Journal of Education for Humanities

This commentary is one of the important commentaries on Hanafi jurisprudence on the commentary on Al-Wiqayah by Sadr Al-Shari'ah - may God have mercy on him - by the jurist Sheikh Muhammad bin Mustafa bin Habib, known as Dadeh Efendi. He, may God have mercy on him, noticed the difficulty of the wording of the book, the precision of its meanings, and the good organization of it, so he wanted to explain it to make it accessible to the student of jurisprudence with an easy summary of the school. This commentary provides clarifications for the jurisprudential issues mentioned in the commentary on Al-Wiqayah, which makes it easier for students and scholars to understand the jurisprudential rulings. It links the issues of the commentary on Al-Wiqayah to the reliable sources in Hanafi jurisprudence, such as Al-Hidayah, Al-Bada'i', and Al-Mabsut. It addresses some of the jurisprudential problems that may arise in the commentary on Al-Wiqayah, and discusses the different opinions within the school. Dadeh Efendi added critical discussions and detailed interpretations on some of the issues, which makes the commentary of great scientific value, considered an extension of the project of serving Hanafi jurisprudence, and helps in explaining and clarifying one of its most important texts.

The born of Quraish in the era of the message had a major and pivotal role in the Islamic conquests that began in the caliphate of Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq (may God be pleased with him) on the fronts of Iraq and the Levant, where these conquests were part of the Islamic expansion, which in turn led to the spread of Islam throughout Iraq and the Levant, and these conquests were the beginning of new conquests that extended east to include Persia and the following and west to include Egypt, Africa and other countries that they seized and we have divided
We researched this on two sections: the first section dealt with the role of those born from Quraish in the era of the message in the conquest of Iraq, while the second section dealt with the role of those born from Quraysh in the era of the message in the conquest of the Levant

Abstract
The research aims to build a measure of psychological destruction among students at Al-Tanqiyya Northern University/Mosul site for the academic year (2023-2025). The research sample consisted of (560) male and female students. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers prepared a measure of psychological destruction with (48) items.
The psychometric indicators of the scale were verified by extracting validity (facet, subjective, constructive) and reliability using the (retest) method, and the scale became in its final form (43) items. The two researchers have created a psychological devastation scale that is ready to be applied.

The research aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the overall level of strategic success among department heads at the University of Mosul colleges from the faculty members' perspective?
2. What is the level of strategic success among department heads at the University of Mosul colleges from the faculty members' perspective according to the following variables:
a. Gender (male, female)
b. Specialization (scientific, humanities)
c. administrative service period of the department head (two years or more - less than two years)
d. Academic title (Professor - Assistant Professor - Lecturer - Assistant Lecturer)
The research was limited to a sample of faculty members at the University of Mosul colleges for the academic year (2024-2025), selected through stratified random sampling, consisting of (470) male and female faculty members from both scientific and humanities specializations across all academic titles. Regarding the research tool, the researchers developed a strategic success measurement scale for department heads, which consisted of (23) items in its final form, The psychometric properties of the research tool were verified through face validity, construct validity, and reliability using test-retest and Cronbach's alpha coefficient methods, After applying the tool to the research sample, it was corrected, converted to digital format, and then statistically processed using appropriate statistical methods such as: t-test for independent samples and one-way analysis of variance, through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed the following:
1. Department heads at the University of Mosul colleges possess above-average strategic success from the faculty members' perspective.
2. The level of strategic success among department heads at the University of Mosul colleges from the faculty members' perspective was similar across variables of gender, specialization, administrative service period of the department head, and academic title.
In light of these findings, the researchers made several recommendations and suggested future studies based on distinguished performance.

The research aims to identify: -
Measuring the level of positive thinking among students of the College of Education for Humanities. And identifying the differences in the level of positive thinking among students of the College of Education for Humanities according to the variables: -
1. Gender (males - females)
2. Department (Arabic language - educational and psychological sciences)
3. Grade (second - fourth)
The number of the research community reached (3308) male and female students, while the research sample reached (200) male and female students distributed between the departments of Arabic language and educational and psychological sciences.
The researcher used the positive thinking scale prepared by (Al-Lahebi: 2024) in his study entitled (Job Security and its Relationship to Positive Thinking among Middle School Teachers) consisting of (40) paragraphs with five alternatives ranging (applies to me to a very large extent, applies to me to a large extent, applies to me to a medium extent, applies to me to a small extent, does not apply) and the scores on the alternatives are (5, 4, 3, 2, 1). The scale was chosen because it is modern and has high validity and reliability in addition to its paragraphs being distinct.
The results showed the following: -
1. The sample members, meaning that they have an above-average level of positive thinking, or they have a high level of positive thinking.
2. There are no statistically significant differences between the research groups.

The current study aims to investigate the effect of an educational program on enhancing prospective memory. The researcher developed a program consisting of 12 lessons and relied on the prospective memory Scale prepared by( Morsi et al,2023), which consists of 24 items. Validity, reliability, and discrimination tests were conducted, followed by the application of pre- and post-tests. The results indicated that the differences between the pre-and post-tests were statistically significant, suggesting that the program had a significant impact on improving prospective memory. Based on these findings, the researcher provided several recommendation and suggestion.

The aim of the research is to identify the level of use of digital literacy skills among graduate students at the University of Mosul in general, as well as according to the variables of gender (males - females) and the specialization variable (scientific - humanities), and to identify the most common applications of digital literacy in use among graduate students. In 1- Social Communication 2- The study, a random sample of (350) male and female students from the humanities and scientific colleges, graduate/master’s students at the University of Mosul, was selected. A tool was prepared to identify the level of digital skills and verify its psychometric properties of apparent validity and discriminatory power. And stability, and the number of items in the tool reached (30) items in its final form, distributed over three digital skills. After applying the tool to the research sample, the data was processed using the social statistical package, and the following results were reached: The sample members enjoyed an above average level in the use of digital skills, and no significant differences in use appeared according to gender and academic specialization. The most widely used applications for social communication were Facebook. As for the study, it was Telegram. Based on the results of the research, some recommendations and proposals were presented, including: providing courses and training programs for students and intensifying them in educational institutions, especially university ones, to raise the level of awareness of the importance of digital skills, their foundations, and the rules for the rational use of digital technology.

The aim of the current research is to identify the level of emotional creativity among students of the College of Education for the Humanities, to identify the level of creativity in light of the variables (gender/grade). The research sample consisted of (120) male and female students from the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences/University of Mosul from the morning study, and to achieve Research objectives: A ready-made tool was used to measure emotional creativity prepared by Al-Abdi (2017), consisting of (28) items. The apparent validity of the tool was verified for presentation to a group of experts specialized in educational and psychological sciences. Reliability was also extracted using the re-test method, as the value of the coefficient reached Pearson correlation (0.80), only the results indicate that there are statistical differences in the level of emotional creativity among students of the College of Education for Humanities/University of Mosul, and the results also indicate that there are no statistically significant differences for the gender variables (male/female), as well as the presence of significant differences Statistics among students of the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences/University of Mosul according to the second/fourth grade variable for the benefit of the fourth grade. The research concluded with several results, including that the students of the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences/College of Education for Human Sciences/University of Mosul have a good level of emotional creativity, and in light of the results, it was developed Some recommendations include:

1- Preparing guidance and counseling programs aimed at continuing and developing the emotional creativity of university students.
2- Taking a positive interest in holding scientific seminars, conferences, and recreational activities for university students to help them To employ their abilities.
3- Enhancing students’ morale and improving their future expectations in dealing with life events. - Diagnosing university students who are characterized by a low level of emotional creativity with the aim of subjecting them to
Guidance programs to become more productive individuals in their families and society)

The proposals included:
1- Conducting a study that deals with emotional creativity in other academic levels, such as middle school students and fine arts students.

-2 creativity with other variables such as (cognitive intelligence - locus of control - parental treatment styles and psychological burnout(

The book “Surat al-Ard” by Ibn Hawqal is one of the most important sources that surpassed other Islamic and Armenian sources in the geographical field, because he drew through his book a clear picture of the economic life in Armenia, characterized by clarity and accuracy in terms of the method of presentation, comprehensive information, and accurate description, which was aided in this accurate drawing by his visit to Armenia in 325 AH / 936 AD, as he was an eyewitness to the abundance of its goods and wealth. He presented (35) thirty-five narratives that covered all aspects of economic life there, as the first place went to the commercial side, perhaps because Ibn Hawqal had practiced commercial work, and his interest was in the agricultural side, followed by the industrial side. The research was divided into an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction is the importance of the topic, the reason for choosing it, and a summary of it in general. As for the first chapter, it talked about Ibn Hawqal’s sources regarding economic life in Armenia, and the second chapter studied Ibn Hawqal’s narratives about the agricultural, industrial, and commercial sides. We recorded in the conclusion the most important results we reached during the process of Search..

The current study aims to explore the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamic Education using the SWOM strategy and its effect on correcting misconceptions about Islamic concepts among fifth-grade scientific section female students.
The research sample consisted of 70 female students from the fifth-grade scientific section, selected purposefully from two schools for the academic year 2024–2025. They were randomly assigned into two groups: an experimental group of 36 students, who were taught using the SWOM strategy, and a control group of 34 students, who were taught using the traditional method.
The researcher employed a quasi-experimental design with two equivalent groups. To ensure equivalence, both groups were matched based on several variables, including age (in months), previous overall GPA from the fourth scientific grade, Quran and Islamic Education grades from the fourth scientific grade, Raven’s Intelligence Test scores, and the pre-test scores of the Intellectual Security Scale.
To achieve the research objectives and test its hypotheses, the researcher developed two instruments:

1. An Islamic Concepts Test comprising 14 concepts, verified for validity, reliability, and discrimination.
2. An Intellectual Security Scale, which in its final form consisted of 40 items, each with five graded response options, validated for reliability, validity, and discrimination.
The researcher formulated a null hypothesis stating:
"There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group students (taught using the SWOM strategy) and the control group students (taught using the traditional method) in correcting misconceptions about Islamic concepts, in favor of the experimental group."
Based on the findings, the researcher concluded that teaching with the SWOM strategy had a significant impact on correcting misconceptions about Islamic concepts compared to the traditional method.
The study further suggests exploring the effectiveness of the SWOM strategy in correcting misconceptions about Islamic concepts among fourth-grade scientific section students in Islamic Education and in fostering social values.

Islamic bibliography, in its contributions to science and history, takes a complementary position in serving the scientific process on the one hand and the documentation capacity on the other. Science, with its accumulation and intermingling of knowledge, does not provide its clear vision without what bibliography has provided in terms of framing the various aspects of science and its methodological definitions of the specificity of every human knowledge Human knowledge, in its approach to interdisciplinary studies with cognitive convergences born of the integrative nature in reaching the targeted scientific value, does not find itself independent and dispensing with the Islamic bibliographical records that preceded the era of the scientific renaissance in Europe and illuminated the path to scientific and cognitive brilliance later on, just as the encyclopedic mind that gathers the scattered human knowledge finds itself in the position of the seeker of help and guidance through what it presents of solid scientific visions The scientific history of human knowledge remains indebted to that great science that classified and categorized knowledge and allowed students to handle that knowledge with the ease of someone confident in what he learns or knows.
The mixture that researchers leave in knowledge cancels out specialization and calls for chaos in dealing with the amount of information for each knowledge, which leads to cognitive misguidance and then to cognitive contradiction between the inputs of human knowledge and then to civilizational stumbling Islamic bibliography, with the historical scientific encyclopedias provided by modern scholars, is still capable of maturing human knowledge in general and Islamic knowledge in particular through continuous research efforts to keep pace with the accelerating scientific production in the global and local arena Through its work, the bibliography indirectly compares the scientific output of the Islamic nation with global knowledge, which is characterized by its accuracy. This will be the standard for demonstrating the extent of the civilizational backwardness that the nation is experiencing and the extent of its ability to make up for development in order to catch up with the gateway to international knowledge that encompasses the human race.

Water conservation is one of the strategic issues facing urban communities, especially in light of the accelerating climate changes that directly impact water resources. Water availability is a key indicator of urban life, and its significance is reflected not only in terms of quantity but also in the qualitative changes that may render it unsuitable for.
human consumption, ultimately leading to a decline in public health in cities This study aims to analyze the spatial reality of residents' water needs in the city of Fallujah, taking into account current climate changes and their future impacts using modern technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Additionally, it seeks to assess the distribution patterns of water resources and their adequacy in meeting the increasing demand, while identifying gaps in water infrastructure and management. Water consumption levels vary from one city to another and from one neighborhood to another, making water provision a fundamental pillar of sustainable urban development. This is because urban sustainability depends primarily on the availability of an integrated water supply system that meets residents' needs, particularly as river water levels continue to decline due to prevailing climatic conditions affecting.
water source basins This study sheds light on future scenarios for meeting the water needs of the study area’s residents by 2030. It also proposes sustainable solutions aimed at enhancing . water security in the city amid growing climate challenges.

The decline in the productivity of mulberry trees in Iraq during the study period is one of the important problems that many agricultural areas in Iraq suffer from, including Babil Governorate. The reason for this is the lack of suitable climatic conditions for its cultivation and the neglect of mulberry orchards by farmers, in addition to the lack of climatic studies that dealt with this tree with analysis and description and the change in the planting date to prove the decline in its cultivation in most areas of Iraq in recent years. The study showed the variation in the fruitful numbers of mulberry trees in Babil Governorate by investigating their numbers in its districts and sub-districts, as the highest total of fruitful trees in 2019 reached about (4320) trees, the lowest in 2023 reached (1500) trees. As for the productivity values, they reached their maximum in 2019 at 156,550 kg, followed by 2021 at about 149,130 kg, and the lowest in 2023 at 52,500 kg. The study demonstrated within its folds the most important Climatic controls have both positive and negative influences on the growth and decline of mulberry cultivation in the study area. Therefore, our study aims to shed light on this type of fruit tree through three sections. The first section includes the conceptual framework, botanical description, and diseases affecting mulberry trees. The second section addresses the climatic characteristics of Babil Governorate and its compatibility with the climatic requirements of mulberry trees. The third section discusses the variation in mulberry tree numbers and productivity from 2019 to 2023, identifying the most important problems facing its cultivation, and concluding with sources.

The current research aimed to:
1. Develop a scale for hopeful thinking among middle school female students in Mosul.
2. Identify the general level of hopeful thinking among middle school female students in Mosul.
3. Design an educational program to enhance hopeful thinking among middle school female students in Mosul.
4. Examine the impact of the educational program on developing hopeful thinking among middle school female students in Mosul.
To achieve these objectives, the researcher formulated several null hypotheses and applied the research tools to multiple samples, including the final application sample of 600 students.
The hopeful thinking scale was constructed and its psychometric properties were verified through validity (face validity and construct validity) and reliability (test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha formula). The final version of the hopeful thinking scale consisted of 38 items distributed across five domains:
positive thinking, planning, self-confidence, ambition, and optimism.
Findings:
1. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test in hopeful thinking development for the experimental group, in favor of the post-test.
2. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean scores of hopeful thinking development across its domains in the pre-test and post-test, in favor of the post-test.
Recommendations:
Based on the findings, the researcher proposed several recommendations, including:
1. The General Directorate of Education and school administrations should organize seminars and training workshops to enhance students' strengths, boost their self-confidence, stimulate their motivation for learning, and encourage them to think about the future through both classroom and extracurricular activities.
2. The General Directorate of Education should conduct training courses for teachers to equip them with the skills needed to foster hopeful thinking among students.
Suggestions for Further Research:
1. Identifying the level of hopeful thinking among other student samples.
2. Examining the impact of the educational program on students at different educational stages.
 

Ibn al-Khatib represents one of the most prominent figures of his time, with a life rich in events and achievements. He authored sixty books that varied in their topics and scientific disciplines, some of which are lost, manuscript, verified, and studied. To clarify the objective that Ibn al-Khatib sought to achieve with each book he wrote, we chose to focus this research on "The Justifications for Historical Writing in Al-Andalus: Ibn al-Khatib as a Model through Artificial Intelligence Tools." The research consists of two sections: the first section covers Ibn al-Khatib's name, lineage, upbringing, works, and the positions he held, while the second section addresses the political, geographical, historical, literary, and religious justifications. This research was completed using artificial intelligence tools that contributed to enhancing the research results through the use of both traditional and modern research methods reliant on artificial intelligence. The research concluded with a summary of findings, along with a list of sources and references that supported the scientific aspect of the research.

This research aims to introduce the personality of one of the most important historians of the seventh century AH/thirteenth century AD, Kamal al-Din Ibn al-Adim, the famous historian from Aleppo, who was born in the city of Aleppo in Bilad al-Sham. It also aims to outline the purposes and objectives of his travels and journeys to various cities.
The importance of this research is highlighted in clarifying the purposes and types of travels of Ibn al-Adim and their multiple purposes, including a trip of a political-diplomatic nature, and another trip with a social significance in which Ibn al-Adim played a clear and tangible role through his participation as a key intermediary in concluding royal marriages, especially between the princes and princesses of the state.
Other trips carried a scientific character related to Ibn al-Adim’s pursuit of knowledge from sheikhs. The researcher here means the sheikhs of his time, which required him to make visits to various capitals, cities, and towns in Egypt, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and the Hijaz. These trips required him to make more than one visit to a single city, sometimes in more than one year. Perhaps this type of travel carried a distinctive luster for Ibn al-Adim, which he became famous for and documented in his two books, “The Purpose of Seeking Knowledge in the History of Aleppo,” and his other book, “The Cream of Aleppo in the History of Aleppo,” which is an abbreviation of his first book. The temporal scope of this research was represented by the period of time that Ibn al-Adim lived during his lifetime, while the spatial scope included the geographical area extending between the regions of Iraq and the Levant, especially Aleppo, and the lands of the Arabian Peninsula, the Hijaz, and Egypt, which represented the summary of his various movements between the cities and capitals of these regions. This research includes an introduction, three axes, and a conclusion. The first axis focused on the biography of Ibn al-Adim, mentioning his birth, name, lineage, family, and some of his culture and writings. While the second axis included defining the purposes of the journey of a political-diplomatic nature, which was embodied through the personality of Ibn al-Adim as an ambassador and a statesman distinguished by political acumen. Therefore, this research came to focus on the nature of the journey and its purpose, which was linked to this aspect. As for the third axis, it carried the character of the embassies with their various motives, especially his political embassies and others of a social nature, which is one of the important and rare purposes, especially through historical sources, as this type of journey is distinguished because it reflects aspects of the characteristics of the Arab-Islamic society of the cities that Ibn al-Adim visited, and he recorded features and impressions of them from what he recorded for us in his journeys within this category of travel literature. This axis also included the motives of the journey of Ibn al-Adim, which was linked to the scientific aspect, which is a characteristic that distinguished every Muslim scholar to acquire knowledge from the sheikhs through the student of knowledge visiting different cities and taking different sciences from Its scholars, including Ibn al-Adim, around whom this research revolves, and which the researcher hopes has presented a picture of an important aspect related to the personality and knowledge of Ibn al-Adim, which included his various travels and embassies.

The study aims to conduct a morphometric study of Harsoun Basin, administratively affiliated to the Syrian coastal governorates of Latakia and Tartous. It comprised calculating the geometric characteristics, analyzing the formal and topographic characteristics and demonstrating their geomorphological implications, in addition to studying the hydrological network of the basin and its drainage density. The study adopted the descriptive and analytical approach to collect and analyze data. Topographic and geological maps were used, in addition to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology and a digital elevation model (DEM) of the basin with a resolution of (30 m). Analytical mathematical equations were also applied to help interpret the data and provide a deeper insight into the phenomena studied. Results showed that the area of the basin was about (227.37 km2), with (32.54 km) and (6.98 km) length and width respectively. Its shape was closer to oblong rather than round (0.52). The basin was characterized with a high rate of erosion (41.48 m/km), and this indicates that the watercourse passed through an area with high terrain. Nevertheless, the hypometric analysis (0.50) showed that the basin passed through a young geomorphological stage. The study established a geographic database containing hydromorphometric variables for the studied basin. The study recommended increasing interest in the morphometric study of river basins because of its great importance in geomorphological and hydrological studies. More use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology is recommended as it saves a lot of researcher’s time and effort.

This research explores the intersection between history and artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on how modern technologies can be utilized to analyze and interpret historical events. The study examines the growing role of AI in historical research, particularly in processing large-scale historical data, digitizing documents, and reconstructing lost texts and maps. It also investigates the application of machine learning techniques in analyzing historical texts, providing new perspectives on the past and forecasting future events based on historical patterns.
The research begins with a comprehensive definition of history and AI, tracing the historical evolution of AI and its expanding influence in academic and research fields. It discusses the integration of AI into historical studies, highlighting how these technologies enhance traditional research methodologies by enabling the automated analysis of ancient texts, the digital reconstruction of lost civilizations, and the identification of recurring historical patterns that can aid in predictive analysis.
A significant focus is placed on the role of big data in historical research, enabling the systematic examination of vast historical archives that were previously inaccessible through traditional means. The study also addresses the importance of digitizing historical documents to preserve them for future generations while acknowledging challenges related to data accuracy and reliability.
Moreover, the research explores AI's role in analyzing primary and secondary sources, helping to uncover biases in historical narratives and offering a more objective interpretation of past events. It also examines the implementation of historical modeling and simulation, which allows for the recreation of historical events and societies in an interactive and accurate manner, thereby improving historical education and understanding.
The study highlights the numerous benefits of integrating AI into historical research, such as enhancing analytical precision, increasing research efficiency, and enabling predictive historical analysis based on previous patterns. However, it also addresses the challenges associated with these technologies, including data reliability, algorithmic biases, and the difficulty of AI systems in comprehending complex historical contexts.
In conclusion, the research outlines the future potential of AI in historical studies, demonstrating how these technologies can provide new insights into the past and revolutionize academic research methodologies. While AI presents powerful tools for historical analysis, the study emphasizes the necessity of integrating human expertise with AI-driven methods to ensure accurate and reliable historical interpretations.

Abstract:
This research aims to Identify the type of thought that was formed during the Almoravid era under the Influence of the political authority In power at that time, as the attempt to analyze Islamic thought and determine the orbits of Its movement and dimensions will remain an incomplete work and a wasted effort, unless It takes into account the role of politics in directing that thought. This general cultural pattern undoubtedly includes Andalusian thought, each era of which is characterized by certain specificities, especially the Almoravid era that we are studying. It Is noted that Sufi thought led a broad oppositeion movement against the Almoravid authority, and their movement gained cultural popularity, which was the gateway to assuming power, which prompted the Almoravids to fight them by various means, such as arrests, assassinations, burning books, following them up, and preventing their spread. On the other hand, anotherr group emerged that wanted political reform through writing.

Sufism in the Maghreb was a rural phenomenon and each Sufi scooped a flower alone. And worshipped alone, then it became a collective, coordinating with others, each of them had his own rituals and rules, and it was called the School of Behavior, and there is no disagreement.
Many Sufis became famous among them, and the Maghreb was credited with spreading Islam in the Maghreb and the formal paths, and it began with Sufism, and it appeared through its media in the emergence of Sufism, whose beloved remained, such as Al-Murabit, that is, Al-Hassan Al-Shadhili, who originated from the Maghreb, and Abd Al-Salam bin Mushtaba Abu Abdullah Al-Jadhuli - and he was honored. There are several paths, spread 2 to the death of the number, the Qadiriyya, the Arabs, the Sadiya,
the Ayawiyya, and the Senussi, and they have several roles in social life before the end of the differences between the various groups, grouped into clans and tribes, and the sheikh of the path is the Marin, the Marsh, or the educational, the banking, and also from the role of reformers. What / The role of these enemies of the index of the corners, the source of the skilled revolutionaries

General Mohamed Oufkir played a crucial role in building and developing the Moroccan army in the post-independence period. Drawing on his military experience gained during his service in the French army, Oufkir contributed to the organization and modernization of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces (RMAF) into a modern institution based on advanced technology and a professional structure. His efforts were characterized by strengthening the army's capabilities to meet security challenges and ensure the stability of the state. However, his legacy remains tainted by political controversy due to his involvement in controversial events and decisions in Morocco's modern history.

Since a pragmatic meaning can be misinterpreted when discourse's intonation is ignored, an understanding of intonation is necessary to comprehend speech's intended meaning. While filled pauses are hesitations in spontaneous speech that are totally or partially occupied by a spoken sound, silent pauses are those in which no sound or utterance occurs. These two issues are addressed in this study: what is the pragmatic purpose of the tone type used in a selection of Shelley's poems? And how do the declaring and referring tones utilized in Shelley's poems relate to the dominance and non-dominance aspect pragmatically? Based on Brazil's (1997) discourse intonation model, it seeks to examine the various information tones in Shelley's poems with regard to the dominance/non-dominance component. The qualitative method was used in this study. The results showed that poetry uses all three forms of information tone: level, reference, and declaring. The frequency of lexicalized filled pauses was higher than that of unlexicalized ones.
There were 47 instances (66.19%) of the proclaiming (fall) tone. Compared to a referring tone, a proclaiming tone has a higher pitch. This illustrates Shelley's emotional reaction to previously unidentified new information. Because it clarifies the significance of intonation through participant engagement in context, the current research is helpful to both phonology and pragmatics experts as well as foreign language learners.

The research dealt with the concept of grammatical attachment, especially the attachment of the preposition and the genitive and the circumstance to other grammatical components, and its effect on the interpretation of jurisprudential texts. The research relied on studying and analyzing the statements of scholars, such as Al-Tahtawi and Al-Sharnbalali, who pointed out the importance of accurately identifying the positions of attachment to understand the legal rulings correctly. The most prominent points that the research addressed were:
The role of attachment in explaining the reason and purpose of the legal rulings, such as the requirement of intention and the effect of different attachments in determining the validity of worship. Analyzing conditional and nominal sentences and linking them to the jurisprudential context, such as the effect of attachment on determining the conditions for the validity of prayer, fasting and vows. Distinguishing between conjectural and definitive rulings through grammatical guidance, and the effect of that in achieving correct inference in Islamic jurisprudence. Reviewing examples of jurisprudential texts that illustrate how grammatical attachments affect the derivation of the legal ruling.
The research concluded that grammatical attachment is not just a linguistic issue, but rather an essential tool for understanding legal texts and controlling jurisprudential rulings according to a precise methodology.

The research presented a new experiment using automated machine learning algorithms powered by artificial intelligence via the AirQAI application to measure the Air Quality Index (AQI) using images captured by mobile phone cameras or drones. The study was applied to a sample of Iraqi cities (Anah, Haditha, Fallujah, Baghdad, Amara, Samawah, Karbala, and Basra) to assess air quality with an accuracy of 98%, employing advanced artificial intelligence technology, specifically Efficient Net. The application (Android APK) was installed on a mobile device (Infinix XOS v.12.0) from the website (airqai.org). It utilizes image analysis to detect outdoor air pollution levels and categorizes air quality into six levels: Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy, Very Unhealthy, and Hazardous, while monitoring five key gas indicators (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3, SO2) and storing the results in the device's memory for future comparison. The study's findings revealed that AI-powered applications provide accurate and user-friendly data, enabling effective measures to reduce pollution and raising public environmental awareness. They also automate air quality detection through image classification. The results indicated variations in air quality indicators ranging between 25-350. Cities like Anah and Haditha recorded an index value of 25, while Fallujah and Baghdad recorded 125, Amara and Samawah recorded 350, Karbala recorded 125, and Basra recorded 75.The variations are attributed to increased vehicle exhaust emissions, industrial pollutants, waste burning, global warming, climate change, traffic congestion, power plants, and dust storms, as well as the absence of green belts, green spaces, or tall trees.

Morphometric measurements are considered a database of quantitative data necessary for any study, especially hydrological, because they provide important measurements of land فoccupations. Geometric and morphometric analysis also provides a lot of quantitative data related to the various elements of the water network. The current study aimed to build an information base for the morphometric characteristics of the Great Wadi Al-Abra Basin in northwestern Iraq, with an area of (782.33) km2, and it forms, along with a group of other sub-basins of the main Tharthar Basin. By employing technology through analyzing the digital elevation model (DEM) and using geographic information systems represented by the program (Arc Gis 10.8), it was possible to come up with a large number of measurements that are considered geometric, morphometric and formal characteristics, through which the hydrological effects of the basin were predicted, the most important of which are the shape factor (0.20), the roundness factor (0.22), the elongation factor (0.50), the integration factor (2.22), the rugosity ratio (10.18), the basin texture (2.15), the number of basin ranks (472), the lengths of the channels (1072.76), and the branching ratio (3.5(.

Poetics is both an ancient and modern term. The origin of the term can be traced back to Aristotle, while the concept has evolved alongside the term itself, although it remains confined to a general idea that focuses on the search for the scientific laws governing creativity. In our Arab critical heritage, we encounter a single concept expressed through different terms, such as Aristotle's poetics, al-Jurjani's theory of systems, and poetic statements based on imitation and imagination according to al-Qartajani.
The field that studies the levels of literary analysis is called poetics. Just as linguistics is concerned with studying the abstract laws of language, poetics attempts to grasp both the unity and multiplicity of literary works simultaneously. The subject of poetics consists more of possible works than of existing texts.
This research endeavors to study the concept of poetics in the books (Poetics and Modernity between the Horizon of Literary Criticism and the Horizon of Poetic Theory) by the critic Bashir Taweriret, and (Issues of Poetics in Arabic Criticism) by the critic Muhammad Jasim Jabara, through a comparative study of the two books. Our study was based on three axes: In the first axis, we addressed the definition of the concept and term. The second axis explored poetics in Western and Arab traditions. The third axis examined the reception of contemporary Arabic poetics.

Linguists have long discussed the comprehension of idioms because it is challenging for both native and non-native learners, particularly in literary discourse. Learning idioms is difficult for many students as their meaning is unpredictable, so they feel it is boring to know them. The current study aims to investigate the factors influencing EFL learners' comprehension in interpreting idiomatic expressions in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies based on Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The data were extracted from William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies. The participants were 10 Iraqi university EFL learners majoring in English; they were selected from fourth-year students at the University of Anbar, the College of Education for Humanities. The participants were asked in a questionnaire to state the difficulties of the idiomatic expressions in the extracts selected and to explain the factors influencing their understanding in the novel. The findings revealed that EFL learners faced difficulties in comprehending idiomatic expressions. They were affected by several external or internal factors in comprehending idiomatic expressions in the selected novel. It is concluded that varying levels of comprehension among the participants might be attributed and affected by some factors that may lead to non-understanding or misunderstanding. Some of these factors were Cultural knowledge, Interlanguage, Method of teaching, Vocabulary knowledge and Proficiency levels, The context, Theme, Figurative language, Literary knowledge.

Satire is a literary genre that functions a form of public discourse. It invites a critical judgment of some sociopolitical folly, absurdity or contradiction through devices like exaggeration, irony and imitation. As digital communication continues to evolve, satire has become one of the widely shared types of posts on social media platforms. It presents a form of criticism that aims to reveal the truth in a lighthearted and humorous way.
The research examines the efficiency of using AI, particularly the use of Chat GPT, in translating Facebook and X English satirical posts into Arabic. By focusing on the sample posts, the research tries to assess the efficiency of AI in translation with reference to Katharina Reis’s model. This model focuses on achieving the functional equivalence, cultural adaptation and the preservation of the intended cultural impact. The research also evaluates the AI-driven translation ability in addressing challenges related to humor, irony and cultural reference.
The conclusion highlights the strengths and limitations of AI and provide recommendations for improving AI’s ability in handling such texts.

Resistance literature embodies the extensive efforts of marginalized communities subjected to colonial domination, especially within the context of Palestine, to regain freedom. Previous research examined resistance literature, emphasizing canonical authors such as Ghassan Kanafani, Mahmoud Darwish, and Fadwa Tuqan. However, the attack on Israeli territory on October 7, 2023, has brought to light noncanonical Palestinian writers who have confronted the harsh realities of genocides perpetrated by the Israeli military and allied forces. These young authors, intimately involved in this atrocious conflict, offered a novel viewpoint on resistance literature that has yet to be explored. The present study aims to investigate the noncanonical writings of resistance in Refaat Alareer's poem "If I Must Die" (2023) and Yasmin Abusayma's "Memories in the Rubble" (2024). The present study employs a qualitative technique, utilizing postcolonial notions derived from Edward Said's Orientalism, particularly the notion of 'othering' (1978), and Frantz Fanon's 'On Violence' from The Wretched of the Earth (1963) as well as Parmenter’s Giving Voice to Stones (1994) to examine the developing dissenting voices. The present study concludes that the poems of Alareer and Abusayma, despite being noncanonical, efficaciously propagate a discourse of resistance against the false narratives perpetuated by Global Mass Media, which have justified the murder of Palestinians under the pretext of combating terrorism following the attacks on October 7, 2023.

This study is devoted to show how silence, in certain cases, is more than lack of words. Doubtless to say, silence might have myriad meanings depending on the context. Context dependent interpretations of pauses and concealment strategies correspond to the fact that silence is subjective and it can be employed as a vehicle that conveys a message in the same way that speech does.
To achieve the aim of this study, a synthesis of Jaworski’s (1993) and Johennsen’s (1974) theoretic models are followed. Thus, this study constructs its eclectic model by merging the functions of the above mentioned models to investigate the pauses and concealment strategies’ functions and intentions in selected political discourses. The analysis highlights Obama’s pauses in political debate and Dr. Merkel’ intended concealment as strategies in term of ethnicity and gender.
Finally, the findings provide valuable insights into the use of silent moments as a tool to convey a meaning, that is influenced by individual intention, culture and context, in foreign political discourse. In political discourse, pauses are employed strategically to emphasize on sensitive topics that are related to ethnicity as in Obama’s utilizing of filler pauses, when he navigates discussions about serving minorities with restraint and caution, recognizing the sensitivities involved in this issue. Silence, in certain cases, functions as protective mechanism in political discourse as in intended silent moments of Dr.

Merkel which exemplifies how concealment serves as a rhetorical strategy. However, the current study contributes to the academic discourse in presenting silence as a powerful entity that forms political messages, and it can add a hidden meaning that verbal clue cannot add through political interactions.