AL-Sharaa journal for legal and administrative studies

Logistic management as a comprehensive concept does not limit to organizing, but it is considered as the main basis of any strategic work and its success is related tightly with its ability to attract projects especially those huge ones. In this context, the logistic management including those elements that related to the efficiency of infrastructure considered as the basis of investments that leads to sustainability. To explain and analyze those elements towards achieving that aim, the current paper will explain the dimensions of logistic management in details then linked them with the main elements of attracting investments in Iraq, in addition to explain what is known as “Silk Road” and its advantages & disadvantages either locally and/ or globally according to SWOT analysis with refer to the role of certain countries in achieving this road.

It is known that macroeconomics is not experimental and that historical events allow for various interpretations according to economic, monetary and financial criteria. All of these criteria aim to direct the macroeconomics to the best conditions. Such as economic stability, good growth, control of general price stability and low unemployment.
All of this is affected by two factors: the first is the strength of the relationship between monetary policy and economic activity and the second is the period of changes in monetary policy towards activities.
There are many additional problems. In the case of increasing government spending, the money it spends must be of great importance and it is assumed that increasing spending on infrastructure will have different effects on overall economic activity and growth. Also, the deficit resulting from tax cuts has a completely different effect than the deficit resulting from increasing government spending, in addition to the problems of inflation, exchange rates and high debt.
For all of this, we have presented some proposals and solutions in macroeconomics and there is still an urgent need to continue deepening frameworks in a manner consistent with economic challenges.

The right of self- defense has been recognized by international law in all international charters and agreements, and it enables a state that is subjected to aggression using armed force to respond to this aggression and take all necessary procedures to defend itself, this principle is an exception to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations stipulated in the Charter of the United Nations. Therefore, this right requires the availability of the conditions stipulated in the Charter for its use, and the necessity of the state against which the aggression occurred to adhere to these conditions, which will be mentioned in the research.

The topic of the investment climate is important, as it is the real entry point for attracting local and foreign investments to develop activities in general and the petrochemical industry in particular. The petrochemical industries play a significant role in any economy due to their ability to connect both upstream and downstream with other activities. The study highlighted the decline of the petrochemical industry in Iraq, as the refining capacity did not exceed one million barrels per day, while in oil-rich countries like Saudi Arabia, it exceeds four million barrels per day. This decline is attributed to the decrease in the volume of investments in general and foreign investments in particular in Iraq, which did not exceed 35 billion dollars from 2006 to 2022. This decline is linked to Iraq's drop in ranking on a composite index evaluating the four components of the investment climate, which are (economic performance index, political situation and state risks, production elements, and legislative and regulatory environment assessment index). Iraq ranked 115th globally out of 145, dropping eight positions from 2022 and falling 51 positions below the global average and 14 positions below the Arab average. Regarding the legislative environment and perceptions of corruption and bribery risks, Iraq ranks 131st, dropping 60 positions from the global average of 71. All of this has created an investment climate that repels both local and foreign capital, which has reflected negatively on the economic activity in Iraq in general and the petrochemical industry in particular. The question arises: how can an attractive investment climate be created for foreign and local capital to develop the petrochemical industry in Iraq? The study will provide an answer to this question.

Foreign investment has become an acknowledged necessity in this era, due to its role in the flow of capital and technology, the development of infrastructure, and the provision of job opportunities in the host countries for investment. However, there are many legal and administrative obstacles facing foreign investment in the State of Iraq and the Kurdistan Region. From this standpoint, this study addressed those obstacles that prevent or hinder the flow of foreign capital under the current Iraqi Investment Law No. (13) of 2006 and other related laws and administrative complexities related to the implementation of those laws. The study adopted the comparative analytical approach, in order to reach a wonderful result. The study showed the legal means necessary to address these obstacles to provide a safe and suitable environment to attract foreign investments. To this end, the study clarified the concept of foreign investment and its types. It also showed the obstacles related to the laws of ownership of the investment project, such as nationalization, confiscation, temporary forced seizure, and other measures taken by the state according to its sovereign jurisdiction. This constitutes a concern that frightens the foreign investor and makes him refrain from investing. The study also showed the necessity of establishing legal treatments and providing guarantees that ensure the protection of the investor and remove his concerns from these procedures or mitigate their severity, such as absolute or conditional ban. In the same context, the study discussed the obstacles to foreign investment in administrative laws, such as administrative complexities and ownership and disposal of real estate, and how to address these obstacles in terms of granting the foreign investor the necessary administrative facilities related to the investment project. After the study completed its research on these topics, it reached a conclusion that included a set of results, in addition to several proposals that it is hoped that the relevant parties will adopt to attract foreign investment and develop the country's reality without excess or deficiency.

The principle of reciprocity occupies an important position in the economic and diplomatic fields, as this principle is based on equality between countries, and although the principle is not mentioned in the United Nations Charter, diplomatic work shows the importance of this principle in developing and advancing diplomatic relations between countries. The principle of reciprocity represents a tool of balance between countries by balancing the rights and duties of countries, so it is the basis of most diplomatic relations. It plays an important role in shaping and determining the legal status of relations between countries. It also refers to the behavior with which countries respond according to what they receive, which means that it carries two sides, a negative side and a positive side.

The patent is one of the most important products of the human mind in the field of industrial rights, as it expresses a great effort, materially and morally, until the inventor reached the situation in which he was able to name his idea into an invention, and this is very similar to literary property rights, which is an idea translated by its owner into Reality is represented by research, article, or any other right attributed to it.
The importance of this product is shown through two basic matters, the first is the solutions that the invention reaches to many problems in various areas of life, and the second is represented in the economic value and the financial benefit that belongs to the owner of this invention until that invention almost becomes the main resource for its owner, unless he desires Its owner for the benefit of it and leave its benefit to serve humanity.
As a result of this importance given to this right of industrial property, this led to the emergence of the phenomenon of infringement of this right, and it has emerged more recently, despite the existence of legal legislation that criminalizes any infringement of this right, and perhaps the reason for this is the material benefit received by the infringer on patent.
This research sheds light mainly on how to provide legal protection for the patent in order to guarantee the right of its owner from the total rights on it.

The research aims to conduct an applied study on real estate companies to demonstrate the role of ISO certificates in improving the images of economic institutions for the year 2025 in the city of Erbil. It is an analytical study of the opinions of workers in real estate companies. The application of ISO certificates is represented by its function as an independent variable and depends on (2) dimensions, which are (the extent of success in obtaining ISO certificates, stating the impact of the availability of ISO certificates in real estate unit transactions). Economic institutions are represented as a dependent variable. To achieve the objectives of the research, it relies on the two approaches (descriptive and analytical). In the descriptive approach, real estate companies were described and identified, and the number of restaurants was (17) companies as the research community and (50) workers as the research sample. The questionnaire was distributed to them and was adopted as a tool for collecting data and information. The study concluded that there is a positive relationship with strong statistical significance between the role of companies in ISO certificates and improving their image. This means that the more companies obtain ISO certificates, the more their image improves significantly. The study recommends that real estate companies that have obtained ISO certificates should work and invest more in the field of innovation and development, and that other real estate companies should obtain such certificates because they have positive repercussions. The second analytical approach is based on analyzing the data and information that have been collected quantitatively, which is digital analysis, by relying on mathematical and statistical relationships and equations and using them to analyze the results.

Politics cannot be separated from the economy because they constitute the main nerve in developing the country in all aspects and life activities that provide the citizen with prosperity، reassurance, social, psychological and material stability and the circle of creativity in wishing for the fields. The legislation and laws that support the spirit of competition among the creative people in the country in the public and private sectors to develop the national economy in productive projects that depend first on raw materials within the country and the creation of primary consumer transformation industries especially for the private sector, which would save many billions in hard currency. We see that Iraq imports most consumer products from neighboring countries, which are not economically viable. They are merely political courtesies. In return, Iraq does not export consumer and industrial materials to its neighbors in the same way. There are legal and administrative legislations that are followed in projects that do not have any economic hand in various activities that are devoid of the formula of conditional developmental contracting between the state and the owners of various activities, which achieves development and employment of the unemployed.

In the late twentieth century, the global economy and the Iraqi economy witnessed increased interest in the issue of investments because it is considered the most powerful and effective phenomenon in moving the economy
Iraq, as is known, needs to rebuild infrastructure, rebuild what was destroyed by wars, and revive the economy in its various sectors. Infrastructure is a key factor in creating an environment to attract investments and promote economic growth. Governments and the private sector can create a more attractive and sustainable investment environment, leading to sustainable economic development and increased investment rates. Infrastructure is the cornerstone of any strong economy, as it plays a crucial role in stimulating investments and promoting economic development. The more advanced and secure the infrastructure is, the greater the investment opportunities, which contributes to creating new jobs, achieving higher growth rates, and improving the standard of living. Therefore, investing in infrastructure development is a vital strategy to ensure a prosperous and sustainable economic future

Competition represents a basic principle and an important freedom in the field of practicing commercial activities, although practicing commercial activities is not absolute, but rather governed by several basic restrictions, and commercial competition represents an important philosophy that must be widely disseminated among specialists and those concerned in this field and provide the necessary support to enhance competition and its basic ideas through local, regional and international bodies that practice their work in order to achieve commercial competition and spread its necessary importance in this regard. Therefore, legislation and legal rules have emerged that are compatible with this important situation to meet the needs of trade and those dealing in it, as well as the emergence of specific local and international bodies that aim to enhance and spread competition and monitor commercial activities that have a bearing on it in order to distance commercial reality from any illegal and harmful competition that threatens commercial security and confidence.