength (473nm) that the higher the concentration, the lower
the power transmitted through the thin films (ZnSe) and it was found that the highest attenuation of laser
radiation was at the highest concentration (0.1 mole/L).

يهـدف هـذا البحـث الى تحضـر السـبيكة ( )Ti-6Al-4Nbباسـتخدام تقنيـة المسـاحيق ودراسـة الخصائـص
التركيبيـة و الفيزيائيـة لهـذه السـبيكة. مـن خـال فحـص حيـود الاشـعة السـينية ( )XRDودراسـة الخصائـص
الفيزيائيـة المتمثلـة (بالكثافتـن الظاهريـة والحجميـة والمسـامية وامتصاصيـة المـاء) حسـب نظريـة ارخميـدس،
اظهــرت نتائــج فحوصــات ( )XRDاطــوار المــواد الاساســية المكونــة للســبيكة اذ ظهــر التركيــب البلــوري
للتيتانيــوم مــن النــوع الســداسي المرصــوص ( )HCPوالالومنيــوم بنظــام مكعبــي متمركــز الأوجــه ()F.C.C
والنيوبيـوم بنظـام مكعـب متمركـز الجسـم ( ً )B.C.Cوظهـر ايضـا» طـورا ً جديـدا بعـد عمليـة التلديـن وهـو
الطـور ( ) AlNbTi2ذو تركيـب البلـوري المعينـي القائـم ( )Orthorhombicامـا نتائـج الفحوصـات الفيزيائيـة
اظهــرت ان ازديــاد درجــة حــرارة التلديــن تــؤدي الى زيــادة الكثافتــن (الظاهريــة والحجميــة ) وانـخفـــاض
فـي(المســامية وامتصـاصية المـاء.

In the present work, the stopping power of alpha particles, oxygen ions,
carbon ions and carbon ions in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer
was calculated for the energy range of (0.02 - 90000) MeV. The Beth-Bloch
equation was used to calculate the stopping power and the results were
compared with the experimental values of the SRIM2013 program. The results showed agreement with the experimental results, especially for low
energies

This research aims to prepare an (Ni-47Ti-3Cu) alloy using powder metallurgy and to
study the structural and mechanical properties of the alloy before and after sintering at
different temperatures. Nickel, titanium, and copper powders, with purities of (99.99%,
99.98%, and 99.95% respectively), were mixed together to achieve homogeneity. The mixture was then pressed at a pressure of (5 tons) for (2 minutes) to obtain cohesive samples.
The samples were then sintered at temperatures of (650°C, 750°C, 850°C, 950°C, 1050°C) for
(1hour). The structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical
microscopy (O.M), while the mechanical properties were examined using the Vickers hardness test. The XRD results revealed the formation of a new phase with a different crystal
structure from the elements used in the sample preparation. This new phase is (TiCuNi2)
with a rhombohedral crystal system. The optical microscopy examination provided information about the average grain size and porosity of the alloy. The Vickers hardness test results
indicated an improvement in the hardness of the alloy with an increase in the sintering
temperature.

In this work, Tin Sulphide (SnS) thin film has been deposited on a glass
substrate by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis. XRD pattern of SnS showed that
the film has a single crystalline structure, the crystallite size of film estimated by Scherrer’s eq and equal (46.9 nm). Results of AFM showed that the
SnS film has grain size, roughness, and RMS of the film equal 66.7, 2.8,
and 3.7 respectively. The optical properties were studied in the range of
300 to 900nm, and the transmittance increased as the wavelength increased
about 300 to 750 nm, it was found that with the lesser transmittance (94%)
,
the energy bandgap has a value of 3.85 eV. The extinction coefficient decreased at the lesser wavelength (300-350) nm and next the extinction coefficient stayed constant.

In this research, Babil Governorate, located south of Baghdad’s capital, was studied
by studying CRn. Ten areas were selected throughout the governorate and soil samples
were taken from those areas. The Rn-222 concentration and emission rates were measured by counting the effects of alpha particles emitted from Rn-222 gas using (CR-39
detector). It was noted that the highest percentage was in area No. 8, which is called
Al-Mutahiyah, where the concentration was (173Bq/m3) and the Rn-222 gas emission
rate was (463.14µBq/m2h), and the lowest percentage was in area No. 10, which is
called Al-Hashimiyah, where the CRn was (53Bq/m3) and the Rn-222 emission rate
was (138.94µBq/m2h). The other part of the work was to draw predictive maps for
areas with unknown concentrations using geographic information systems and remote
sensing technology, where interpolation technique was used to complete those maps.

In this research, the impact of adding nanoparticles to epoxy that are represented by
(copper oxide (CuO), nickel oxide (NiO), and chromium oxide (CrO)) was examined. The
manual method of forming was employed to create epoxy and nanofiber composites with
different weight ratios, mechanical tests and thermal checks were conducted for all of the
prepared composites. The outcomes of the impact test demonstrated that the extra weight
of the reinforcements increased the strength of epoxy, the highest value of durability was
achieved with the composite Ep-15% CuO, which was equal to (J/m 0.34). The results of the
hardness test demonstrated that the harderness of epoxy increases as the weight ratio of the
reinforcements increases, the highest hardness was achieved for the composite (EP-%CuO),
which has a thermal conductivity coefficient of (76.4) HB. The effect of the weight ratio of
the reinforcements on the thermal properties of all polymeric composites was also studied,
and the results showed that the thermal conductivity of all polymeric composites increases
as the weight ratio of the reinforcements increases. The highest value of this property was
achieved for the composite (Epoxy-CuO), which has a surface that is both uniform and
spread out, the effect of the weight ratio on the microstructure of the composite is also studied, and the results showed that the surface is smooth and lacks cracks.

In this research, we studied the effect of applying the reduced electric field E/N
on the electronic distribution function and on the electronic transfer parameters
(electron energy rate , characteristic energy , electron drift velocity , electron mobility , electron diffusion coefficient ) for pure nitrogen gas (N2) and gas Noble
xenon (Xe) and their mixtures in different concentrations. The main transfer parameters mentioned above were studied as a function of the reduced electric field
E/N for different values. Changing the concentration of xenon gas in the mixture
causes a change in the distribution function EEDF and as a result, a change occurs
in the electronic transfer parameters. The data obtained from the EEDF program
was plotted using the (MATLAB) program. The operations were conducted under
constant standard conditions, where gas pressure ,temperature, and the electron
concentration are 760 Torr, 273 K, 1×109 cm -3, respectively.

The important features of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), including good electrical conductivity, large surface area, and mechanical strength, have attracted widespread attention
in many fields. These features elevate rGO to an important position in optical applications
and energy technologies. In this study, a composite material was constructed by mixing
rGO with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), where PVP is a soluble, biocompatible, and flexible
polymer. The nanocomposite with various concentrations of rGO was produced and its optical capabilities were investigated. The optical properties of the prepared samples including
refractive index, optical conductivity, extinction coefficient, optical dielectric constant, and
loss tangent were improved with increasing rGO concentrations. Moreover, with increasing
rGO concentration, the optical energy gap of the synthesized composites decreased, indicating increased electronic transitions, and the PVP-G5 sample showed the lowest energy gap
value, indicating better electronic transfer. This work opens the way for the development of
effective, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly materials for various devices.

This study prepared thin films of CuS, a p-type semiconductor, on n-type silicon substrates to create an n-p junction The temperature (200 °C) and the results of X-ray diffraction showed that CuS thin film has a polycrystalline nature
of hexagonal (Hexagonal) and the preferred direction of growth (100). The optical properties proved the direct optical energy gap for the CuS thin film, which
equals 2.58 eV ,and the thickness of the CuS film equals 228.4 n m measured by
cross-section. Voltage-current illustrates diode behavior. Also, capacitance-voltage
measurements were performed where the built-in voltage was determined. This
study assumes a band diagram of the prepared heterojunction (pn)

In this study, the specific activity concentrations of ten samples of some imported food
items (flour, corn, lentils, beans, rice, pasta, okra, mung beans, chickpeas, and Indomie)
obtained from different origins were measured using the HPGe detector. From the measurement, it was observed that the average values of the specific activity concentrations
(238U, 232Th, 40K) were equal to (1.220±3.8 Bq/kg), (1.305±1.7 Bq/kg), (1.546±0.8 Bq/
kg) respectively. The results were lower than the global recommended values of (UNSCEAR,2000). The radiation hazard indicators [Raeq, DƔ, (AED) in, (AED) out, Hin, Hex
and Iɣ] were also studied and all the results obtained were lower than their corresponding
average values reported by (UNSCEAR, 2000). Therefore, the results of the present work
showed that all the samples of imported food studied are safe.

The objective of this study is to investigate the augmentation of the layer count in SnO2
thin films. Films were created on glass substrates using thermal spraying with different
numbers of sputters (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50). Based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern,
the films show a tetracrystalline structure, with the (110) direction displayed at the highest
intensity. The data show the generation of samples with crystal diameters ranging from 60 to
120 nm. Through the use of FESEM imaging, it is shown that the nanoparticles underwent
a shape transformation, moving from a spherical shape to an agglomerate-like structure in
response to changes in thickness, and this resulted in an increase in optical absorption and
a decrease in the optical band gap width from 3.93 eV to 3.83 eV. By manipulating the bias
voltage and light intensity, it was shown that the photocurrent showed exponential growth,
indicating a Schottky-like behavior in the current-voltage (IV) characteristics.

In this study zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method by using
Zinc nitrate and urea . ZnO powder tested by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and the
crystallite size determined by the Debye-Scherer equation was 38.69 nm . The
field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) For (ZnO)nanoparticles, showed that the particles is spherical form and agglomerations of some
nanoparticles with an average nanosize of (56.422 nm). The antibacterial activity was conducted using nano-zinc oxide against two types of positive bacterial isolates, represented by (Staphylococcus aureus) and (Staphylococcus
epidermidis isolates) and negative ones, represented by (Escherichia coli) and
(Klebsiella pneumonia isolates).

Owing to its temperature range, the images captured by the thermal cameras usually
characterized by a white hue in addition to the lack in contrast, overexposed, and underexposed areas which make the conventional contrast enhancement methods inadequate.
The current search presents an algorithm for enhancing the quality of infrared images
based on the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). The main
contribution of this work focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of contrast enhancement methods of infrared images to make the latter adequate in different applications.
The enhancing results suggest that CLAHE is more effective than Histogram Equalization (HE) in enhancing infrared images through its role in enhancing the visual details
in addition to occupy high rate values for both Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Hence, CLAHE has the ability at final to improve the
efficiency of infrared images in different potential applications, such as recognizing the
defects in metals as an example.

Noise pollution is a global issue that impacts educational environments, reducing the
efficiency of both students and teachers. Identifying its causes and sources enables the implementation of effective measures to mitigate noise pollution and protect both the environment and human health. In this study, a field survey was conducted for different locations
within the College of Education Campus, Al-Iraqia University. Indoor noise levels were
measured for 18 sites at three different times (9:00-11:00 AM, 12:00-2:00 PM and 3:00-
5:00 PM) using a sound level meter type (AS-M524). Noise measurements showed that the
highest average noise level was recorded during the afternoon, followed by the morning
and evening, respectively. The equivalent continuous noise level (L
eq
) was measured for all
readings, the lowest average of equivalent continuous noise level is 63.45 dB at the site Plant
Lab, while the highest average of equivalent continuous noise level is 80.06 dB at the site
Artificial Intelligence Lab. The average L
eq
noise level in the College of Education Campus,
Al-Iraqia University is 71.37 dB which exceeds the permissible limits set by both local and
international standards for educational institutions, due to the diverse noise sources within
the College of Education Campus result from student activities, administrative tasks, and
external environmental factors.

The ATOMOPM program was used to determine the effective central potential of
electrons in an atom using the variation principle. Following that, the reduced diagonal
Schrödinger equation method was utilized to calculate the potential integral and determine
the atomic potential of a single particle. The voltage rate is taken between repetitions till
self-consistency to calculate potential, wave state, orbital eigenvalues, and total energy.
The DIRACATOMOPM program was employed to numerically solve the Dirac equation
and turn it into a Schrödinger equation on the assumption that the interaction between
electrons is mediated by a Coulomb potential. Non-relativistic calculations were used to
approximate the a priori guess and begin the iteration process of solving the integral equation related to the relative potential calculations with the numerical solution of the Dirac
equation until reaching the self-consistent factor (SCF) to determine the effective mutual
potential, wave state, and total energy. The goal was to determine ratio of the X-ray intensity of the two lines (Kβ1, Kα1) for the noble gases and determine the relationship between the
wavelength of these lines and the atomic number as well as the relationship between the
X-ray intensity and frequency. The frequency was calculated using the Moseley equation,
and the wavelength and frequency of the X-ray intensity were determined. The results are
in good agreement with the theoretical and available experimental results.