Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq University Journal of Legal Studies

Old and relatively modern ideologies characterized by a radical (masculine) orientation have prompted civil social institutions and international organizations to pay attention, almost exaggeratedly, to the type of work that takes place in secret from the conventional systems of work and which is often surrounded by the walls of the narrow family and community space, which It is often shrouded in mystery, apart from work monitored by the state or what the state itself turns a blind eye to (care work), whether it is paid or unpaid.
This hidden work has led to the loss of many of its workers (males, although the numbers have doubled dramatically for women) to the loss of the real, obvious work, and the serious and real contribution of their supporters constitutes a breakthrough or a positive action because of the specializations they hold that reach the point of controversy, which are added to the minute in detail. The field of their original profession on the one hand, and on the other hand the lack of belief of the performers (of care work) in their performance of the work and their feeling of family, religious or child duty that it must be performed, while at the same time it may be described as the need of societies and over time for the performer of (care work) due to the high levels of work it requires. Emotional intelligence and human interaction.

The family is the natural cell of society, and it has the right to enjoy the protection of the state, and therefore all legislation is keen to protect it from any violation of its security and tranquility. Family neglect is a widespread phenomenon in all Arab and Western societies as well, as it threatens the entity of the family in particular and society in general, as it has Serious effects on the wife and children, especially since they are the vulnerable group that society has allocated for special treatment within the framework of criminal legislation, which was confirmed through the Penal Code leading to the establishment of legislation specifically for child protection.
If one of the spouses neglects his family obligations, this will cause harm to the family entity, which thus constitutes a crime of assault on its system that requires punishment, as this creates many problems that have serious effects on society and the family. Not spending on the family and leaving the family headquarters, and also leaving the pregnant wife, And moral neglect of children, all of which may lead to harm to society and the family.

Some countries are developing special programs known as citizenship by investment or residency by investment programs, as residency is often the first step paving the way to acquiring citizenship in these countries by granting citizenship to foreigners who wish to invest specific amounts in developing their economy, donating to the public treasury, or providing Other benefits that the state deems appropriate to achieve its higher goals. This is a manifestation of the state’s exclusive authority in matters of nationality through the use of its discretion in choosing the appropriate ties to grant residency or nationality and the positive effects that result from it for both parties.
It is noted that granting citizenship according to this method is on easy terms that shorten the common procedures for acquiring citizenship according to the traditional concept of naturalization. Accordingly, the economic role in organizing the granting of citizenship through investment in many countries, including Turkey, which has made many amendments to attract Iraqi and non-Iraqi investors, is highlighted. This explains the prevalence of market logic, which replaced the traditional basis of citizenship by transforming citizenship into a commodity and adding a new principle to the accepted principles in the field of citizenship, which is called the principle of utilitarianism. Therefore, naturalization programs by investment have a direct impact on the concept of citizenship in general.

Although the vast majority of countries today recognize human rights and fundamental freedoms and stipulate them in their constitutions and laws, the problem of respecting and protecting these rights remains in terms of application, and requires many mechanisms and guarantees that guarantee that respect, especially since the violation or preservation of those rights has begun to decline in the past. Most countries, especially those that are considered developing countries, do not, for the most part, respect the foundations of democracy, freedom, and equality, which has constituted an incentive for many individuals and active elites in society to work to defend those rights and enhance respect for them, whether at the national, regional, or international levels, who often Their safety, freedom, or life is at risk because of this, especially in our beloved country, which constituted an incentive for us to shed light on this important and active segment of society, commemorate their giving and achievement, and explain the most important legal and procedural mechanisms guaranteeing their rights and the protection programs approved at the national and international levels.

The digital revolution that emerged in the twentieth century had a radical impact on various aspects of life, especially in the economic industry, which included three forms (Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things, and Big Data. With regard to artificial intelligence, it was discovered in the mid-fifties of the last century, and its real birth was at the conference organized in the United States of America by the scientists John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky. Over the years, artificial intelligence techniques have developed rapidly until some applications have reached the ability to self-learn from the situations that they encounter and act independently according to the circumstances and situations surrounding it, such as drones, driverless cars, robots, etc., and despite the countless benefits of artificial intelligence and its applications in the medical, military, educational, and other fields, these applications have a negative impact on humans, which may result in using it to harm legally protected interests. Therefore, the emergence of artificial intelligence applications leads to serious thinking about the new effects that this revolutionary technology will have with its advanced capabilities and the ability to act independently and without the need for any intervention .Therefore, it is necessary for the legislator to readapt its legal rules with a realistic and material meaning in order to deal with a hypothetical, intangible occurrence occurs in several cases, specifically with the transition of the idea of artificial intelligence from the established framework from the intangible and private intention, to the concrete, tangible and public framework, and from the easy-to-control software framework to the intelligent software system, whether this matter relates to the development of human capabilities or the development of artificial intelligence applications from a physical or physical perspective in a way that mimics humans in their behavior and actions. Therefore, the need demands for legal framing of the rules that govern this intelligence and determining civil and criminal liability weather it is intentionality and unintentionally that resulting from every breach of the protected interest.

One of the undisputed rules in English law is that the law applicable to contractual obligations is The proper law for the contract, as it is the one that dominates or governs contractual issues. English law emphasizes the necessity of not adopting rigid solutions that apply in a blind and mechanical way to all cases in which A conflict arises between the laws of different countries. Rather, the rules of conflict must be formulated in a flexible and realistic manner that takes into account the circumstances surrounding the issue presented before the judge. The proper law for the contract is chosen according to two bases, one of which is subjective and based on explicit or implicit will, and the other is objective based On the connection between the subject of the contract and the chosen law.

Researching the Ukrainian variable, from the perspective of geostrategic and geo- economics considerations, in the United States’ policy towards the Russian Federation, shows how Ukraine has become an arena for competition and conflict between the two strategic powers, with the aim of enhancing their national security, by concentrating influence and dominance over it, and then over Central and Eastern Europe, in order to achieve their strategic goals at the level of Europe and the world.
By dominating Ukraine and integrating it into the European Union and NATO, the United States can reduce Russia’s influence, encircle it, and hinder its will to restore its global Status. While the Russian Federation can penetrate Central and Eastern Europe to complete its control over the vital Eurasia region, impose its presence and influence on Europe, increase strategic pressure on the United States, and restore its global Status.
In light of these strategic interactions, US-Russian relations declined after 2014, until the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022, due to which the United States imposed a series of economic sanctions to weaken the Russian Federation and prevent it from forming an international bloc against it, especially with China, North Korea and Iran, which are considered revisionist powers in the international system, rejecting unipolarity and calling for multipolarity.

International legal thought distinguishes between interests, which are two interests of the state,
the first of which is subjective and the second of which is objective. This distinction appears clearly
in the texts of international agreements and treaties in which the objective nature is highlighted, as
stated in the United Nations Charter, from its preamble to its scattered objective texts related to the
preservation of international peace and security, to be set in other forms, including human rights
and international humanitarian law. Today, public international law makes the violation of
international obligations a basis for responsibility, whether those essential obligations related to the
interests of the international community as a whole are violated, or international humanitarian law,
which is characterized by the essentiality and objectivity on which the purpose of international law
is based and the reason for most of its provisions due to the obligations it imposes. It was necessary
to state what happened in terms of violating its rules and restricting the establishment of responsibility here and there, so that the law is characterized by weak protection under the pressure
of international politics. Therefore, stating the objectivity of responsibility resulting from the use of
prohibited weapons constitutes a basis for international responsibility, until the study strengthened
its hypothesis of the existence of violations by citing the rulings, decisions and fatwas of the
International Court of Justice.