JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES

Our research entitled (The other side of narcotic plants in the Islamic era: between therapeutic uses and legitimate reservations) dealt with a study of the use of narcotic plants for medical and therapeutic purposes, becoming part of the Islamic Medical heritage during the Islamic era . However, these plants had two contradictory aspects; one related to their medicinal benefits, and another related to the legal and ethical reservations surrounding their use. For the importance of identifying these two aspects, it is necessary to know what the Arabs and Muslims have done and the mechanism of dealing with these types of plants .

Drugs are a dangerous and deadly scourge that has recently begun to spread in all societies in an unprecedented manner, until it has become a danger that threatens these societies and portends collapse.
Through this research, we contribute to clarifying this matter and putting it in its proper place; because placing the issue of addiction in its true size, and estimating the extent of the risks and difficulties, determines the nature of the roles required to confront it, as well as how to use appropriate methods with the environment in which we live with its religious, political, economic and social circumstances.
To clarify the best ways to deal with the addict, contain him and help him, and ways to find safe family incubators to rescue and rehabilitate the addict, this required us to shed light in detail on drugs and their types, addiction, the multiple dimensions of the phenomenon of drug use and its effects, and to develop the appropriate treatment for it in a way that suits the different circumstances of our society and other details that were mentioned in the various chapters of the research

The problem of drug proliferation today represents a serious threat to all countries of the world, and at the individual and community levels in Iraq, as this problem is a scourge that destroys the body of Iraqi society because of the loss of human capital in addition to the loss of economic capital, and represents a great threat to human, social and economic security and a major breach of the fabric and community cohesion.
The spread of this problem and the aggravation of its occurrence make urgent calls for the adoption of national programs, security, control, health and preventive plans and policies taken by the state to prevent the problem from worsening more and more, especially if we know that its spread has led to the reproduction and generation of serious problems in the body of Iraqi society, thereby threatening its empowerment opportunities and raising the indicators of development and economic and social well-being of the country .
The spread of drugs in such a rapid way among members of society reflects the existence of a real human development problem, especially if we know that the most drug users are young people, most of whom are unemployed, with low levels of education and sometimes poor.
Drugs have been called the second face of terrorism, because just as terrorism violates freedoms and takes away rights and life, drugs do all this, but silently, they threaten the structure of society at its core and weaken its social cohesion.
The Iraqi governments have paid special attention to the issue of drugs since its inception, and the first general law (1933) was issued prohibiting and preventing their use, trafficking or abuse, and the Drugs Law No. 68 of 1965 was updated as it no longer fits the developments of the problem at the present time, as well as Iraq\'s accession to a number of international conventions on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
This research came as an attempt to shed light on this problem and its importance and the most important goals that we seek, and the role of universities in spreading awareness and culture among students and clarifying the extent of its danger, as well as some types of drugs widespread in Iraq, the most important reasons that led to its spread, and knowledge of the health and psychological effects of drug users, and finally reached a set of recommendations and proposals .

This research sheds light on the policy of the United States of America towards the production and international trade of drugs during the period extending from 1969 to 1973, based on selections from official documents issued by the US State Department published on the website of the Ministry (Office of the historian). The research reviews the goals that the US administration sought to achieve, the measures it took at the local and international levels and their effects on the global drug trade, as well as the challenges that those policies faced.

The Arab community is currently seeking to achieve the process sustainable development by investing and developing human material and organizational resources so that it can confront the problems that hinder it sustainable development the drug problem is one of the most complex problems facing society in general as its to danger is almost equal to the danger of terrorism in the contemporary era the drug problem leads to the loss of public security and threatens economic and political life and there is relationship between drug users and committing crimes
Let’s danger lies in targeting the youth category who constitute the most productive category in society which makes the problem take a dangerous turn that must be addressed the cause diagnosed and appreciate solution’s put in place .

Drugs represent a very serious phenomenon that threatens the security, safety, and stability of societies. They also endanger the physical and mental health of individuals who use them, leading to the destruction of their lives and causing numerous diseases. Consequently, drug abuse results in the disintegration of families, the spread of crime, and the creation of fear and panic within an unhealthy environment. This, in turn, causes the deterioration of society’s overall condition and its inability to fulfill its social, economic, scientific, and religious roles.
The danger of this scourge lies in its ease of spreading among members of society and the difficulty of eradicating it. It also drains the economic resources of the state due to the high costs associated with treating drug addicts and combating illegal drug trafficking. Therefore, addressing this issue requires concerted efforts from all segments of society through awareness campaigns about its dangers, providing prevention and treatment methods, and adopting a comprehensive strategy that includes legal, social, cultural, and educational aspects. Strict laws must be imposed against drug dealers to deter such misguided groups and their followers, along with strengthening border controls to prevent the entry of these harmful substances into the country.
By doing so, we can ensure the development of an aware generation that holds a strong sense of responsibility to protect themselves and educate others in their community about these dangers. This will lead to the advancement and prosperity of society toward a better future.

The population is one of the most important social elements that suffer from collapse because of its great effects on all personal, family and societal levels, after the world has witnessed and is witnessing a great increase in this trade, as is the case with great economic effects, and the trade of these materials has many factors that help and contribute to this trade. Foodstuffs, whether foreign trade where these narcotic substances originate, or internal trade between the study area and other governorates. One of the most important factors that contribute to this trade is the diversity of terrain and the proximity of this diversity, which contributes to the difficulty of controlling the movement of smugglers, whether external or internal. The region also witnesses some days of the year some of the harsh climatic phenomena that have contributed to these days being like a shadow for smugglers. And those working in these materials, as it is difficult to monitor the movement of these smugglers From here, the idea of research and the problem began to determine the role of landforms and climate phenomena in the movement and trade of these deadly materials, and to find a set of solutions to stop or limit the trade of these materials and to overthrow and eliminate smugglers.

Drugs is regarded as a descriptive research with the primary goal of determining the causes of drug misuse and the consequences that follow. Through it, we attempt to determine the degree to which drug consumption is a widespread occurrence in Islamic society, as well as the fact that information might occasionally be ambiguous, necessitating interpretation and deduction. In order to formulate the research and balance its texts, the scientific method demands this. This is one of the most important issues facing society. In the majority of Islamic nations, the threat it poses is growing. Realizing how severe it is, this has prompted research into it and the conclusions that follow. The lack of original sources and the paucity of written material on these subjects, coupled with the fact that what is available from them consists solely of brief indications and information published in the sources and their folds, are the main causes of researchers' hesitancy to address these topics in particular. The current study includes an introduction, a conclusion, a list of references and sources, and two sections. The geographic distribution of drugs, an explanation of their emergence , and a list of their most significant types are all included in the first section. The second section discusses the legal position on drugs as well as the circumstances that encourage their usage. The most significant findings of the study are presented at the end.

The Portuguese were the first to introduce the narcotic opium opium to China, and then the British followed them in this direction through the English East India Company, as it began to monopolize its cultivation in northeast India and then export it to China legally at the beginning, and then its quantities began to gradually escalate until the Chinese empire became fed up with its frequent spread and excessive abuse by Chinese citizens, especially in the first half of the nineteenth century, which led to China's entry into a suffocating political, moral and economic crisis that led to a bloody conflict between her and Britain, which represented the rapid growth of Western imperialism, was known as The First Opium War (١٨٣٩-1٨٤٢), which many historians have described as (( the dirtiest war in history )) at the time, due to the use of opium by Britain as a weapon against China generated great social and economic damage to the Chinese people and the Chinese government .

The history of the Indian subcontinent is generally shrouded in considerable mystery, particularly before the Islamic conquest. India, specifically, is regarded as a region of significant cultural weight, having experienced successive civilizations over nearly five thousand years, each leaving a substantial cultural legacy across various fields. Muslims showed interest in the region, perceiving it as a source of wonders, rare treasures, valuable knowledge, and sciences. This led to the early arrival of Islam in India through traders who had connections with the region at the beginning of the Islamic era. However, Islam formally entered India on a larger scale under the leadership of the young commander Muhammad bin Qasim alThaqafi in 92 AH.

The study of India’s history during the Islamic rule is particularly distinctive, given the scarcity of scholarly research on that period. Several ruling dynasties governed the Indian subcontinent, with the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties being especially notable from 689 to 720 AH / 1290–1320 AD. India was governed under the Umayyad Caliphate for 332 years from 93 to 325 AH, with this era encompassing numerous historical and literary narratives, prominently including the Khalji dynasty (189–293 AH). The rule of these dynasties is considered a prosperous era in the history of India in general and, more specifically, in the history of Islamic emirates and states in the East, which emerged on Indian soil. Notably, the Mamluk dynasty and its rulers contributed significantly to establishing the Delhi Sultanate and the Khalji Sultanate due to their substantial services to Islam, spreading it to new areas within the subcontinent and solidifying its presence. They also advanced cultural aspects, particularlyحد in financial matters. Although the Khalji dynasty\'s reign was relatively brief, it was rich in historical events and left a marked influence on the continuation of the Islamic Sultanate era in India, which lasted for approximately 330 years.

With the advent of Islam, Arab medicine began to grow and develop, and derived its foundations from ancient civilizations, especially the Greek civilization, where the Arabs revived the heritage of Greek medicine, and preserved it as the heritage of mankind, and Arab doctors did not stand at the limit of quoting, but reached the role of creativity, they opened the venerable medical references that included their own they set up hospitals and established medical schools.

Since 1990, the relationship between Iraq and its external environment has been highly linked, this environment has led to radical transformations in the internal and external conditions of Iraq, and all the assumptions set for this state (potentials, aspirations, interests and roles) have been overturned in Iraq.
The political, social, economic and cultural life in Iraq was eroded as a result of economic sanctions that extended from 1991 to the illegal American occupation in 2003, which led to unprecedented repercussions that pushed Iraq closer to disintegration and division.
The American invasion and occupation of Iraq and its occupation on April 9, 2003, constituted a dangerous turn in the history of international relations in the modern era.American forces and some forces from allied countries invaded Iraq contrary to what was established by the Charter of the United Nations, which set a dangerous precedent in relations between countries, especially in the era of international organization that prohibits the use of force in international relations.
The Arab policy towards Iraq in general has been based since the occupation on the principle of caution and caution and waiting until the picture becomes clearer, and this position prevailed over the Arab position during the first years of the American occupation of Iraq, but these countries realized that survival in this context threatens their interests and internal security, and therefore they joined the interaction the focus of resistance and moderation

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia has worked since the time of its first founder, King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al Saud (may Allah have mercy on him), and is still working to serve Islam and Muslims, spread the Islamic call, build Islamic and educational centers, bodies, and Islamic institutions all over the world in support of Muslims everywhere, and support their causes, in addition to providing scholarships for Muslim children to study at Saudi universities and institutes, as well as providing material and in-kind assistance .these efforts come within the sound approach drawn by its leaders, which clearly shows their commitment to the book and the Sunnah.

The creative writer carries this rebellious tendency, breaking restrictions, escaping from the captivity of subjects, protesting against prevailing values and looking for a way out of several political, social and economic crises. from this point of view, the term rebellion took thematic representations of the silent( religion, politics, sex), so the orientations about the silent differed, and due to its value in the literary arena, I highlighted it by analysis and study, and therefore a set of questions come to mind: what is the meaning of thematic representations of the silent in batwala's novel How did the silent timat materialize in this novel

The aim of this study is to identify the efforts of Dr. Karl Ernst and his many achievements in the field of Islamic studies in the United States of America, where he contributed over 30 years of teaching Islamic religious studies to spreading Islamic culture in European society. His history is full of many administrative works, and he was a brilliant personality with extensive activities on an international scale. During his scientific and academic career, he received many awards, grants and titles. Dr. Karl also mastered approximately seven languages and worked in the field of authorship and translation.