Journal of Almaarif University College

The study is devoted for investigating and analyzing homonymy and polysemy words that are found in
Flannery O'Connor's short story whose title is 'A Good Man is Hard to Find', as a study data, in terms of
Kreidler's lexical ambiguity divisions (1998). The study is a descriptive qualitative method. As a reader,
some words are possible to create a lexical ambiguity in their interpretations since their mental lexicon
meaning differs from their meanings in specific text contexts. In this case, the reader finds a difficulty to
comprehend and understand the events of the story. Moreover, it causes confusion and raises problems
on his/her part. To fill up this gap, the current study aims to show how these words contribute to form a
lexical ambiguity that has a great impact on the level of the reader's comprehension and understanding.
Plus, it aims to identify the frequency of these words utilized in the O'Connor's short story. The results
proved that homonymy and polysemy words are significantly utilized with different rates. The writer
used homonymy words more than polysemy ones in the short story. Accordingly, he managed to make
his language more efficient through the utilization of lexical ambiguity.
REFERENCES

The Ibadis have sayings on the fundamentals and branches, some of which agree with the majority of the
Sunnah and the community at times and differ at other times, including the issue of loyalty and disavowal,
which showed severity in some aspects. Due to the importance of the doctrine of loyalty and disavowal,
the Holy Quran was concerned with establishing it; because it is the bond of faith that unites believers
among themselves, and prohibits befriending infidels and people of misguidance from other sects. The
research used the method of inductive texts that dealt with the subject and the analytical method. The
study aims to reveal the truth of loyalty and disavowal and its evidence in light of the Qur’an and Sunnah.
The study summarizes a statement about the emergence of the Ibadis, and a study of their ideas and
beliefs. And a study of loyalty and disavowal among the Ibadis. The results of this study reached: The
Ibadis were characterized by moderation, especially the contemporaries among them, despite what is said
that they are a sect of the Khawarij. The doctrinal issues among the Ibadis include what agrees with the
Sunnis and the community, which is the most common, and what contradicts it. The Ibadis have several
sects. The doctrine of loyalty and disavowal among the Ibadis has sections and obligations that they
require to be met. One of the characteristics of loyalty and disavowal among the Ibadis is that they
absolutely do not befriend the one who commits a major sin and disavow him.

The diptote is a noun that does not take the genitive case or tanween (nunation) except out of necessity.
Scholars have stated that the primary reason for a noun being diptote is its resemblance to a verb. This is
achieved by the presence of two reasons in the noun: one related to the meaning and the other to the form.
The semantic reasons are either definiteness or description, while the form-related reasons include being
foreign, compound, feminine, modified, having an added alif and nun, or having a verb pattern. Definiteness
prevents a noun from taking the genitive case or tanween when combined with any of these morphological
reasons, and description prevents it with modification, having an added alif and nun, or a verb pattern. In
summary, a noun Is not prevented from taking the genitive case or tanween unless there Is a reason that
necessitates it. "The grammarians have identified nine reasons that prevent a noun from being declined,
which can be summarized by the following mnemonic: 'If two out of nine causes are present in a noun, then
it is not declined.' These reasons are: addition, adjective, plurality, femininity, equivalence, foreignness,
resemblance to verbs, abbreviation, and definiteness.

This study aims to explain the naming of some phonetic terms, and clarify them so that the reader can
understand the meaning from which this name is derived, how the meaning is achieved in the name, and
how the name is related to its name? I found these explanations in abundance in the book (Al-Ri’ayah Li
Tajweed Al-Qira’ah Wa Tahqeeq Lafdh Al-Tilawah) by Makki Al-Qaisi - may God Almighty have
mercy on him. There is no doubt that the explanation for the name reveals to us the intellectual and social
life of the Arabs. This is because applying one word to a thing rather than any other, and choosing one
of its attributes, indicates their view of things and their direction of thinking. In my research, I do not
care about the meaning of the letter that Makki mentions, nor the degree It is described among Tajweed
scholars, but what concerns me through this research is to reveal the reason for naming it in the
aforementioned book only. I began it with a brief introduction in which I introduced myself to the
biography of the author - although he was more knowledgeable than to be known - then I introduced him
to his book and the purpose of writing it, then after that I mentioned the explanation for the name that
came in the book, explaining as much as I could the relationship of the name to its name, and then I
mentioned after that what Makki said. About the reason for the naming, then I mention the sayings of the
scholars after him who agreed with him, or who had a reason other than what Makki stated in his book,
and then I mentioned the most important results that I reached, along with a list of sources.

The current study aimed to know the degree to which history teachers in Iraq practice alternative
assessment strategies and their attitudes towards them. The study followed the descriptive survey method,
The study sample consisted of (278) history teachers who were selected using a simple random sampling
method from Anbar Governorate, To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was developed
to measure the degree to which history teachers in Iraq practice alternative assessment strategies, and it
consisted of (32) items distributed into four dimensions: (self-review strategy, performance-based
assessment strategy, communication assessment strategy, observational assessment strategy), and
attitude scale consist of (22) paragraphs..The results showed that the degree of history teachers in Iraq’s
practice of alternative assessment strategies was moderate, with an arithmetic mean of (2.26), and the
attitudes of history teachers towards alternative assessment strategies in Iraq were moderate, with an
arithmetic mean of (2.32), the results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences
in the degree of practice of alternative assessment due to the variables (gender and qualification), While
there were differences due to the years of experience variable in favor of both short experience (1-5
years) and in favor of long experience more than (10 years), the results also showed that there were
statistically significant differences in the attitudes of history teachers due to the gender variable in favor
of females, and due to the years of experience variable in favor of (1 -5 years), and more than (10 years),
and there are no statistically significant differences attributed to the academic qualification variable.In
light of the above, the researcher recommended the necessity of holding training courses for male and
female teachers with average experience of more than (10 years) and less than (10 years) on the
importance of employing alternative assessment strategies and tools.

This study discusses the profound impact of the data economy and big data analysis on administrative
and accounting decision-making processes. It examines how the use of huge amounts of data and
advanced analysis techniques has a profound impact on decision-making processes within the fields of
management and accounting. The research explores how to integrate big data analysis into analyzing
market trends, identifying opportunities and risks, and enhancing the performance of administrative and
accounting operations. It also highlights the challenges and opportunities arising from the application of
these technologies and how to exploit them effectively to enhance the decision-making process within
the modern organizational system. Through its comprehensive examination, this study aims to shed light
on the transformative possibilities of the data-focused approach to improving decision-making
frameworks, which contributes to more useful and strategic administrative and accounting practices.

It is recognized that the function of the public prosecution is a function related to society, as whoever
undertakes it works in the name of the community and aims for its interest represented in achieving social
justice. After its issuance, and since the goal of achieving criminal justice is characterized by
transcendence and comprehensiveness, which makes it not confined to a country or group of countries,
but rather a goal that is universal, this leads to the fact that the international criminal justice, which
operates under international law, seeks to reach it as well, which leads to the Public Prosecution at the
level of The international criminal judiciary has a role to play on the path to achieving that goal, just as
the public prosecutor in the internal judiciary of countries has an important role to play in the same
context. This research comes within the framework of reaching a comparison between the role of the
public prosecution under the statute of the International Criminal Court and its rules of procedure and
evidence, with what it is under internal legislation, relying on what is the case in Iraqi criminal legislation
as a model for comparison, as well as to determine the extent of the competencies entrusted to the public
prosecution And the powers granted to him and the legal basis for those powers in both the international
and domestic legal systems, and whether his powers are restricted in one and absolute in the other, or are
they convergent powers in both.

Nigeria has responded to its economic, political, ethnic, and religious difficulties by implementing strategies,
much like other nations dealing with similar socio-political, economic, and security issues. The diversity of
Nigeria\'s ethnic and religious groups has contributed significantly to the nation\'s high number of conflicts. The
state\'s reaction to the strife and bloodshed that followed has become more complicated as a result of its
homogeneity. For a state to carry out its obligations, it needs strong socio-political institutions. This also applies
to the Nigerian state. Waste, misapplication, and misappropriation of funds are inevitable in the face of
abundant resources and inadequate governance systems. For economic growth, African post-colonial
governments have depended on human and natural resources. Weak state institutions have been primarily
blamed for the continent\'s resource-dependent states\' inability to reach meaningful levels of development. The
nature of the Nigerian state and the resource question are examined in this paper. It looks at how well public
institutions work to forward the developmental goal of the Nigerian state and how beneficial the state fragility
theory is for this purpose. Deteriorating infrastructure and widespread resource misuse are revealed by an
examination of the nation\'s economic situation. The geographic, theological, and political factors that affected
Nigeria\'s ability to successfully uphold law and order inside its borders are covered in this paper. The key
elements that have maintained armed rebellion and Boko Haram\'s terror state are also identified. As this
paper reveals, several armed organizations have taken advantage of the unintentional openings left by
successive administrations for armed insurrections and terrorism since Nigeria gained its independence in 1960.
The creation, development, and proliferation of armed organizations in the country may be attributed to the
lack of unity among the numerous ethnic groups and the lack of coherence among the political leaders. This
paper looks at the institutions that support the state\'s counterterrorism policies and evaluates how well public
institutions perform their service delivery functions. Although an ideal tool to identify what defines a fragile
state does not yet exist, the state fragility theory provides a framework for identifying unstable states. In closing,
this paper offers realistic and long-term policy suggestions for resilience and peacebuilding. It highlights the
“road map” toward ensuring peace, stability and security in Nigeria, and reiterates that the Nigerian government
has the responsibility to protect lives and property across the entire country

Language acquisition is a complex process influenced not only by linguistic factors but also by cultural
nuances. However, traditional language learning approaches often overlook the integration of cultural
and linguistic components, hindering learners from comprehending communication. The insufficient
acknowledgment and inclusion of cultural and linguistic aspects in language learning inhibit learners
from developing a thorough understanding of communication. This knowledge gap may impede the
development of oral proficiency and hinder effective language acquisition. This study aims to explore
the relationship between the development of oral competency and the integration of linguistic and
cultural elements in language acquisition. By investigating this relationship, the study seeks to identify
effective strategies for enhancing oral proficiency by incorporating of cultural and linguistic
components in language learning. Utilizing a mixed-methods research approach, this study combines
qualitative and quantitative techniques to comprehensively examine the integration of cultural and
linguistic components in language learning. Qualitative methods include in-depth interviews and
observations to explore learners’ perceptions and experiences, while quantitative methods involve
surveys and language proficiency assessments to measure the impact of cultural and linguistic
integration on oral proficiency development. The findings of this study underscore the significance of
integrating cultural and linguistic elements in language learning for the development of oral
proficiency. A holistic approach that considers cultural content and linguistic structure enhances
learners’ comprehension and communication skills, improving oral proficiency. Integrating of cultural
and linguistic components in language learning has profound implications for language educators,
curriculum developers, and policymakers. By recognizing the importance of cultural awareness and
linguistic competence, stakeholders can design more effective language learning programs that foster
holistic language acquisition and enhance oral proficiency development. Language curriculum
designers should prioritize integrating cultural content alongside linguistic instruction to foster a more
comprehensive understanding of language and culture among learners. Educators should incorporate
authentic cultural materials such as literature, films, and music into language learning curricula to
provide learners diverse perspectives and enhance their cultural competence. Future research should
continue to explore innovative pedagogical approaches and technologies that promote the integration of
cultural and linguistic components in language learning, focusing on their impact on oral proficiency
development across diverse learner populations.

The study is focused on the hypothesis that the boundary between morphology and phonology is where
a large portion of allomorphic diversity is located. The basic assumption is that phonology can affect the
choice of allomorphs for reasons pertaining to phonological naturalness, preferences in language with
regard to syllable patterns, stress location, or both. Additionally, Optimality Theory is expected to
provide a more satisfactory explanation for the phenomenon compared to Distributed Morphology, as it
permits phonology to surpass morphology in both theoretical and practical aspects. Since Saturday is the
most action-packed day of the football season and hosts many English Premier League matches at once,
six \"Saturday Football\" pages from the BBC were included in the corpus obtained for this research.
Though there is a phonological conditioning allmorphy in the past form (-ed), which can be articulated
as /t/, /d/, or /id/, it is only present in the six pages of \"Saturday Football\" sport commentary.

Richard Powers is an American eco-novelist whose works explore the relationship between nature and
humans and the effects of modern technology and science. His novel, The Overstory, is an example of
eco-fiction, which deals with the relationship between the environment and humanity. It offers an
ecocritical analysis and shows a significant interest in rural life. This study aims to identify the
significance of trees or nature in The Overstory as one of the main concepts in ecocriticism. It provides
theoretical and practical new insights on how humans think about non-humans like trees. The analysis
aims to depict the concepts of ecocriticism to explore how the characters face difficulties and
complexities to keep nature’s existence and preserve it from damage. It also aims to display how forests
and trees are considered crucial and substantial elements for humans and non-human life on earth from
our ancestor epoch. The research aims to connect readers with nature. In other words, connect nature
with literature by focusing on the pastoral aspects and characters, especially those associated with protest
activity against deforestation as environmentalists. As a result of this study, trees must be protected
before disappearing completely because they give many aesthetic values, such as keeping the
environment green.

This paper aims at scrutinizing mystical elements in the poetry of the contemporary Arab-Australian poet
Adeeb Kamal Ad-Deen. The poet's infusion of mysticism in his poetry reflects an exploration of identity
and functions as a bridge between the mystical traditions of the Arab world and the English-speaking
global audience. Through a close textual analysis of Ad-Deen's poems, the article explores how the
examined poet reinterprets Sufi motifs like love, longing, and unity within a contemporary cultural
context marked by displacement, hybridity, and political turmoil. The study argues that Ad-Deen's
poetry, instead of escaping the secular realm, utilizes mystical language and imagery to illuminate the
sacred aspects within the everyday life. The article's design employs a qualitative approach, combining
close textual analysis in relation to contextual understanding of the poet's background and his influences
upon contemporary poetry. Data collection involves a comprehensive review of Adeeb Kamal Ad-Deen's
poetic oeuvre with special focus upon poems that exhibit mystical themes, symbols, and motifs. The
selected examined poems are analyzed through the theoretical framework of mysticism and spiritual
symbolism. As such, literary analysis as well as interpreting the spiritual significance of the poems within
the broader context of Arab-Anglophone literature are achieved through identifying key mystical
concepts alongside examining the use of figurative language and imagery. The findings of the study
reveal that Adeeb Kamal Ad-Deen's poetry is deeply imbued with mystical illuminations, reflecting a
profound spiritual journey and a quest for divine knowledge.