JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES

Our research entitled (The other side of narcotic plants in the Islamic era: between therapeutic uses and legitimate reservations) dealt with a study of the use of narcotic plants for medical and therapeutic purposes, becoming part of the Islamic Medical heritage during the Islamic era . However, these plants had two contradictory aspects; one related to their medicinal benefits, and another related to the legal and ethical reservations surrounding their use. For the importance of identifying these two aspects, it is necessary to know what the Arabs and Muslims have done and the mechanism of dealing with these types of plants .

Drugs are a dangerous and deadly scourge that has recently begun to spread in all societies in an unprecedented manner, until it has become a danger that threatens these societies and portends collapse.
Through this research, we contribute to clarifying this matter and putting it in its proper place; because placing the issue of addiction in its true size, and estimating the extent of the risks and difficulties, determines the nature of the roles required to confront it, as well as how to use appropriate methods with the environment in which we live with its religious, political, economic and social circumstances.
To clarify the best ways to deal with the addict, contain him and help him, and ways to find safe family incubators to rescue and rehabilitate the addict, this required us to shed light in detail on drugs and their types, addiction, the multiple dimensions of the phenomenon of drug use and its effects, and to develop the appropriate treatment for it in a way that suits the different circumstances of our society and other details that were mentioned in the various chapters of the research

The problem of drug proliferation today represents a serious threat to all countries of the world, and at the individual and community levels in Iraq, as this problem is a scourge that destroys the body of Iraqi society because of the loss of human capital in addition to the loss of economic capital, and represents a great threat to human, social and economic security and a major breach of the fabric and community cohesion.
The spread of this problem and the aggravation of its occurrence make urgent calls for the adoption of national programs, security, control, health and preventive plans and policies taken by the state to prevent the problem from worsening more and more, especially if we know that its spread has led to the reproduction and generation of serious problems in the body of Iraqi society, thereby threatening its empowerment opportunities and raising the indicators of development and economic and social well-being of the country .
The spread of drugs in such a rapid way among members of society reflects the existence of a real human development problem, especially if we know that the most drug users are young people, most of whom are unemployed, with low levels of education and sometimes poor.
Drugs have been called the second face of terrorism, because just as terrorism violates freedoms and takes away rights and life, drugs do all this, but silently, they threaten the structure of society at its core and weaken its social cohesion.
The Iraqi governments have paid special attention to the issue of drugs since its inception, and the first general law (1933) was issued prohibiting and preventing their use, trafficking or abuse, and the Drugs Law No. 68 of 1965 was updated as it no longer fits the developments of the problem at the present time, as well as Iraq\\\\'s accession to a number of international conventions on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
This research came as an attempt to shed light on this problem and its importance and the most important goals that we seek, and the role of universities in spreading awareness and culture among students and clarifying the extent of its danger, as well as some types of drugs widespread in Iraq, the most important reasons that led to its spread, and knowledge of the health and psychological effects of drug users, and finally reached a set of recommendations and proposals .

This research sheds light on the policy of the United States of America towards the production and international trade of drugs during the period extending from 1969 to 1973, based on selections from official documents issued by the US State Department published on the website of the Ministry (Office of the historian). The research reviews the goals that the US administration sought to achieve, the measures it took at the local and international levels and their effects on the global drug trade, as well as the challenges that those policies faced.

The Arab community is currently seeking to achieve the process sustainable development by investing and developing human material and organizational resources so that it can confront the problems that hinder it sustainable development the drug problem is one of the most complex problems facing society in general as its to danger is almost equal to the danger of terrorism in the contemporary era the drug problem leads to the loss of public security and threatens economic and political life and there is relationship between drug users and committing crimes
Let’s danger lies in targeting the youth category who constitute the most productive category in society which makes the problem take a dangerous turn that must be addressed the cause diagnosed and appreciate solution’s put in place .

Drugs represent a very serious phenomenon that threatens the security, safety, and stability of societies. They also endanger the physical and mental health of individuals who use them, leading to the destruction of their lives and causing numerous diseases. Consequently, drug abuse results in the disintegration of families, the spread of crime, and the creation of fear and panic within an unhealthy environment. This, in turn, causes the deterioration of society’s overall condition and its inability to fulfill its social, economic, scientific, and religious roles.
The danger of this scourge lies in its ease of spreading among members of society and the difficulty of eradicating it. It also drains the economic resources of the state due to the high costs associated with treating drug addicts and combating illegal drug trafficking. Therefore, addressing this issue requires concerted efforts from all segments of society through awareness campaigns about its dangers, providing prevention and treatment methods, and adopting a comprehensive strategy that includes legal, social, cultural, and educational aspects. Strict laws must be imposed against drug dealers to deter such misguided groups and their followers, along with strengthening border controls to prevent the entry of these harmful substances into the country.
By doing so, we can ensure the development of an aware generation that holds a strong sense of responsibility to protect themselves and educate others in their community about these dangers. This will lead to the advancement and prosperity of society toward a better future.

The population is one of the most important social elements that suffer from collapse because of its great effects on all personal, family and societal levels, after the world has witnessed and is witnessing a great increase in this trade, as is the case with great economic effects, and the trade of these materials has many factors that help and contribute to this trade. Foodstuffs, whether foreign trade where these narcotic substances originate, or internal trade between the study area and other governorates. One of the most important factors that contribute to this trade is the diversity of terrain and the proximity of this diversity, which contributes to the difficulty of controlling the movement of smugglers, whether external or internal. The region also witnesses some days of the year some of the harsh climatic phenomena that have contributed to these days being like a shadow for smugglers. And those working in these materials, as it is difficult to monitor the movement of these smugglers From here, the idea of research and the problem began to determine the role of landforms and climate phenomena in the movement and trade of these deadly materials, and to find a set of solutions to stop or limit the trade of these materials and to overthrow and eliminate smugglers.

Drugs is regarded as a descriptive research with the primary goal of determining the causes of drug misuse and the consequences that follow. Through it, we attempt to determine the degree to which drug consumption is a widespread occurrence in Islamic society, as well as the fact that information might occasionally be ambiguous, necessitating interpretation and deduction. In order to formulate the research and balance its texts, the scientific method demands this. This is one of the most important issues facing society. In the majority of Islamic nations, the threat it poses is growing. Realizing how severe it is, this has prompted research into it and the conclusions that follow. The lack of original sources and the paucity of written material on these subjects, coupled with the fact that what is available from them consists solely of brief indications and information published in the sources and their folds, are the main causes of researchers\\' hesitancy to address these topics in particular. The current study includes an introduction, a conclusion, a list of references and sources, and two sections. The geographic distribution of drugs, an explanation of their emergence , and a list of their most significant types are all included in the first section. The second section discusses the legal position on drugs as well as the circumstances that encourage their usage. The most significant findings of the study are presented at the end.

The Portuguese were the first to introduce the narcotic opium opium to China, and then the British followed them in this direction through the English East India Company, as it began to monopolize its cultivation in northeast India and then export it to China legally at the beginning, and then its quantities began to gradually escalate until the Chinese empire became fed up with its frequent spread and excessive abuse by Chinese citizens, especially in the first half of the nineteenth century, which led to China's entry into a suffocating political, moral and economic crisis that led to a bloody conflict between her and Britain, which represented the rapid growth of Western imperialism, was known as The First Opium War (١٨٣٩-1٨٤٢), which many historians have described as (( the dirtiest war in history )) at the time, due to the use of opium by Britain as a weapon against China generated great social and economic damage to the Chinese people and the Chinese government .

The history of the Indian subcontinent is generally shrouded in considerable mystery, particularly before the Islamic conquest. India, specifically, is regarded as a region of significant cultural weight, having experienced successive civilizations over nearly five thousand years, each leaving a substantial cultural legacy across various fields. Muslims showed interest in the region, perceiving it as a source of wonders, rare treasures, valuable knowledge, and sciences. This led to the early arrival of Islam in India through traders who had connections with the region at the beginning of the Islamic era. However, Islam formally entered India on a larger scale under the leadership of the young commander Muhammad bin Qasim alThaqafi in 92 AH.

The study of India’s history during the Islamic rule is particularly distinctive, given the scarcity of scholarly research on that period. Several ruling dynasties governed the Indian subcontinent, with the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties being especially notable from 689 to 720 AH / 1290–1320 AD. India was governed under the Umayyad Caliphate for 332 years from 93 to 325 AH, with this era encompassing numerous historical and literary narratives, prominently including the Khalji dynasty (189–293 AH). The rule of these dynasties is considered a prosperous era in the history of India in general and, more specifically, in the history of Islamic emirates and states in the East, which emerged on Indian soil. Notably, the Mamluk dynasty and its rulers contributed significantly to establishing the Delhi Sultanate and the Khalji Sultanate due to their substantial services to Islam, spreading it to new areas within the subcontinent and solidifying its presence. They also advanced cultural aspects, particularlyحد in financial matters. Although the Khalji dynasty\\'s reign was relatively brief, it was rich in historical events and left a marked influence on the continuation of the Islamic Sultanate era in India, which lasted for approximately 330 years.

With the advent of Islam, Arab medicine began to grow and develop, and derived its foundations from ancient civilizations, especially the Greek civilization, where the Arabs revived the heritage of Greek medicine, and preserved it as the heritage of mankind, and Arab doctors did not stand at the limit of quoting, but reached the role of creativity, they opened the venerable medical references that included their own they set up hospitals and established medical schools.

Since 1990, the relationship between Iraq and its external environment has been highly linked, this environment has led to radical transformations in the internal and external conditions of Iraq, and all the assumptions set for this state (potentials, aspirations, interests and roles) have been overturned in Iraq.
The political, social, economic and cultural life in Iraq was eroded as a result of economic sanctions that extended from 1991 to the illegal American occupation in 2003, which led to unprecedented repercussions that pushed Iraq closer to disintegration and division.
The American invasion and occupation of Iraq and its occupation on April 9, 2003, constituted a dangerous turn in the history of international relations in the modern era.American forces and some forces from allied countries invaded Iraq contrary to what was established by the Charter of the United Nations, which set a dangerous precedent in relations between countries, especially in the era of international organization that prohibits the use of force in international relations.
The Arab policy towards Iraq in general has been based since the occupation on the principle of caution and caution and waiting until the picture becomes clearer, and this position prevailed over the Arab position during the first years of the American occupation of Iraq, but these countries realized that survival in this context threatens their interests and internal security, and therefore they joined the interaction the focus of resistance and moderation

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has worked since the time of its first founder, King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud (may Allah have mercy on him), and is still working to serve Islam and Muslims, spread the Islamic call, build Islamic and educational centers, bodies, and Islamic institutions all over the world in support of Muslims everywhere, and support their causes, in addition to providing scholarships for Muslim children to study at Saudi universities and institutes, as well as providing material and in-kind assistance .these efforts come within the sound approach drawn by its leaders, which clearly shows their commitment to the book and the Sunnah.

The creative writer carries this rebellious tendency, breaking restrictions, escaping from the captivity of subjects, protesting against prevailing values and looking for a way out of several political, social and economic crises. from this point of view, the term rebellion took thematic representations of the silent( religion, politics, sex), so the orientations about the silent differed, and due to its value in the literary arena, I highlighted it by analysis and study, and therefore a set of questions come to mind: what is the meaning of thematic representations of the silent in batwala's novel How did the silent timat materialize in this novel

The aim of this study is to identify the efforts of Dr. Karl Ernst and his many achievements in the field of Islamic studies in the United States of America, where he contributed over 30 years of teaching Islamic religious studies to spreading Islamic culture in European society. His history is full of many administrative works, and he was a brilliant personality with extensive activities on an international scale. During his scientific and academic career, he received many awards, grants and titles. Dr. Karl also mastered approximately seven languages and worked in the field of authorship and translation.

Studying the history of any personality is often linked to the great works that this personality has done, and the history of the entire world has dealt with many personalities who played an important role in shaping the historical events that the countries of the world have gone through, and French history is an important part of that history, as the history of that country has witnessed many personalities who played an important role in writing French history in particular, and European history in general.
Among the prominent personalities in the history of France is (Louis XVI), as France lived at that time in exceptional circumstances that no other country had witnessed, and this is represented by the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 AD, which had a great impact on shaping French policy in the period that followed.

The rule of the Aghlabid Emirate after the death of Ziyada Allah I in the year (223 AH / 837 AD) included a number of princes whose reigns were characterized by stability and calm, which is a natural matter. The first princes devoted their power to repelling the potential dangers from opponents, opponents, revolutionaries, and rebel soldiers, and laying the foundations of the emirate on solid foundations and consolidating it by adopting an internal policy based on... To reform, satisfy the subjects, and reassure their interests, one of the signs of the power and influence with which these princes who ruled the emirate after Ziyada Allah I prevented them from continuing their maritime hegemony over the island of Sicily and the other islands of the Mediterranean Sea. They built cities as a continuation of urbanization, including their construction of the city of Abbasiya in the year (227 AH/841 AD) near the city of Tahert, as a symbol of the alliance between the Aghlabids and the Abbasids and the establishment of the city of Raqqada by Prince Bin Ahmed (261-289 AH/874-901 AD) in the year (263 AH/876 AD).
It is worth noting that the city of Kairouan, which the Aghlabids used as their base at the beginning of their rule, not only retained its role as a political, economic, and cultural center, but also reached the peak of its urban, social, cultural, economic, and even political development in this historical era.

The nineteenth century is considered a profound turning point in the lives of human societies, especially in the lives of the working class, which began to forcefully make its way into the lives of nations and peoples, and which overthrew the system of government in order to obtain some of its rights, which had been oppressed and exploited by employers. Capitalists were able to clearly exploit workers, represented by the employment of children and women in textile factories and coal mines, long working hours, low wages that achieved only subsistence, and exposure to accidents, work injuries, and occupational diseases, such that the humanity of workers was wasted, and their lives became a continuous piece of toil, misery, and suffering

The period from 1958 to 1968 in Iraq witnessed profound social and cultural transformations that affected various aspects of life, including the field of education and educational media, this period was marked by the establishment of a number of Iraqi educational newspapers that played a pivotal role in spreading educational and cultural awareness among students, teachers and the general community, these newspapers came in the context of the efforts of the then Iraqi government to promote education and develop educational institutions by publishing modern educational ideas and new educational curricula, as well as discussing educational issues and problems facing the educational process in Iraq, these newspapers highlighted national and moral values, focused on consolidating identity It also provided an opportunity for teachers and students to express their opinions and participate in the dialogue on improving the level of education.at that time, Iraqi educational newspapers focused on keeping abreast of educational developments and meeting the growing needs of society for education, especially with the political changes that the country witnessed after the revolution of July 14, 1958.

Historical studies that monitor the nature of human relations between people and their reflection on the environment surrounding the personalities to be studied are one of the most difficult studies and topics, being the relationship on which attitudes are built, and the issue of leadership and its concept are among the topics that result in building any state, being the basic material on which any parent depends.
For example, the Umayyad Caliph had various powers, perhaps the most important of which is the political power, which consists in appointing leaders and governors, achieving stability and balancing during the unrest in the caliphate and taking matters of peace and war, and the selection of leaders by the caliphs was conducted according to fixed rules during the era of the Banu Umayyads, and that the principle of family loyalty and efficiency was adopted, which is almost a fixed rule when choosing these leaders, as well as that the selection of leaders in the Umayyad era was based on several foundations, perhaps the most prominent of which is strength and honesty with military experience and skill as well as Leadership experiences in governance.

This research gives the vision of the other in Islam in the thought of the Danish Orientalist Patricia Crone; one of the icons of contemporary Western Orientalism. First research have her personal knowledge.
Second research toke about analysis of her controversial writings about Islam had a great resonance in international circles, due to her presentation of a different image of the historical constants of Islam.

The military forces have shown an unparalleled role in the establishment of the Ottoman state and its continuation until its fall, as this state has become, since its foundation, of a purely military character, there is no dividing line between what is civilian and what is military in it, and as a result of this military character, the Ottomans increased their interest, from the beginning, in the development of their military institution and providing ways to promote it, because it represents the foundation of the state, and the Janissary forces represented the nucleus of the Ottoman military institution and the secret of its strength and the main foundation on which it relied. They raised the flag of Islam in many quarters, especially in Europe, and the Ottoman State spread across the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa and spread its limbs until it became a sprawling empire, because the Janissary soldiers were distinguished by great ability, sincerity and dedication in serving the state before their system became dysfunctional.

There is no doubt that the phenomenon of drugs, their abuse and addiction to them has become more like the pandemic that has spread all over the world, as it is no longer a phenomenon limited to a particular society or country, but rather that every country that has experienced it has taken its share of this terrible disease and has become a phenomenon that destabilizes the security of the state and endangers the safety of its children, because drugs and other intoxicants are as soon as it passed through a certain society, it did not throw their members to the hell of desires and barbaric pleasures, not to mention moral corruption, the spread of chaos, diseases and infectious epidemics, it really is a scourge Therefore, this phenomenon has received the attention of all states and international and regional bodies and the holding of many conferences and the conclusion of agreements to fight this scourge, which has become a solidarity responsibility not limited to one individual or society without another, but all efforts and energies must be joined to combat it, and therefore the study of this research is an attempt to its dangers and ways to prevent its evils.
The study included two researches, the first: dealing with talking about drugs, their types and classifications, while the second discussed the causes of drug abuse and its spread, as well as trying to find solutions and methods of treatment and Prevention of this dangerous scourge that devours humans and seeks to destroy societies .

The Opium War, also called the Anglo - Chinese war, was a series of military clashes fought between the British Empire and the Chinese Qing Dynasty between 1839 and 1842.the immediate issue was China's action to ban the opium trade by seizing private opium stocks from British merchants mainly in (Guangzhou) Guangzhou (then called Canton) and threatening to impose the death penalty on violators in the future.
Despite the opium ban, the British government supported the merchants ' demands for compensation for confiscated goods, insisted on the principles of Free Trade and equal diplomatic recognition with China. Opium was the most profitable commodity trade for Britain in the XIX century. After months of tensions between the two nations, the Royal Navy launched an expedition in March 1840, which eventually defeated the Chinese using technically superior ships and weapons by 1842. The British then imposed the Treaty of (Nanking) Nanjing, which forced China to increase foreign trade, make reparations, and cede Hong Kong Island to the British. As a result, the opium trade in China continued.

The Sultanate of Granada, which represented the last stronghold of the Muslims in the south of Andalusia and included the cities that did not fall into the hands of the Christians, and therefore it was its duty to protect Islam and Muslims, and this requires it to form a strong army capable of defending the truth; because the truth must have men to protect from the enemies surrounding it; for that it was trained and armed under strict command, it has a long history of fighting and has asked its Muslim neighbours for teams of volunteers In the first section, the military organization on land and sea was discussed, and in the second section, we dealt with the art of fighting and its tricks, and then concluded with the results of the research .

After 2003, Iraqi educational institutions began playing an important role in combating drugs, despite security and economic challenges. Schools and universities raised awareness among students about the dangers of drugs through curricula, seminars, and awareness campaigns. Workshops were also organized to support educational staff in dealing with this issue. Despite a lack of resources and government support, some efforts resulted in reducing drug use in certain areas, although it remains difficult to address the issue under the current circumstances.

The science of medicine and methods of treating patients in general, and hospitals in particular, were of great importance in the Islamic East, especially during the era of the Islamic emirates in the third and fourth centuries AH / ninth and tenth centries AD. Hospitals were considered one of the great achievements of the Islamic state during the semi-independent emirates
Muslims saw treating the patient regardless of his financial status as a moral duty. Most hospitals were open to everyone, males and females, young and old, rich and poor, Muslims and non-Muslims. These hospitals provided many services. They were centers for treatment, and a place and shelter for the elderly and the disabled who were afflicted with diseases. They received all the care and attention in the hospitals.
The establishment of the oldest hospital in Jundishapur in Persia, and the concentration of various sciences from different civilizations there, led to the creation of an advanced scientific environment before the arrival of Islamic civilization there. After the arrival of Islam to Persia, hospitals occupied an exceptional position among Muslims.
In this research entitled: ((Hospitals of the Emirates of the Islamic East and Methods of Treating Patients in the Third and Fourth Centuries AH/Ninth and Tenth Centuries AD)) we have attempted to study the stages of development of hospitals and the mechanism of treating patients during the eras of the semi-independent emirates in the East in this distinctive period of the history of the Abbasid state.
The research was divided, based on the descriptive analytical approach and relying on library information, into an introduction, two chapters, a number of axes, and a conclusion with the most prominent results reached by the research. The first chapter included: the definition of the hospital, its nature, importance, and types. As for the second chapter, it dealt with: hospitals and methods of treating patients in each of the Tahirid, Zaidi, and Saffarid emirates, and finally the Samanid emirate, and then the most prominent results reached by the research.

West Africa (Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana) has become a magnet for transnational organized crime. drug gangs have collaborated with local partners to turn the region into an important transit route to Europe and North America for illicit drugs produced in South America and Asia .West Africa has long produced cannabis Cannabis mainly for local consumption, but later became a producer and exporter of synthetic drugs such as amphetamine-type stimulants Amphetamine(ATS).
The drug trade is currently estimated at millions of dollars in West Africa, a region where the majority of countries are still among the poorest in the world .
The drug trade appeared in West Africa at a time when the region was suffering from years of political conflict and ongoing violence, which in turn created instability, resulting in a legacy of (fragile) government institutions, weak criminal systems exposed to all kinds of penetration by organized crime and facing many obstacles to counter drugs .
Since the late fifties and early sixties, the drug trade in West Africa(cocaine, cannabis, and other drugs) has expanded rapidly amid increased demand from the United States of America and Europe, and because of this increased demand, which led to the expansion of two trade routes passing through West Africa, one of which exports locally produced cannabis from West Africa to South Africa, Europe and Asia, the other transports cocaine from Latin America and heroin from Afghanistan and Southeast Asia to Europe and the United States of America on both routes.
Drug traffickers have exploited the geographical location of West Africa as an intermediate point between the ancient trade route between Latin America and western Asia to Europe and the United States of America, as well as the borders of West Africa, which suffer from poor control and widespread corruption .

The noble biography of the Prophet was a fertile field for study and investigation, because of the situations and events that formed the basis of the cultural and spiritual transformation in the Arabian Peninsula, and then in the whole world. This blessed biography was marked by a clear conflict between the call for monotheism, which was brought by the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and the social, political and economic forces that were dominant at that time in Mecca, foremost of which were the leaders of the Quraysh who were known as Al-Ata, such as Abu Jahl, Umayyah Ibn Khalaf, Abu Lahab, al-Walid Ibn al-Mughira, and others who took a position of extreme hostility towards Islam and Muslims, and sought to fight the call by various means. But it is remarkable in this context that some of the Sons of these old men took a different path from the path of their fathers, so they entered Islam after they saw signs of guidance, or after witnessing the collapse of polytheistic attitudes and the victory of the word of monotheism. These transformations have contributed to the formation of a new class of companions who came from homes that have long been known to be very hostile to DA'wa, highlighting the profound impact of the ideological transformation that Islam has brought about in souls and tribal environments alike. Tracing the names and genealogies of these children, their upbringing under hostile parents, and their transition to the ranks of believers reveals unique human, educational and social features, reflecting the extent to which Islam is able to overcome psychological and social barriers, and its recovery of souls from the mud of ignorance to the light of faith. The importance of this topic is shown in the fact that it not only shows the nominal and relative side of these individuals, but also highlights their roles in the Islamic stage, the extent of their interaction with the new Islamic Society, and their position in the system of values and legislation established by Islam. This research is also an important introduction to understanding the dynamics of change that has occurred in the structure of Makkah society, through extrapolating the biography of the Sons of Al-Ata'a, analyzing the motives of their joining the ranks of Muslims, and the attitude of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) to them, after they carried a heavy legacy from their fathers. These positions would not have received attention if it had not been for their fame in ignorance, roles in Islam, or direct association with the leaders of the Quraysh rejection, which made the study of their lives a necessity that contributes to filling a knowledge vacuum in this area of the prophetic biography.

This research deals with the study of relations between Medina, Iraq and the Islamic Mashreq until the end of the Umayyad period, highlighting the political, religious, social and economic dimensions of these ties. This period witnessed a significant development in relations between Medina, as an important religious center, and the new Islamic cities that emerged as a result of the Islamic conquests.
The research illustrates how Medina spiritually influenced these lands, especially in the field of religious guidance and the dissemination of Islamic teachings, as well as the impact of political events in it on the Levant. The research also reviews economic factors, such as trade and market movement, that have contributed to enhancing communication between the city and Islamic cities.
The research seeks to provide a comprehensive vision on the impact of Umayyad policies on relations between Medina and the Levant, in addition to studying the impact of cultural communication between these emerging Islamic centers.

International law combated the drug problem through preventive and therapeutic measures. International preventive measures were represented by international control tools, namely international restrictions on the detection of drugs, through a system of estimates of countries’ needs for narcotic drugs and imposing licenses for authorization and circulation, stating the type of drugs to be produced and the ways of consuming and distributing them, imposing international restrictions on doctors and pharmacists, creating an international legal system for control and inventory and a system for international inspection of activities related to narcotic drugs, combating money laundering resulting from drug trafficking, and additional international measures to combat drug trafficking.
Another international preventive measure is controlled delivery, which allows illegal shipments of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances to continue their way outside the territory of one or more countries and pass through or into them, provided that this is done with the knowledge and under the supervision of the competent authorities to reveal the identity of the persons involved in committing the crimes. There are forms of controlled delivery, either internal controlled delivery, which is subject to all national legislation that allows this, or external controlled delivery, where the illegal shipment of drugs is allowed, after it is discovered, to leave the country or countries with the aim of discovering the persons involved in drug crimes.

When the Iraqi Kingdom was established and King Fasil bin Al-Hassan was crowned on the throne of Iraq in 1921, the Law of Associations and Parties was issued in 1922. The Ministry of Interior authorized three parties in the same year. Party life continued from 1935, when freedoms were restricted. When World War II broke out (1939-1945), the British government instructed the Iraqi government to ease a number of political restrictions. Regent Abdul-Ilah delivered a speech in the lobby of the capital’s secretariat in Baghdad to members of the Senate and the House of Representatives about the government’s intention to restore political life and open the way for political parties to work. Requests were submitted by the parties, and on April 2, 1946, the Ministry of Interior authorized five political parties and issued newspapers that spoke on behalf of the party. Some of them continued until 1954, when all parties were abolished by the Ministry of Interior, and party life stopped until the revolution of 1958

The study of drugs has received the attention of researchers around the world, especially in the United States of America, as it is the number one enemy of national security, especially since these narcotic substances were used during the Cold War to target young people and were the sixth column.
The global drug problem represents a multi-faceted challenge that affects the lives of millions around the world, at the level of individuals suffering from drug use disorders, as well as communities struggling with the consequences of drug trafficking and organized crime. The US administration has taken this problem as a tool to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. It played an important role in its diplomacy for long periods until the present day.

This research dealt with the tools of the people of Dhimmah during the period of the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph Omar bin Abdul Aziz (99101 AH / 717720 AD), which was characterized by justice and tolerance of worship. It highlights the search for reformism pursued by the Caliph towards the dhimmis, including measures related to them and some of their rights, working at the state level together, and joining the principles of Islamic law that contribute to justice and equality.

Yathrib, known today (as Medina), was one of the most important cities on the Arabian Peninsula before Islam. The city was famous for its strategic location between the main trade routes, as it connected the south of the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant, which made it a center of trade and a junction for caravans. Economic activities in Yathrib diversified, but trade remained one of the main pillars of the local economy, contributing to providing residents with necessary goods and strengthening ties with other communities.

This research deals with the study of the internal security measures adopted by the Abbasid caliph Nasir-ud-Din Allah, focusing on the administrative aspect of those measures. It aims to analyze the tools and means used by him in controlling the internal situation and reorganizing the administrative apparatus to strengthen the power of the centralized state. The research was based on reliable historical sources and focused on the analysis of follow-up and monitoring policies, mechanisms for appointing and holding governors accountable, and the postal system as a security tool. The study concluded that Caliph Al-Nasser sought to build an interconnected internal security system, but it was affected by the complexities of the political reality and the conditions of disintegration experienced by the Abbasid state in its last stage.