JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES

The importance of the research lies in constructing and standardizing a scale of psychological stress for junior basketball players. The problem of the research is that psychological stress can be considered as one of the important problems faced by most junior basketball players, as it is characterized by a negative impact such as weak physical fitness that is reflected in the performance of their activities in addition to weakening the player\'s self-confidence. It also affects the player’s skills and physical abilities. The research aims at building and standardizing a scale for psychological stress for basketball juniors. The researcher used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research problem. the sample consisted of (167) players from Diyala Governorate\'s basketball clubs. As for the research conclusions, the researcher reached the achievement of the research goal of building and standardizing a scale for psychological stress for basketball juniors and then setting standard levels for the scale.

The importance of the research can be seen in designing a test for physical ability, speed of distinctive power of the arms as to help the coach and player in evaluating this ability according to a specialized performance that does not deviate from the level of real performance of the wrestling game and its grips using the wrestling dummy. It is an attempt to evaluating both the training and the real player's level.
The objectives:
1- Designing and Standardizing a Test of Measuring the Distinctive Power by the Speed of the Arms Using the Wrestling Dummy for Wrestlers Aged (13-15) years.
2- Finding standards and levels to measure the distinctive speed strength of the arms using the wrestling dummy for wrestlers aged (13-15) years.
The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method, which is the most appropriate approach for testing and measurement research that helps design the required tests. The research sample was selected, and they represent the construction and exploratory experiment samples. The sample was exactly (50) wrestlers which has been selected randomly.
Conclusions:
1- The test designed by the researcher is able to detect the level of distinctive speed strength at the age of (13-15) years.
2- The research sample was distributed over four levels, which are ascending (acceptable, average, good, very good).
1- The largest percentages in distinctive speed strength at the age of (13-15) years were concentrated at the average level.

The research aims at identifying the effect of the dynamic learning strategy with educational supports in learning some basic skills in table tennis for students and to explore the best group. The problem of the research lies in finding ways to achieve the best learning by providing assistance and support to the learner in cases of delay that occur during the learning stages to record the best results due to the features of the game characterized by speed. The sample consisted of (20) students who were randomly selected from the second year students of the Department of Physical Education at the College of Basic Education at Karmian University, and their average age was (20-22) years who are disciplinarian and attend regularly the academic year (2023-2024) . They have been tested in serving and in both the forehand and backhand skills in table tennis. The sample was divided into two groups. The first is the experimental group who learned the three basic skills with the dynamic learning strategy with educational supports. While the second group is the control group who learned the same skills in the method followed in the table tennis hall according to the department's curriculum.

The aim of the research is to identify the physical education teachers’ different attitudes towards the scouting movement in intermediate schools in Kirkuk Governorate according to the academic qualification and the years of scouting experience. As far as the research hypothesis is concerned, it states that there are statistically significant differences in the physical education teachers’ attitudes in the intermediate schools towards the scouting movement in Kirkuk Governorate according to the academic qualification and the years of scouting experience. Due to suitability and the nature of the research problem, the researchers used the descriptive approach with the survey method. The research community consisted of (302) male and female physical education teachers in intermediate schools in Kirkuk city center for the academic year (2023-2024). They have been selected intentionally, while the research sample was selected randomly which consists of (265) male and female teachers: (170 male) (95 female). After excluding the exploratory experiment sample of (10) of them in addition to others of (27) whose answers to the scale could not be obtained, the sample percentage of the original research community reached (87.74). The researchers used the statistical package (SPSS) to get the results as well as the Arithmetic Mean, Standard Deviation, Analysis of Variance, and the law of Least Significant Difference (LSD). The researchers reached several conclusions. The most important of these conclusions is that the attitudes of male and female physical education teachers towards the scouting movement for intermediate schools did not vary or differ due to the academic qualifications represented by the university degree (bachelor's, master's, doctorate), and on the contrary, it is founded that years of teaching experience play an effective role for both male and female. Teaching experience showed significant differences in favor of the study sample with more experience. According to the research results, the researchers recommend several recommendations, the most important of which is to support differently to the scouting movement by the Ministry of Education. Also there should me an emphasis on developing leaders through special courses on an ongoing basis to be in touch with the latest developments in the scouting movement. Moreover, it is recommended to conduct some other studies similar to the present study for all stages and levels

The research aims at identifying the relationship between motivation and self-intelligence of basketball players and the players’ skill of correct shooting through applying two scales. The first is of Assistant Professor Zainab Naji Ali (PhD), University of Baghdad, College of Education for Girls, entitled Self-motivation among university students, consisting of (27) paragraphs and distributed over three areas - the need for achievement - the need for belonging - the need for strength); and the second scale is self-intelligence scale of Hadeel Ali Jabr Al-Shammari entitled Self-intelligence among students of distinguished schools, University of Baghdad, College of Education for Girls) as the scale consists of (38) paragraphs distributed over (7) areas (psychological states, intentions, motives, moods and desires, self-discipline, self-understanding). The sample of the present research consists of (15) players, as well as a basketball shooting test. The researcher uses the descriptive approach with reference to the correlation relationship between the research variables through processing the data with the statistical package (SPSS). The research problem regarding self-motivation is that the weakness of students' possession of self-motivation exposes them to weak compatibility in performance and thus that leads to failures and become an obstacle between them and the performance as a whole which gives unsatisfactory results. As for self-intelligence, it helps students to identify their strong and weak points, trust, mental and physical abilities to achieve good results with invest time and less effort. Thus, the results concluded in a positive direction as both scales complete each other and influence positively on the students' basketball shooting skill. The study recommended emphasizing on the development of self-intelligence among students to prepare a good generation, invest time in identifying their strength and weakness through using the scales in studying other variables in different sports.

The research aims to identify the impact of the level of E-governance on the level of sports investment in Iraqi sports institutions. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method. Due to the nature of the research, the researcher selected a deliberate sample of (156) individuals from members of the administrative staff of sports clubs, members of sports federations, club presidents, members of legal units in sports federations, and members of the legal division of the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The researcher divided the research sample into a survey study sample: consisting of (31) individuals for the purpose of standardizing the questionnaire form from the original research community and from outside the basic study sample, and a basic study sample: consisting of (125) individuals for the purpose of applying the questionnaire form for the research. The researcher designed a questionnaire form for individuals and categories of the research community. Among the most important results reached are the external determinants represented in "regulating competition and preventing monopolistic practices, legislation, laws and procedures regulating sports institutions, the efficiency of the regulatory body necessary to follow up on sports investment projects, the efficiency of the financial system that allows the establishment of sports investment projects, the general situation for investment in economic activity", ensuring financial reports in the sports institution and the opinion of the auditor.

The importance of the research is to shed the light on the use of learning methods to get some basic skills improved through playing situations in Handball in order to develop the learners’ level of technical performance. The aim of the study is to identify the effectiveness of using the learning method. As far as the study hypothesis, there are differences between the study variables. It showed creativity from the training center for the intermediate level in the department of education, Hit (for the academic year 2022/2023). The sample of the study consists of (10) players representing 70% of the original community. Three players were selected to conduct the practical experiment. Due to the players age, the elder players were excluded according to the regulations of the Centre. The learning method through playing certain situations in handball is proved to be an effective method for learning handball skills. The learning method proves a positive impact in learning attacking skill for the sample of the study. Using the learning method may lead also to positive results for other educational stages with other sample that increase the competition.

The aim of the research is to identify and prepare special exercises to develop the accuracy and performance of the (10m) kick after the fifth mistake for futsal players. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research. The sample has been selected intentionally, and they are 12 futsal players from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala. They are divided into two groups, the experimental and control groups. Six players have been selected to represent each group. All represented the research community. The researcher finds out that continuous and repeated training helps in developing the accuracy and fulfillment of the 10m kick after the fifth mistake for futsal players. As a result of applying the basic steps of the special exercises, the researcher finds a kind of development in the skill of performing accurately of the 10m kick after the fifth mistake for futsal players. This indicates that the plans of the special exercises have been prepared correctly and the early and gradual use of exercises serve this development and help in developing the tactical and skill performance of the research sample. The researcher recommends that those who are interested in the game get benefits from these special exercises. The emphasis on training this skill early with young age groups, the necessity of giving sufficient time, and the necessity of adopting the special exercises prepared by the researcher all contribute to developing the accuracy of scoring for fixed cases.

The purpose of this study is to determine how a short-term diet program altered body shape and blood variables in obese men in Garmian-Kurdistan (Iraq). A total of 40 obese men were the sample of this investigation. The diet program is the sole focus of weight loss. Body fat, Basel metabolic rate (BMR), and body mass index (BMI) were all calculated to assess body composition. Blood variables comprising total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), systolic and diastolic respiratory rate were assessed prior to and following the short-term weight loss. Weight, body fat, BMR, and BMI all reduced considerably in the post-test (t = 3.978 P value 0.07, t = 4.895 P value 0.02, t = 3.202 P value 0.003, and t = 1.182 P value 0.02, respectively). The last test revealed a significant reduction in the levels of total cholesterol (t = 9.711 P value 0.002), TG (t = 6.579 P value 0.06), systolic (t = 1.099 P value 0.01), and diastolic (t = 1.297 P value 0.01) blood pressure. As the detrimental effects of total cholesterol and TG on blood pressure gradually increase patient’s health, conclusion during a month, both low-carbohydrate and low-fat dietary regimens shown more prominent weight loss results compared to people who did not experience any dietary mediation. In spite of the fact that there were slight varieties in weight loss among individuals, these disparities are unlikely to hold significant importance for people looking for to shed pounds. Consequently, this finding fortifies the recommendation of endorsing a diet program to patients pointing to achieve weight loss. It is anticipated that recommendations for a diet program without health risks would be necessary.

The aim of the research is to prepare a proposed approach using therapeutic exercises for the wrist joint muscles, to identify the effect of a proposed approach using therapeutic exercises in the rehabilitation of wrist joint muscle injuries among players of the northern division in volleyball. The researcher used the experimental method with two experimental and control groups as it is the most appropriate method to address the research problem. The research community consisted of players from the first division clubs in Iraqi Kurdistan in volleyball, represented by (Sulaymaniyah: Sulaymani Club, Azadi Club, Sarjnar Club, Raparin: Rania Club, Hajiawa Club. Erbil: Saladin Summer Club, Koya Club First Division, Dokan Club First Division, Kirkuk: Solaf Club, Bastmli Club First Division, Shirwana Club First Division, Khanaqin Club First Division). The research sample was chosen randomly by drawing lots, and they were from the injured players in Kirkuk clubs, numbering (10) players, divided into two clubs, divided into two groups: the experimental group represented by Solaf Club, and the control group represented by Bastmli Club, with (4) players for each club. Through the results that appeared, the researcher concluded that the proposed rehabilitation approach has a positive effect in treating the wrist joint, and there are significant differences between the results of the research tests (pre-post) in favor of the post-test and between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group that used the proposed approach using rehabilitation exercises for volleyball players. The application of therapeutic exercises led to a noticeable improvement in strength and accuracy of performing the smash hit with the volleyball and the range of motion. The effect of the prepared approach on the wrist joint injury in the variables under study was good, as there was a large difference in the results of improvement in the injury under study in the experimental group, as the prepared approach contributed directly to reducing the rehabilitation period for the injured and ensuring their rapid return to their normal lives. The researcher recommends emphasizing the use of therapeutic exercises and the rehabilitation approach for serious injuries, and emphasizing the use of fixed and mobile exercises within the components of the rehabilitation approach based on anatomical and mechanical foundations when preparing the approach, and continuing to perform various rehabilitation exercises (strength, stretching and flexibility) at different periods for the purpose of prevention and preventing recurrence of the injury.

The research aims at measuring the level of anxiety among students of the Middle Technical University in table tennis through measuring the anxiety rate and knowing the level of anxiety among students of the Technical Administration Institute. The researchers used the descriptive approach with the survey method. The researchers selected a sample of (60) male students, the first and second stages of the academic year 2023-2024, who play table tennis. The researchers use the Spilberger scale, which consists of (20) paragraphs. The results were mainly the high and different level of anxiety among university students from playing table tennis (severe anxiety - above average anxiety - normal anxiety – no anxiety) among students. Standard levels were set for a scale to measure the level of anxiety among students of the Middle Technical University in table tennis. Feeling tired and bored increase anxiety among students. Low self-confidence increases anxiety among the students. One of the most important recommendations was the importance of the use of the scale for measuring the level of anxiety among university students who play table tennis, working necessarily to remove the factors that may lead to anxiety among university students; and developing special programs to reduce the level of anxiety.

The importance of the present research lies in the most important training methods, including the longitudinal method and its relationship to develop the speed-specific strength and the skills of passing and trapping the ball in football. As for the research problem, the researcher tends to find new methods and techniques that improve the youth players’ physical skills. One of these styles is the longitudinal training method. As far as the objectives of the study are concerned, they are to prepare exercises in the longitudinal training method and identify them in developing the speed-specific strength of passing and trapping skills. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the problem. The sample was selected from the youth players of Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya Club, consisting of (20) players from the football season (2023-2024). The most important conclusions were that the use of the longitudinal training method has a significant impact on the strength characterized by speed and the skills of passing and trapping the ball for the experimental group. The clear progressing of the experimental group over the control group indicates the success of using the longitudinal training method.

The research included an introduction and its importance, and the importance of the research was addressed, which lies in working on preparing special exercises according to the shadow boxing technique using some biomechanical indicators and harnessing them according to an accurate scientific program and trying to know their effect on the performance of the right straight punch in the boxing game. Thus the trainee reaches knowledge of where, when and how to use the skills she acquired and from which training method. Shadow boxing plays an important role in developing the technical performance of boxing by improving punching techniques in addition to the strength and speed of punches. Also, it is important in developing motor abilities such as coordination, balance and agility. In addition, the researcher analyzed the biomechanical indicators using the three-dimensional (3D) motor analysis method for the indicators.
As far as the research problem is concerned, and through the researcher's review of references and scientific sources in the field of boxing training, Boxing for women requires a type of special training as it is one of the violent games that may be a challenging point for women to practice. After reviewing and discussing with some trainers and trainees, the researchers believe that shadow boxing has an important role in raising the barrier of fear of the competitor. It gives more space to practice basic skill performance exercises and reach the stage of good mastery in the rings or real life. To remove the fallacy that many have against shadow boxing, it was necessary to emphasize practicing shadow boxing exercises as modern boxing references have indicated. Therefore, the researchers focus on the use of shadow boxing exercises, which ensure improving performances and the motor skills associated with some biomechanical variables to ensure that the player controls the technical and physical aspects to show the high technique of a set of skills that include straight right punches to be effective punches to win the fight. This can be considered as an initial point of guiding and training women's teams.
As for the research field, a sample of young female boxers under the age of (22) years, for the period from 8/29/2022 to 7/1/2024, at the boxing hall of Shahraban Sports Club and the hall of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Diyala. The researchers use the experimental method with a single-group design with two tests (pre-, post-) as it is the appropriate method to solve the research problem. The sample was chosen intentionally from the clubs of (Al-Adil Sports Club, Al-Amal Sports Club, Shahraban Sports Club) for the young women with a total of (20) boxers, under 22 years. The final research sample amounted to (8) boxers, represented Shahraban Club. The pre-tests were applied on 9-10/2023, while the post-tests were on 11-12/2023. The researcher s used the statistical program (SPSS) to extract the scientific foundations. The researchers concluded that Shadow Boxing training has a positive effect on the development of the right straight punch for the young women. It was also shown that Shadow Boxing training has a positive effect on some biomechanical indicators of punches. The researchers recommend studying the effect of Shadow Boxing training on the performance of female boxers in competitions

The aim of the research was to prepare visual interference skill exercises to learn the skills of serving and smashing for junior football tennis players, as well as to know the effect of visual interference skill exercises on the skills of serving and smashing for junior football tennis players. The researcher used the experimental method with two equal groups to suit the nature of the study on a sample of the research community, which numbered (25) football tennis players from the junior team of Diyala, which constitutes (100%) of the original community The field procedures of the study included exploratory experiments with the aim of identifying the scientific foundations of the tests, which are the occurrence of many errors in these skills, and this may be due to several reasons, including distracting stimuli, not using appropriate exercises to develop these skills and motor abilities. Pre-tests were conducted, and the main experiment, as the individuals of the research sample were subjected to the application and implementation of skill exercises with visual interference that lasted (8) weeks to develop skills at a rate of (3) educational units per week, thus the number of educational units is (24) units. The implementation of the curriculum began on (1/28/2024) and then ended on (3/25-26/2024) for the control and experimental groups, after which the post-tests were conducted. The data were processed statistically using the statistical period (SPSS) and using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, and tests (t-test). The researcher reached the most important conclusions that the skill exercises with visual interference have a significant impact on developing the basic skills of the club players. Shahrban in Diyala Governorate in football tennis and the most important recommendations are to emphasize the use of skill exercises with visual interference in the main part of the educational unit time for its positive and effective impact on the level of performance.

The importance of the study lies in the importance of the students’ psychological and social compatibility in achieving their goals in the various fields such as scientific, social, psychological and physical side. Psychological problems and social disorders have a negative impact on the students’ physical abilities and performances. The study aims at identifying the psychological and social compatibility of students in general and its relationship to the performance of physical abilities, jumping forward from a standing position, throwing a 3 kg medicine ball, front leaning, running 40 m. etc. The researcher uses the descriptive approach with a sample of (80) students from the Institute of Fine Arts for Boys for the academic stages (second, third and fourth) using the intentional stratified method.
The researcher concludes that the level of psychological and social compatibility was high with a percentage reached 70.30%, and that there is a strong and significant correlation (statistically significant) between the psychological and social compatibility of students and their performance of physical abilities. The researcher recommends the necessity of paying attention to the psychological preparation of students by physical education teachers as part of the general preparation by special educational and psychological courses.