Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

This study was carried out in 2020, at the Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan-Region, Iraq, about sensory and chemical characteristics of two local organic pomegranate juice (Salakhany) with comparison between four samples of shelf markets. Then, one of the sample was freshly consumed, and another was pasteurized juices at 63 0C for 30 minutes. The other samples of pomegranate juices were presented commercially on the market and labeled such as (OC, OS, IR, IT, IS). The fresh pomegranate juices (fresh1 and fresh2) and two commercial pomegranate juice (OC and IS) have higher pH value (4.027, 4.633, 4.037 and 4.097), respectively. Total anthocyanin contents were higher in the IR juice compared to fresh1, fresh2, OC, OS, IT and IS juices. Also, the highest values of Gallic acid (28.100 mg/100 ml) was in OS, and the lowest rate of Caffeic acid was in Fresh2 (0.030 mg/100ml), and the glucose is the highest for (IT) sample (0.120 mg/100 ml), while glucose is the lowest level in sample (OC), which is (0.004 mg/100ml). The treatment (Fresh1) had a higher score when it was compared to the other treatments. Thus, this work will assist consumers in choosing a better pomegranate juice, and also, it will help them to know which one has a better compound.
Keyword: Pomegranate juice, Punica granatum L, Sensor evaluation, Anthocyanin, Gallic acid, Glucose, Caffeic acid, and phenolic compound.

Agricultural production cost study provides very usefully, practical value information for evolving sound production plans and improving farm efficiency. An understanding of the economics of okra ([Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]) production is essential to help farmers developed an appropriate agricultural policy to maximize yield and profits. The study was conducted in Al-Qasim district, Babylon Province, Iraq, to identify the economics of okra production. One hundred and twenty okra farmers were randomly selected. Cost and returns analysis indicate that the overall average cost of okra production was $1776∙ha-1, and per hectare cost of production increased with an increase in farm size. Family labor accounted for the highest percentage of the total cost of production. Overall average returns and profit per hectare, benefit-cost ratio, rate of return ratio, and operating ratio of okra production indicated okra production was profitable. Focuses more attention on medium-scale okra farms, and increasing dependence on mechanization can contribute to increasing return and profitability.
Keywords: Budgetary analysis, cost benefit analysis, gross margin, input use, profitability

Economics of onion production study is essential to help farmers efficiently maximize their yield and profits. The study was conducted in AL-Talee'a district, Babylon Province, Iraq, to identify economics of onion production. Sixty onion farmers were randomly selected. Cost and returns analysis indicates that the overall average cost and profit of onion production turned out to be ($5307/ha, $13443/ha) respectively, and Per hectare cost and profit of onion production increases with an increase in farm size. Seed accounted for the highest percentage of the total cost of production. The overall average returns and profit per hectare , benefit-cost ratio , rate of return ratio, and operating ratio of onion production , indicating that onion production was profitable. Establishment of producing and marketing cooperatives for onion farmers, government provision of onion improved seeds to farmers with low prices, can contribute to increasing return and profitability.
Keywords: budgetary analysis, variable cost, fixed cost, gross margin, resource use efficiency, profitability.

Edible coatings are a suitable approach to maintaining the quality and shelf life of fig fruits. The effect of chemically modified milk proteins (whey and caseins) as coating materials for fig fruits were evaluated. whey proteins and caseins were modified using formaldehyde treatment, esterification, and deamination, and the modified proteins were used to prepare edible coating solution at 5%. The fruits were dried well after the coating process and it were put down in a plastic box. After that, were stored at 5 °C and relative humidity (RH) 85-90% for three weeks. The results displayed the fresh weight loss in all coated fruits treatments significantly decreased compared with untreated fig fruits. Total soluble solid (TSS) in all coated treatments were less than control fig fruits. While the coated fig fruits with whey proteins (modified and unmodified) had a reduced titratable acidity (TA), carotene content compared with caseins (modified and unmodified) and control. On the other hand, fruits coated with whey proteins had higher polyphenol oxidase activity in comparison with figs coated with caseins and control. Moreover, all coated treatments of fig fruits exhibited higher score of each (color, texture, brightness, and overall acceptability) in comparison with control treatment. Regarding the storage period effects, prolonging storage periods increased weight loss, TSS, TA, carotene, while the polyphenol oxidase activity was decreased. Also, the degrees of sensory evaluation of each (color, taste, texture, brightness, and overall acceptability) were decreased with the increment of storage period.
Keyword: whey and casein protein, chemical modification, edible coating, fig fruits, polyphenol oxidase activity.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality characteristics of ricotta cheese produced using whey and milk fortified with iron to improve the nutritional value. In this study, three treatments of ricotta were made, the first treatment made from sweet whey served as a (control 1), the second treatment made from whole milk, (control 2) and the third treatment made from a mixture of fresh milk12% and whey, (control 3). These three treatments were repeated with addition of 25ppm and 45ppm ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) to milk or sweet whey to determine the effect of iron fortification on the properties of ricotta cheese. The results showed that the yield increased from 10 % to 11% in ricotta cheese made from sweet whey only fortified with 45ppm FeSO4, and from 25% to 27% in ricotta cheese made from fresh whole milk only, fortified with 45ppm FeSO4 The yield increased from 11 to 25 in ricotta cheese made from a mixture of fresh milk 12% and whey fortified with 45 ppm FeSO4.. The samples were analyzed for pH, moisture, protein ,ash and total solids. Cheese samples were also assessed for organoleptic properties. The sensory evaluation showed that ricotta cheese was generally acceptable. Results indicate that it is possible to produce good quality, Fe-fortified ricotta cheese.
Keywords: Ricotta cheese , Iron fortification , Product quality , chemical composition

This study was conducted in fields of animal production / College of Agriculture and Forestry : University of Mosul for the period from 15/11/ 2021 - 15/2/ 2022, and the aim was to know effects of addition protected methionine and lysine on some blood pictures of Awassi lambs.The initial weight of lambs was about 30.85-31.30 kg with ages 10-12 months where there were randomly distributed to four treatments at a rate of five lambs for each treatment . The treatments were as follows, first treatment(control)T1 : as abasal diet, second treatment T2: added 1.5gm protected methionine/head/day to the basal diet, third treatment T3: added 3gm protected lysine/head/day to the basal diet, fourth treatment T4: added (1.5gm protected methionine + 3gm protected lysine/head / day to the basal diet and the treatment lasted 90 days, the protein content in the ration was 13.76%, and the energy level was (2520) kilocalories/kg of feed. The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant decrease ( P≤0.05) in the number of white blood cells for the secondT2, third T3 and fourth T4 treatments compared to the control group T1 and a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the concentration of globulin, cholesterol and triglycerides, and a decrease in urea and creatinine concentration in the fourth treatment T4 compared with the control treatment T1 and a significant increase (P≤0.05) in albumin concentration in the addition treatments compared to the control.
key word: Awassi lambs, protected methionine, protected lysine, blood picture

The experiment was carried out in the scientific fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping - College of Agriculture - University of Diyala. The study included two factors, the first factor three concentrations of the growth regulator Biozyme * TF 1,0.5,0 mg.l -1 the second factor three genotypes of pumpkin, the local cultivar and hybrid Pumpa 'Charmant' F1 and the hybrid Myskpumpa (butternut) 'Herculs' F1,. The experiment was applied according to Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with Split Plot
The results were as follows:-
The process of spraying with Biozyme * TF growth regulator at a concentration of 1 mg.L-1 led to a significant effect on the number of leaves, the number of branches, the length of the plant, the leaves content of chlorophyll, the number of fruits and the total yield, and it gave 57.97 leaf.plant-1, 6.37 branch.plant -1, 109.44 cm, 54.80 Spad, 2.13 fruit.plant -1 , 43.31 tons. ha-1, respectively compared with the Comparison treatment (spraying with water only) which gave the lowest rate in number of leaves, number of branches, plant length, leaf content of chlorophyll, number of fruits and total yield, which gave 47.31 leaf.plant-1, 4.35 branch.plant-1 , 94.15 cm, ,49.72 Spad, 1.02 fruit. Plant-1, 14.72 ton. ha-1, respectively.
Cultivars varied in most of the characteristics of vegetative and flowering growth, as well as qualitative and quantitative yield, where the local Cultivar outperformed by giving the highest rate in number of leaves, number of branches, plant length, leaf content of chlorophyll and total yield, which gave 63.55 leaf plant-1, 6.97 branch plant -1, 131.41 cm, 56.40 Spad, 34.47 ton. ha-1, respectively, compared with the cultivar Myskpumpa, which gave the lowest average in number of leaves, number of branches, leaf content of chlorophyll and total yield, which gave 45.66 leaf.plant-1,3.42 branch.plant-1, ,48.48 Spad, 12.74 ton.ha-1, respectively.
The interaction treatment between the local Cultivar and spraying at a concentration of 1 mg.L-1 gave a significant superiority in the number of leaves, number of branches, plant height, leaves content of chlorophyll and total yield.

The experiment was conducted in the Poultry Farm of Animal Production Department / College of Agriculture at Al-Qasim green University for a period from 3/2/2020 to 16/3/2020 for (42 days) Atotal of 225 broiler chicks, (ROSS-308) unsexed ,day old, and provided feed and water was given ad libitum , The ambient temperature ranged from 18-34ᵒC and the relative humidity was 50-60%, chicks were distributed randomly into 5 treatments with 3 replicates per treatment 15 chick / replicate , the experimental treatments were as follows: (T1). control group without any addition, (T2 and T3) addition of resveratrol(res) at 250 and 500 mg. / Kg concentration diet respectively, (T4 and T5) addition oleuropein(ole) at of 250 and 500 mg / kg concentration diet respectively. Results showed that res and ole led to significant decrease (p<0.01) in Heterophil/ Lymphocyte (H / L) in all addition treatments compared with control. significant decrease in the serum concentration uric acid, cholesterol, Low Density Lipoproteins(LDL), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartat amino transferase(AST)with a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum total protein, albumin, as well as a significant increase (p<0.01) in serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in additive treatments compared with control, Adding res and ole led to significant improvement in histological parameters, as the villi length and width and the crypts depth were increased (p<0.01).
Key Words, resveratrol, oleuropein, Oxidative Stress, broiler chickens.

A field experiment was carried out during season 2021 at the Nile experiments Station located 10 km east of Hilla city. In a sandy clay soil mixture, to study the effect of irrigation periods and spraying concentrations of the growth regulator brassinolide on yield and its components of maize. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design in the split plot and with three replications. The experiment included two factors: irrigation periods every 6, 8 and 10 days, main plot and spraying the growth regulator brassinolide at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg. L-1, sub plot. The seeds of the Baghdad 3 variety were sown. The results showed that the irrigation period 6 days was significantly superior in number of ear , number of rows in the ear, number of grains in a row, number of grains in ear, weight of 500 grains , and grain yield, which amounted to 1.60 ear plant -1, 15.96 row ear -1 and 35.44 grain row - 1, 564.9 grain ear -1, 157.73 g and 8.93 ton ha-1 respectively, while the 8 day irrigation period achieved a significant superiority in biological yield amounting to 24.98 ton ha-1. The spraying concentration also exceeded 8 mg L-1 of brassinolide significantly increased yield of components the number of rows ear-1, number of grains row-1, number of grains row-1, weight of 500 grains, yield of grains, biological yield, and harvest index, which amounted to 16.36, row ear-1, 34.95, row-1, 573.3, 158.78 g, and 8.63 ton ha -1 27.14 tons ha-1 and 34.45%, respectively. The interactions showed a significant effect on the studied yield characteristics, and the interaction treatment between the 6 day irrigation period and the spraying at a concentration of 8 mg L-1 gave the highest averages for the yield and its components.
Key words: maize, irrigation period, brassinolide growth regulator.
*The search was extracted from the first researcher

Twenty-one male Boer goats were individually penned for 100 days. The oil palm leaves methanolic extract (OPLE) has extracted from oil palm plantation of University Putra Malaysia and used as a supplement in treatment groups. Animals have separated into three groups (7 animal / group), control (Ctrl = 0 mg OPLE), treatment 1 (T1= 300 mg OPLE) and treatment 2 (T2= 600 mg OPLE) / kg DM of animals’ diet. In the end of fattening period, the animals have been slaughtered and samples of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles taken from slaughtered animals after 1, 3 and 6 days of aging to use for lipid oxidation and color measurements. Lipid oxidation results which are presented by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in lipid oxidation in T1 and T2 when compared with Ctrl group. OPLE supplement groups (T1 and T2) showed more stability in color measurements across aging time. The addition of OPLE as a supplement in goats diets induced lipid oxidation in the meat and it could be a beneficial supplement to produce wholesome meat.
Key words : meat production , oil palm leaves extract , lipid oxidation, meat colour, meat quality.

A storage experiment was conducted on the fruits of two (hybrid) cultivars of tomatoes grown inside plastic tunnels obtained from one of the private farms in Khan Bani Saad district during the spring agricultural season 2020-2021. The study included the use of two factors, namely the cultivar and the waxing of the fruits, to know the effect of these factors on the storage traits of the fruits of these two cultivars of tomatoes. The second cultivar is the Siemens cultivar, which is a hybrid. Its fruits are of medium size, with high specific weight, high hardness, and bright red color. As for the fruit waxing agent, two types of wax were chosen, the first is Waxes Dysper and the second is Paraffin Waxes. The fruits were stored in a refrigerator at a f 5°C for a month. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design (CRD), with three replications per treatment. The obtained data were collected and analyzed according to the used design using the LSD test at the probability level of 0.05., The waxing showed a significant effect on TSS, where the highest percentage when using dysper wax and the lowest percentage when using paraffin wax. Also, the waxing treatment showed significant differences between them, where the highest content of vitamin C was obtained using paraffin wax, and the lowest percentage when using dysper wax, which. The waxing treatment also gave significant differences in the acidity level characteristic of the fruits, where the highest acidity was 0.603% when using paraffin wax. In the aspect of respiration rate, there were significant differences between the waxing treatments. The fruits treated with dysper wax excelled in giving the lowest rate of respiration rate for fruits, which reached 2.973 mg CO2/kg/hour. The highest average of respiration rate for fruits when using paraffin wax.

The current study objectiveed to determine participation of farmers of wheat and barley in Zummar region for drawing up the annual agricultural plan in Nineveh Governorate in general and each fields of this study and determining correlation between dependent variable (participation level) and independent variables (age, educational level, number of crop cultivation years, cultivation land area).The research community included all farmers of wheat and barley (1200) distributed into 52 villages registered with Cultivation Division of Zummar (*) for year (2021).A proportional random sample (10%) was taken and became final sample size (120) respondents. The questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. It consisted of three procedures.The first part included independent variables and second part dependent variable (participation level). The third part included obstacles facing of farmers’ participation in making decisions related to drawing the annual agricultural plan for wheat and barley crops in Nineveh Governorate.Virtual validity was checked, then stability was calculated by (Krumbach's alpha coefficient) on an initial sample of (20 respondents) that were excluded from research sample, the tool's stability reached (76%).Then data was collected from a sample of (120) respondents. The data was unloaded, tabulated and its classified by Excel program and it was processed statistically by using the statistical program (SPSS).The results revealed that level of participation of farmers in Nineveh Governorate in general is described as low tending to medium. The results showed there are obstacles that stand in way of farmers in formulating agricultural policy in Nineveh Governorate.The most important of which is spread of routine in administrative dealings and issuance of decisions that do not satisfy for all farmers.Also,the results shows that there is a positive significant correlation at probability level (0.05) between participation level and variables (age, educational level).This study recommends involving largest possible number of farmers in drawing the annual plan and giving farmers freedom of expression about drawing the annual agricultural plan.
Keywords: farmers' participation, wheat and barley, annual plan, Virtual validity, Zammar district.
(*) : Zummar Agriculture Division data for agricultural year 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the reality of some of the design characteristics for the Hashemite Corniche Park and their impact on the park’s visitors, and it took place in three stages:
1- field study
2- Questionnaire
3- Results and discussion
In the first phase, The field evaluation of the following design characteristics (entrances, path , and car parks) was conducted. As for the second stage, a closed questionnaire was conducted for visitors on one of the days of Eid, when the park would be crowded with visitors to know their opinions on these characteristics and their suggestions. The results of the survey were that the majority of the park's visitors see that the entrances, paths and car parks are inappropriate and out of service.

In order to find out the relative amount of the components of genetic variance and forms of Epistasis interactions using the generation mean analysis method for maize hybrids vary by the date of flowering and maturity. A field experiment was carried out at the Field Crops Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadiriyah to estimate the components of genetic action, genetic influences The non allelic effects and its interactions that control the inheritance of the growth criteria traits of the selected inbred lines and their resulting hybrids using the Generation Mean Analysis. Five pure inbred lines maize (ZA17WR, Zi17WZ, ZM74, ZM19 and ZM49W3E) were selected from fifteen different inbred lines with flowering and maturity dates. In the spring season 2019 and were cross-bred according to the target (late × late) (late × early) (early × late) and ( early × early) in the second fall season (2019).It was entered into a backcross crossing program to analyze the average generations in the spring season (2020) to produce the (six generations) which are P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2. The six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) for the four hybrids were evaluated in comparative experiments using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. in the fall season 2020. Genetic analysis was done for scaling and analysis for the six criteria, according to Mather and Jenks (1982) for the traits of the number of days to silking, Days to physiological maturity, crop growth rate and yield of area unit (ton. hector). The results showed significant differences between the six generations, as the first generation came early by reaching silking and physiological maturity. It also excelled by giving it the highest rate, crop growth rate and yield area unit. The four hybrids had a hybrid vigor and hetrosis negative in the desired direction towards early silking, and a positive hybrid vigor for the two traits of the crop growth rate and yield in the desired direction towards their increment .The results of the genetic analysis of scaling analysis showed the significant difference of the four criteria A, B, C, D according to the trait and the difference of the hybrids. This was reflected on the dominance and additive influences beside their Epistasis interactions. The first, third and fourth hybrids showed a dominance action of silking trait and the type of interaction was Duplicated Epistasis , and in the second hybrid, the hybrid showed a dominance action and the Complementary type of Epistasis interaction for the similarity of the reference to the dominance genetic action with the non-allelic interaction (dominance x dominance). As for the traits of physiological maturity, it gave a dominance effect in the four hybrids, and the type of Epistasis differed. It was Duplicate in the first, second and third hybrid, and Complemented by the fourth hybrid. While there was no significant effect of both the dominance and additive effects in the first and second hybrids for the crop growth rate, the third and fourth hybrids showed a dominance effect and the type of Complementary Epistasis. Second. From all above, we conclude that the additive and non-additive genetic action controls the inheritance of yield , flowering , physiological maturity and the crop growth rate, therefore we recommend using the method of Reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS).
*Research is part of PhD dissertation for first author

The experiment was conducted in the vegetable field/ Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering/ College of Agriculture and Forestry/ University of Mosul during the 2018-2019 agricultural season. To study the effect of spraying with zinc sulfate at a concentration of 300 mg. L-1 and boron at a concentration of 60 mg.L-1 and zinc + boron in addition to the control treatment (water spray only) in the productivity of two hybrids of broccoli Parasio and Danar. The experiment was designed according to the Spilt-plots-System-Split-system within the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications, and the averages were compared with Duncan's polynomial test at the probability level of 0.05. The results confirmed that the dual interaction between the Parasio hybrid and spraying with zinc + boron gave the highest percentage of dry matter in the main curd, amounting to 13.03% and the bi-interaction between the hybrid Parasio and spraying with boron gave the highest value of vitamin C content in the curd , which amounted to 75.421 mg. 100ml-1 While the interaction between Parasio hybrid and spraying with water only was significantly excelled in giving the lowest nitrate content in the main curd 15.19 mg. 100g-1 and the interaction between Parasio hybrid, spraying with boron, spraying with zinc + boron, hybrid Danar and spraying with zinc + boron gave the highest percentage of protein in the main curd 14.58, 15.46 and 14.12 %, respectively.
Key words: - zinc - boron - quality - curd - broccoli.

Thymus vulgaris commonly known as thyme, belongs to the family Lamiaceae which is flowering plant native to Southern Europe, and world widely distributed. Thyme is popular plant that grow as wild plant in the mountains of north Iraq and it has been used for centuries traditionally as herbal tea, flavoring agents, home remedy, drug and perfume. This study investigates the antibacterial effect of thyme essential oil extract. Thymus vulgaris collected from Piramagron Mountain 50 km far from Sulaimani city-Iraq. The sample was identified by comparison with a specimen present at the herbarium in College of Agriculture/ University of Sulaimani then the leaves separated, dried, powdered and its essential oil extracted by hydro distillation method. The essential oil of thyme used as antibacterial and tested against five distinct clinically isolated bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus xylosus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) in Microbiology lab, at Komar University by Agar well-diffusion method and the results showed strong inhibitory activity of the oil extract that killed both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria used in this study with a different diameter of inhibition zone (mm). The data of this study suggests that Thymus vulgaris essential oil has potential applications as antibacterial agent against different species of pathogenic bacteria and can be used as a safe plant source for discovering new antibacterial agent.
Keywords
Thymus vulgaris, Essential oil extract, hydro distillation, antibacterial, Agar well-diffusion

This study was carried out using two home-based refrigerators with a volume equal to 377 L each. The storage duration of local orange fruits was five months, ranging from 1/12/2019 to 1/5/2020. An experiment comprised two factors, including two levels of storage temperature at five °C and ten °C and three different types of packaging; non-packaging, packaging with a polyethene bag and packaging with a paper bag. The experimental design is a completely randomized design with five replications per treatment. The mean values were compared using Duncan's test at a significance level (P=0.05). Results showed that storage at five °C reduced the weight loss% and fruit damage% to 56.16% and 16.79%, respectively. As for the packaging factor, paper bags showed the lowest value of weight loss fruit damage and the highest value of fruit juice was recorded, 11.18%, and 41.52%, respectively.
Regarding the interactions between storage temperature and packaging types, the treatment combinations, five °C with paper bag packaging, achieved the lowest weight loss and fruit damage and the highest rate of fruit juice with percentages equal to 2.7%, 9.79, and 41.52%, respectively. The same trend is actual for a combination of storage temperature at ten °C with paper bag packaging gave the highest percentage of fruit juice, 41.52%. Various storage temperatures at ten °C and polyethene bag packaging revealed the highest ratio of total sugars, reaching 11.34%.

This study was carried out during the spring agricultural season for the period from December 2021 to June 2022 in Baghdad governorate and in one of the private nurseries (Al-Rafidain Nursery) in the Zayouna area to study the effect of spraying with calcium and nano-chitosan on the growth, flowering and storage capacity of the Anglina rose bush. The experiment included The first two factors, calcium and included three levels of fertilizer (the comparison without adding fertilizer, concentration 150 mg. L-1, concentration 200 mg. L-1) and spraying with 500 ml of fertilizer per seedling and between spraying with calcium and chitosan for three days, and the second factor spraying With nano-chitosan and at four levels (the comparison without addition, 50, 100 and 150) mg. Litre-1 and the experiment were designed as a factorial experiment with three replications according to the complete random sectors (R.C.B.D). The second experiment was stored, keeping flowers in the refrigerator at a temperature of 5 ° C in polyethene bags with a complete random design (CRD). Then the results were compared with the LSD multinomial test to compare the averages at 5%.
Foliar spraying with calcium at a concentration of 200 mg. L^(-1) led to a significant increase and superiority in the vegetative and chemical growth characteristics represented in the total carbohydrate content of leaves .Foliar spraying of nano-chitosan at a concentration of 150 mg. L^(-1)led to the superiority in vegetative and chemical characteristics and the total carbohydrate content of leaves. The interaction between the two studied workers showed a significant effect in improving the chemical properties, as the spraying treatment with a concentration of 200 mg. L^(-1)and nano-chitosan at a concentration of 150 mg. L^(-1)was significantly superior to the carbohydrate content of leaves of 21.497 mg.100 mg. L^(-1). Fresh weight, the percentage of phosphorous in the leaves was 0.326%, and the percentage of potassium was 2.637%.

The experiment was conducted in a farmer's field in Al-Azzawiya, 45 km north of the city center of Hilla/Babylon, to study the effect of organic manure with poultry waste on the growth and yield of two Brussels sprouts for the winter season 2021-2022. The experiment was conducted according to the split-plot-design (RCBD) split-plot system, with three replicates, where the cultivars (Arzuman and Long island) were placed in the main plot and organic manure (without fertilization, feather manure 6.3 ton ha-1, local poultry manure 5.7 ton ha-1, and imported poultry manure 3 ton ha-1) in the sub-sub-plot, and the averages were compared. treatments using the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at the probability level of 0.05.The Long Island cultivar showed a significantly excelled in plant height, the yield per plant increased by 64% and the total yield increased by 64%, and the Arzuman cultivar was significantly excelled in stem diameter. In organic manure treatments, feather manure treatment was significantly excelled in edible buds weight, single plant yield and total yield, with an increase of 23%, 34% and 34%, respectively. The local poultry manure treatment was excelled in edible buds diameter, leaf area and percentage of dry matter, while the imported poultry manure treatment was excelled in plant height and number of plant leaves. The interaction showed the excelled of Long Island cultivar with feather fertilizer in plant height,Edible buds diameter, yield of one plant and total yield. The interaction between the Long Island cultivar with local poultry manure was excelled in the number of Brussels sprouts per plant. The interaction between the Long Island cultivar and imported poultry manure was excelled in the number of plant leaves and weight of edible buds. The bi-interaction between Arzuman cultivar and local poultry manure was excelled in stem diameter.

The experiment was conducted in Al-Azzawiya region, located 45 km north of the city center of Hilla/Babylon, to study the effect of organic fertilizer and spraying with potassium sulfate on the growth and yield of two cultivars of Brussels sprouts for the winter season 2021-2022.The experiment was conducted according to the Spilt-Plot-Design system within Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and in three replicates, where the cultivars (arzuman and long island) were placed in the main plot and organic manure (without fertilization, feather manure 6.3 ton ha-1, local poultry manure 5.7 ton ha-1 and imported poultry manure 3 ton.ha-1) in the sub-plot, and the averages of the treatments were compared. Using the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at the probability level of 0.05.The results showed that there were significant differences between the two cultivars Long Island and Arzuman in some of the studied traits. As for the organic manure treatments, the feather manure treatment was significantly excelled in the traits(percentage of potassium and the Brussels sprouts content of vitamin C), and the local poultry manure treatment excelled in traits (percentage of dry matter of edible buds, percentage of phosphorus,The content of carbohydrates in edible buds, the content of vitamin C in edible buds), which amounted to (18.91%, 0.5039%, and 10.60 μg. 100 mg-1).The treatment of imported poultry manure (percentage of nitrogen, percentage of protein) excelled. The results of bi-interactions between the studied factors indicated that there were no significant differences in most of the studied traits.
key words. Brussels sprouts, local and imported poultry waste, and poultry feather waste.

The study aimed to estimate the production costs of buffalo milk, and to estimate the economic efficiency of buffalo breeders in the study area through the application of economic efficiency standards and their most important components, in the district of the Western Table in the Holy Karbala Governorate, an applied field of study for its relative importance at the governorate level . The data were collected through a random sample that included (100) respondents, It represented 10% of the study population based on a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, and by using the transcendent logarithmic production function TL by the Maximum Likelhood method in estimating the values of parameters.All the parameters of the logarithm square of the variables have a positive sign, except for the square of the logarithm of working hours and green feed, and the logarithmic function of the maximum probability reached a positive value (27.5), indicating that there are technical changes that positively affect the random variable and thus the technical efficiency. The logarithmic transcendental production function was estimated according to the random border analysis and using the Frontier program and by the method of greatest possibility ML, including it was found that an increase in the number of herds by 1% leads to an increase of 1.17, but under the unstable it was (833.0) and the results reached the capacity (0.47) It included the results of estimating the economic efficiency and its components by the method of analyzing the data envelope according to the variables of the cost function, where the average technical efficiency was (0.834), the average allocative efficiency was (0.76) and the average economic efficiency was (0.627),The most important results that I reached from applying these criteria are that all of them were positive and that the net cash income constituted 99% of the net farm income at the sample level, and that the fields achieved a return to the invested dinar of (1.22) at the sample level.The research recommends directing and encouraging buffalo breeders with the need to expand buffalo breeding projects and take advantage of the advantages of large production. The study aimed to estimate the production costs of buffalo milk, and to estimate the economic efficiency of buffalo breeders in the study area through the application of economic efficiency standards and their most important components, in the district of the Western Table in the Holy Karbala Governorate, an applied field of study for its relative importance at the governorate level.The data were collected through a random sample that included (100) respondents representing 10% of the study population, based on a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, and by using the transcendent logarithmic production function TL by the Maximum Likelhood method in estimating the values of parameters,All the parameters of the logarithm square of the variables have a positive sign, except for the square of the logarithm of working hours and green fodder, and the logarithmic function of the maximum probability reached a positive value (27.5), indicating that there are technical changes that positively affect the random variable and thus the technical efficiency. The logarithmic transcendental production function was estimated according to the random border analysis and using the Frontier program and by the method of greatest possibility ML, including it was found that an increase in the number of herds by 1% leads to an increase of 1.17, but under the unstable it was (833.0) and the results reached the capacity (0.47)It included the results of estimating the economic efficiency and its components by the method of analyzing the data envelope according to the variables of the cost function, where the average technical efficiency was (0.834), the average allocative efficiency was (0.76) and the average economic efficiency was (0.627),The most important results that I reached from applying these criteria are that all of them were positive and that the net cash income constituted 99% of the net farm income at the sample level, and that the fields achieved a return to the invested dinar of (1.22) at the sample level. The research recommends directing and encouraging buffalo breeders with the need to expand buffalo breeding projects and take advantage of the advantages of large production

The study aimed to estimate the production costs of buffalo milk, and to estimate the economic efficiency of buffalo breeders in the study area through the application of economic efficiency standards and their most important components, in the district of the Western Table in the Holy Karbala Governorate, an applied field of study for its relative importance at the governorate level . The data were collected through a random sample that included (100) respondents, It represented 10% of the study population based on a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, and by using the transcendent logarithmic production function TL by the Maximum Likelhood method in estimating the values of parameters.All the parameters of the logarithm square of the variables have a positive sign, except for the square of the logarithm of working hours and green feed, and the logarithmic function of the maximum probability reached a positive value (27.5), indicating that there are technical changes that positively affect the random variable and thus the technical efficiency. The logarithmic transcendental production function was estimated according to the random border analysis and using the Frontier program and by the method of greatest possibility ML, including it was found that an increase in the number of herds by 1% leads to an increase of 1.17, but under the unstable it was (833.0) and the results reached the capacity (0.47) It included the results of estimating the economic efficiency and its components by the method of analyzing the data envelope according to the variables of the cost function, where the average technical efficiency was (0.834), the average allocative efficiency was (0.76) and the average economic efficiency was (0.627),The most important results that I reached from applying these criteria are that all of them were positive and that the net cash income constituted 99% of the net farm income at the sample level, and that the fields achieved a return to the invested dinar of (1.22) at the sample level.The research recommends directing and encouraging buffalo breeders with the need to expand buffalo breeding projects and take advantage of the advantages of large production. The study aimed to estimate the production costs of buffalo milk, and to estimate the economic efficiency of buffalo breeders in the study area through the application of economic efficiency standards and their most important components, in the district of the Western Table in the Holy Karbala Governorate, an applied field of study for its relative importance at the governorate level.The data were collected through a random sample that included (100) respondents representing 10% of the study population, based on a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, and by using the transcendent logarithmic production function TL by the Maximum Likelhood method in estimating the values of parameters,All the parameters of the logarithm square of the variables have a positive sign, except for the square of the logarithm of working hours and green fodder, and the logarithmic function of the maximum probability reached a positive value (27.5), indicating that there are technical changes that positively affect the random variable and thus the technical efficiency. The logarithmic transcendental production function was estimated according to the random border analysis and using the Frontier program and by the method of greatest possibility ML, including it was found that an increase in the number of herds by 1% leads to an increase of 1.17, but under the unstable it was (833.0) and the results reached the capacity (0.47)It included the results of estimating the economic efficiency and its components by the method of analyzing the data envelope according to the variables of the cost function, where the average technical efficiency was (0.834), the average allocative efficiency was (0.76) and the average economic efficiency was (0.627),The most important results that I reached from applying these criteria are that all of them were positive and that the net cash income constituted 99% of the net farm income at the sample level, and that the fields achieved a return to the invested dinar of (1.22) at the sample level. The research recommends directing and encouraging buffalo breeders with the need to expand buffalo breeding projects and take advantage of the advantages of large production