IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

A field experiment was conduct at the Field Crops Department College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 Winter seasons. The objective of the experiment was study the effect of spraying nitrogen with levels (2500,5000 and 7500 mg N.l-1) as a main plots and number of cutting (uncut, cut once and cut twice) as a secondary plots on grain yield and their components of barley (var. Iba 99).
RCBD with split-plot arrangement was conduct with four replications. Addition of spraying nitrogen fertilizer (7500 mg N.l-1) was significant in number of spike (604.8 and 608.5) spike.m-2, number of grain per spikes (52.28 and 52.44) grain.spike-1, weight of 1000 grains (37.18 and 37.75) mg and percentage of protein in grains (12.75 and 13.30)% for both season, respectively, and grain yield (4.04t.ha-1) during the first seasons only. Uncut treatment was superior in number of spike (566.6 and 578.9) spike.m-2, number of grain per spikes (52.38 and 52.16) grain.spike-1 and grain yield (4.02 and 4.36) t.ha-1 for both seasons, respectively, and weight of 1000 grains (35.83 gm) in the first season. There was significant interaction between spraying nitrogen fertilizer levels and number of cutting that cased a significant increase in number of spike for both seasons, respectively, and grain yield and in the first season only. Therefore, we recommend spraying nitrogen (7500 mg N.I-1) on barley without cutting the crop that gave high mean for grain yield

A field experiment was conduct at the Field Crops Department-College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences University of Baghdad/Abu-Ghriab during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 seasons. The objective of the experiment was study the effect of spraying nitrogen with levels (2500, 5000 and 7500 mg N. I-1) as a main plots and number of cutting (uncut, cut once and cut twice) as a secondary plots on quality of green forage of barley (var. IBA 99).
RCBD with split-plot arrangement was conduct with four replications. Addition of spraying nitrogen fertilizer (7500 mg N. I-1) was significant in plant height (108.70 and 111.12) cm, number of tillers (638.9 and 642.6) tiller.m-2, number of leaves per stem (7.79 and 7.73) leaf. Stem-1, flag leaf area (23.78 and 23.83) cm², green forage yield (16.12 and 17.58) ton.ha-1 and straw yield (7.91 and 8.22) t.ha-1, for both seasons, respectively, and percentage of protein in green forage (14.80)% during the first seasons only. Uncut treatment was superior in plant height (106.45 and 108.53) cm, number of tillers (612.3 and 622.7) tiller.m-2, number of leaves per stem (7.62 and 7.60) leaf. stem-1, flag leaf area (21.69 and 22.49) cm² and straw yield (7.03 and 7.73) t. ha-1 for both seasons, respectively, while cutting the crop twice caused significant increase in percentage of dry matter in forage (19.94 and 20.66)%, green forage yield (17.79 and 18.76) ton. ha-1, dry matter yield (3.56 , 3.92) ton. ha-1 and protein yield in green forage (0.51 and 0.56) ton. ha-1 for both seasons, respectively, and cutting the crop once caused significant increase in percentage of protein in green forage (14.42)% in the second season only. There was significant interaction between spraying nitrogen fertilizer levels and number of cutting that cased a significant increase in number of tillers for both seasons, respectively, and forage yield and in the first season only. Therefore, we recommend spraying nitrogen (7500 mg N. I-1) on barley with cutting the crop twice that gave high mean for forage yield and protein yield in green forage

A field experiment was couducted in clay loam soil with three replicates and under RCBD design to figure out the effect of biofertilizer and yeast adding method on the availability of phosphorus, growth and yield of onion. The results showed that the adding of mycorrinzal fertilizer increased the phosphorus availability in soil , green mass and total yield (5.493 mg kg-1, 0.292%, 0.473% and 5.862 mcg h-1) comparing with the other treatments which gave (4.261 mg kg-1, 0.348%, 0.226% and 4.995 mcg h-1).
The interaction between in mycorrinzal fertilizers and yeast the excellence of the yeast treatment (soil Treatment) on the phosphorus concentration in soil /green mass and total yield (5.118 mg kg-1, 0.488% , 0.308% and 5.836 mcg h-1) comparing with the foliar upplication of yeast (4.840 mg kg-1, 0.436% , 0-.272% and 5.439 mcgh-1).

The experiment was carried out in one of the fields of Research Station B at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad - Al-Jadiriya on the fragrant plant for the spring season 2021 in order to study the effect of harvest date, mycorrhiza, biostimulants and the interaction between them on some characteristics of vegetative and root growth and the essential oil yield of sweet scented geranium plants from some compounds Medically effective. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split plot design, with three replications. The experiment included a study of three factors, as the factor of harvest dates represents the main panels with two harvest dates, which are after 60 and 90 days from planting, while the secondary panels include the treatment of mycorrhizal fungal vaccine by two treatments, namely, not adding mycorrhizal fungal vaccine to the root system and adding it. As for the sub-secondary panels,they include Thestimulation treatments consisted of four treatments:the measurement treatment and the spraying of the foliage with the amino acid phenylalanine at a concentration of 300 mg l̄¹. And the treatment of spraying the foliage with moringaleaves extract at a concentration of 10 gm l̄̄ and the treatment of spraying the shoot with licorice root powder extract at a concentration of 10 gm l̄̄. The results that were reached showed: The treatment exceeded the date of the second harvest in most of the vegetative growth indicators, which included plant height (54.62 cm), leaf area (48.76 cm2) and the content of soft leaves of total chlorophyll (10.04 mg 100 g-1 and leaf yield of wet weight) 550.4 g) and the dry weight of leaves (96.9 g), as well as an increase in the surface area of the roots (40.50 dm 2) and the volatile oil content in the dried leaves from the percentage of each of Citronellal (24.86%) and Geraniol (15.58%) and Linalool (5.97%) The application of mycorrhizae significantly increased all vegetative growth characteristics such as plant height (53.67 cm), total number of leaves per plant (374.3 leaves), leaf area (51.46 dm2) and the content of fresh leaves of total chlorophyll (10.39 mg 100 mg - 1) The weight of the fresh yield of the leaves (539.6 g), the weight of the dry yield of the leaves (98.2 g), the surface area of the roots (54.83 dm 2), as well as the volatile oil content of the dried leaves from the percentages of each of Citronellal (23.59%) and Geraniol (14.89). %) and Linalool (5.07%) spray treatment showed Foliar with Moringa leaf extract an increase in the total number of leaves (384.8 leaves), the leaf area (58.23 dm2), the content of the fresh leaves of total chlorophyll (11.04 mg 100 g-1), the fresh weight of the leaf yield (104.3 g) and the dry weight of the leaf yield (54.67 g) and the area The surface surface of the roots (58.23 dm 2 ) the content of volatile oil in the dried leaves as a percentage of each of the compound Citronellal (23.35%), Geraniol (14.92%) and Linalool (4.89%).

A several laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some aqueous extracts of plants (thyme, mint, green tea, rosemary) on third and adult larvae of Trogodema granarium in laboratory conditions. The results were superior to the aqueous extracts of thyme at concentrations (1, 5 and 10%) compared to the aqueous extracts of other plants, and the following results were obtained:
1- As the mortality rat e increased with the increase in the concentration of the extract and the duration of exposure compared to the control sample, where the rate of larvae killing of thyme extract after 8 days was for concentrations (1,5,10% and control) (1.6, 2.0, 6.6, 1.0) respectively, and for mint plant After 8 days (3.6, 3.3, 4.3, 1.0) respectively, the larval killing rate of rosemary extract after 8 days was (1.6, 3.0, 3.0, 1.0) respectively, and the killing rate of green tea extract after 8 days (1.0, 1.6) , 2.6, 1.0).
2- The extract of thyme, mint and rosemary showed a high response to the repellency effects, while green tea gave a lower response, and this effect increases with the increase in the concentration of the extract and the duration of exposure to it. The response rate of thyme extract after 8 days to concentrations (1, 5, 10 %) (86.6, 93.3, 96.6%), respectively, and the percentage of the repellency to aqueous extract of rosemary was (80, 83.3, 83.3) respectively, and the repellency of the aqueous extract of the mint plant was (90, 90, 93.3%) respectively, and the repellency of the aqueous extract of the green tea plant was (56.6, 63.3, 73.3%) respectively.
3- The percentage of loss weight was high for the control sample treated with solvent only (water + distilled water), while the percentage of loss was low for the samples treated with plant extracts under study. Where the percentage of loss of wheat treated with aqueous extract of thyme when using concentrations (1%, 5%, and 10%) reached (5%, 2%, and 0.8%), respectively. And for wheat treated with aqueous extract of mint, which amounted to (11%, 7.8%, and 2.3%) respectively. And for wheat treated with aqueous extract of rosemary using concentration (1%, 5%, and 10%) was (10.1%, 6.8% and 3.0%) respectively. And for wheat treated with extract of green tea was (12.8%, 11.3% and 7.6%), respectively.
4- Percentage of germination efficiency test was assessed after treating wheat seeds with different concentrations of extracts used in this study (thyme, mint, rosemary, green tea). The germination percentage ranged between (95 - 99%), where the percentage of the control treatment was 97%. The highest germination rate was when using thymeplant at a concentration (1%, 5%, and 10%). And the lowest germination rate was when using green tea at a concentration of 10%, reaching 95%.

This study was conducted in three Iraqi regions: 1.middle (Baghdad) 2.Alforat Alawsat (Babylon and Najaf) and 3. south (Thi-Qar, Maysan and Basrah), involving 60 buffalo owners were chosen randomly during 2019 -2020, there was field visits every three months with questionnaire which included the total number of herd, number of adult females and males and number of female and male calves, using SAS for statistical analysis of above data. The study revealed that there was a significant increase in total herd number and number of adult females (0.05 >أ) in all periods(every three months)in all regions, while no significant differences in number of adult males ,but there was a significant increase in number of female calves in 3rd periods and number of male calves inperiods 1stand 2nd at 5% as (71.88±11.95,7.83±25.39,56.59±5.08) (36.64±3.74,65.17±19.97,28.48±4.33) in the three regions respect tively. The significant increase from periods1st to 2nd(0.05 > أ) occurred in total number of herd and number of male calves also a significant increase from periods 2nd to 3rd happened in total number of herd and number of female and male calves, we found a significant increase from periods 1st to 3rd in total number of herd and number of female calves was (25.35, 60.17, 31.67) (27.76, 38.33, 18.86) in all regions respectively. The conclusion of study was that the increasing in total number of herd was (6.55, 8.36) in 1st to 2nd periods and in 2nd to 3rd periods at straight , so the total number of herds from 1st to 3rd periods in all regions reached to 13659 head with growth rate reached to 14.38% .

This study was conducted in 6 Iraqi governorates which were Baghdad (middle), Babylon and Najaf (Alfurat Alawsat), and Thi–Qar, Maysan and Basrah (south), it included 60 buffalo owners chosen randomly within the period 2019–2020 through field visits with questionnaires about breeding system, feeding system, body cooling methods, most important diseases affecting buffalo herds in these regions and agricultural land possession.
The information was updated each 3 months through the year. SAS program used for statistical analysis for collected data. The total number of buffalo was ranged (1491) heads in Al furat Alawsat and (6497) heads in the south of Iraq while in Baghdad was (3707) heads.
The results revealed that the semi closed system was dominant (76.66 %) in all governorates followed by the open system (20.0 %) while closed system was (3.33 %) and these differences was highly significant. The buffalo owners who possess the agricultural land was less (28.33 %) than those who do not (71.66 %).
Regarding the cooling methods the results showed that using river water was higher (71.66 %) than using marshes water (11.32 % )in (p< 0.01).
The feeding system, the highest percentage was forage (42.75 %) followed by roughage (39.85 %) and the lowest west was concentrate diet (11.32 %) and these differences was highly significant. Finally we found that FMD was recorded as higher percentage of diseases affecting buffalo herds (53.01 %), followed by brucellosis (25.30 %) while we did not finding one infected with tuberculosis (0 %) in studied herds.

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad for the period from 10/15/2021 to 11/25/2021 in order to show the effect of adding different levels of Ganoderma lucidum to broiler diets on microbial and immunological In it, 200 unsexed (Ross 308) chicks of one day old breed were used, with a starting weight of (40) g. The chicks were distributed and randomly divided into four treatments with 50 birds for each treatment. One treatment included five replicates (10 birds/repeat) and the experiment treatments were T1, T2, and T3, T4 and the percentages of adding reishi mushrooms 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 g/kg of feed respectively, and the birds were fed for the duration of the experiment on three rations: the starter ration, the growth diet and the final diet, The results showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the preparation of lactobacillus bacteria for T4 treatment containing reishi mushroom by 1.5 g/kg compared with the control treatment. The results showed All proportions of adding reishi mushrooms it led to a significant decrease (p<0.05) for In the preparation of bacteria E.coli for all adding treatment compared with the control treatment. and The results showed no significant for the relative weight of the gland fabricia and evidence fabricia and opposites of Newcastle and Camboro between the experimental treatment. It can be concluded from this study that adding reishi mushrooms to 1.5 g/kg feed has a role and importance in improving the microbial and immunological

A questionnaire was prepared to collect data from the tomato producers in the Governorate of Baghdad, Data included the variables related to the suppliers of production (capital and labor), as well as data collected through summer season (2020), The amount of the capital resource per acre of the tomato crop was estimated in the unit (thousand dinars), As for the labor resource, it included human work, which included family work and wage work, and the percentage of wage work constituted (43%) of the total human work. As for family work, it constituted a rate of (57%). The family was great importance cultivation and service operations of the crop within the scope of the studied sample. The elasticities values for all levels of productivity are almost constant, and the elasticity of the variable productive resource work (L) was equal to its elasticity in the estimated function and its value (0.211), which confirms the validity of the results obtained, This means that the flexibility of response to the resources used is less than the correct one, which indicates an increase in production in decreasing rates, and thus it falls in the second stage of production .And the elasticity of the variable productive resource capital (k) was equal to its elasticity in the estimated function and its value (0.431), and the total production elasticity, which represents the sum of the elasticities of response to the resources used, which represents capacity returns, Its sum was less than one (0.641), which indicates that the increase in resources by a certain percentage is offset by an increase in production by a lower percentage, ie, the diminishing capacity. The optimum quantities of labor and capital were calculated at the optimum production volume, and the amount of work needed to achieve the optimum volume of the crop was (13.4) man/day. As for capital required to grow one acre of the crop (464,239.55), the optimal volume of production in the optimal combinations of (L.K) was (4823.77), and the total production costs amounted to (644,663) and these results are consistent with the logic of the economic theory

One of the most important problems facing the marketing of the tomato crop is the rise in the marketing margins of the crop. It is necessary to work to reduce these costs in order to provide protection and support for both the producer and the consumer alike. Therefore, the study proceeded to calculate the marketing margins during the various stages and paths, And measuring the marketing efficiency of the tomato crop and calculating the marketing shares of the product, wholesaler and retailer, to determine the efficiency of the performance of the marketing system. The research reached an estimate of the marketing margins for the tomato crop. The difference between the price of the product and what the consumer pays represents the marketing margin, which are costs borne by the consumer through the final price of the product. The average absolute and relative marketing margin between the wholesaler and producer stages was (66%, 18.3%) dinars/kg, respectively. The average absolute and relative marketing margin between the wholesaler and retailer stages was (134.26%) dinars / kg, respectively, while the absolute and relative marketing margin between the retailer and producer stages was (200, 48.8%) dinars / kg, respectively. Which refers to the low marketing efficiency due to the high marketing margins for the different marketing stages resulting from the high costs and profits of intermediaries. The brokers' share constituted a large part of the marketing margin.

The study is concerned with analyzing the effects of governmental intervention in wheat production within northern region of Iraq for the cultivation season (2018-2019) the study employs policy analysis matrix (pam) approach in the northern region of Iraq for the cultivation season (2018-2019). This approach would determine the comparative advantage coefficients for wheat crop that helps to assign the best regions for wheat planting In addition, the value of social profitability coefficient would participate in the planning of crop production. The study concludes that the profitability Coefficient value for wheat was (1.12). It also indicates that local producer achieve benefit from government policy. Nevertheless, the value of local resource cost for wheat was (0.45) less than one for the cultivation season (2018-2019). This shows that means the north region of Iraq have a comparative advantage in wheat production for that year moreover, the value of Producer Subsidy Ratio was (5.32%) that mean there was a large subsidy from government to producers. The value of private Cost Coefficient Ratio was (0.42) which reveals that the invested capital in wheat production is more than the costs. As a result, profits achieved to the local investors in the northern region of Iraq for the agricultural season (2018-2019).

The research aimed to identify knowledge needs of responsibles of extension farms in all governorates except Kurdistan Region regarding extension activities administration and present a conceptual suggested to develop their capacity building. An interview schedule consist of two aspects included (87) items was used to collect data from (54) respondents during 4th July to 15th August 2021.
Result showed that majority (48%) of the respondents had high knowledge needs. According that it was prepared a conceptual suggested proposal to develop the responsibles extension farms capacity. Research recommended that, the Ministry of Agriculture need to 1- provide professional training course for the responsibles extension farms to improve extension services in their districts 2.put the conceptual suggested as a guide to develop the responsibles of extension farms in activities administration and implement it

This research aimed to identify agricultural engineers' knowledge at Najaf Municipality on cities' afforestation criteria and rules.42 agricultural engineers working at Najaf Municipality were included in the study. A questionnaire form consisting of two parts administered using the face-to-face interview method to collect data from the respondents during April 2022. The questionnaire consists of 80 test paragraphs divided into two fields: 1. Knowledge of cities' afforestation criteria was measured by 48 paragraphs distributed into 5 aspects. 2. Knowledge of cities' afforestation rules was measured by 32 paragraphs distributed into 4 aspects. The Data analyzed by means, frequencies, percentage, range, and standard deviation. The results showed that (71 percent) of the respondents had medium-low knowledge of cities afforestation criteria and rules, while (24 percent) of the respondents had high knowledge. The study revealed Najaf Governorate Administration has need to work on for developing the capacity building of agricultural engineers on cities' afforestation criteria and rules through training courses

Application of pesticides on vegetables will protect them from pest injury, but in another hand will hold pesticide residues in vegetables. These residues have harmful effect against all consumers. In the present study, we took imidacloprid insecticide, because it used widely for combatant vegetable insect control in Iraq. Median lethal dose (LD50) for imidacloprid pesticide was determinant by using Probit analytical method. The evaluation of toxicity carried out by taking 1/10, 1/100, and 1/10000 from the LD50 of imidacloprid insecticide. Orally administration of determinant doses applied on albino mice using gavage-tube for 30 days as sub-chronic exposure. We took both biochemical and hematological parameters, as indicators for insecticide toxicity. The histopathological study been carried out for liver, kidney, and spleen after we sacrifice the mice of each group separately in the end of the sub- chronic orally administration period. ANOVA statistical test carried out for results of imidacloprid biochemical and hematological results. The results varied based on kind of parameters and concentrations, low concentrations dose 1/10, 1/100 and 1/10000 from LD50 has the same or even more adversely effect towards targeted organs, the reason for that attitude due to bio- accumulation effect and the inability of low dose for stimulate the defense systems of body like superoxide dismutase(SOD), whereas, intermediate and high dose concentration able to stimulate body defense systems like SOD.
Abbreviation
SOD, superoxide dismutase; RBC, red blood corpuscle; WBC, white blood corpuscle; MDA, Malondialdehyde; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; TG, Triglyceride

The present study carried out to classify Salvia species growing in Iraq using pollen grains morphology. Plants of the seven test species collected from Anbar some of and some of Kurdistan Region between May and June 2021. All species were wild type with the exception of S. officinalis, which is cultivated in AR-Ramadi district. Light microscope (LM) and scanning electron Microscope (SEM) examinations revealed significant variations among pollen grains of the test species; the pollen grains of the test species found to be different in size ranged between medium and small; the shapes of pollen grains varied from suboblate to prolate; pollen grains of all test species was hexacolpate.
The surface ornamentation was important in distinguishing some species, as the studied species were divided into two groups according to type of ornamentation, which was either reticulate or bireticulate. The bireticulate was the most common type of surface ornament in mesocolpium, while reticulate was the most common type of surface ornament in apocolpium. The present results provided useful pollen grains properties for species identification

Sesame the oil-based seed crop Sesamum indicum L. has been widely planted and consume in Iraq. Unfortunately, sesame seeds are particularly susceptible to different infectious agents especially fungi in the field specially if stored improperly. Using culture and immunological approaches, the current study tried to analyze the ochratoxigenic potential of several Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates from sesame samples in Duhok city.
The results showed the isolation of 24 fungal species belong to 14 genera with number of sterile mycelia and yeasts, also showed the potency of 17 isolates of Aspergillus and Penicillium to produce OTA. Ochratoxin A (OTA) were detected in cultures of six species of section nigri (A.carbonarius and A.niger aggregate), one of Aspergillus section circumdati species (A .ochraceus) and one species of Penicillium (P.verrucosum). OTA was found at level from 0.63 to 0.70 ng\ml in A.carbonarius isolates; from 0.60 to 0.64 ng\ml in A.niger aggreg. isolates; in P.verrucosum from 0.52 to 0.61 ng\ml and in A.ochraceus isolates 0.23 -0.62 ng\ml while none of both A.sclerotiorum, A.japonicus isolate produce. According to our findings, the occurrence of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates in sesame seed samples poses a specific risk to consumer health

The optimum conditions for the production of bacteriocin from Lactobacillus bulgaricus in the liquid MRS medium were studied and NISIN was used as a standard bacteriocin. The concentration was measured on the principle of a spectrophotometer, where it was shown that the best carbon source is glucose at 3% and a better study Conditions from nitrogen sources in terms of ammonium citrate, which showed that the ratio of 0.3% was optimum for production, while for the nitrogen source peptone and meat extract the ratio was 1.5% and the nitrogen source for yeast extract was 0.7% was optimum, while the sources of salts were the optimum conditions for manganese sulfate and magnesium sulfate It was 0.01%, while acid dipotassium phosphate was 0.2%, with a inoculum size of 7×107.

This study was conducted to characterize Iraqi indigenous chicken breeds mor-phologically. Six breeds named Barred (BA), Brown (BR), Black (BL), White (WH), white neck-naked (WH-NA), and Brown neck-naked (BR-NA), reared on-station were studied. Data on morphological properties were collected from 300 females and 150 males at 33 weeks of age randomly chosen from the base popula-tion. Descriptive statistics, frequency, and cross-tabulation were used to analyze the qualitative morphological variables. A two-way analysis of variance was con-ducted to analyze the effect of breed and sex on quantitative measurements. All chickens (100%) exhibited normal feather morphology and no silky or curly (friz-zle) was observed. The distribution of the plumage is mainly characteristic nor-mal, four breeds were shown normal and two breeds were characteristics as na-ked-neck, (66.7% normal and 33.3% naked-neck). The white, black, and barred breeds showed similarities between hens and roosters except for the male brown breed where colors are combined with other feather colors, mainly on wings, back, and tail. Skin color was mainly white and occurred in five breeds (P=100 percent) except brown naked-neck appeared in 66.7% of the population as red skin color. Males and females of BA chickens exhibited significantly higher body circumference, body length, shank length, neck length, and wingspan compared to other breeds. The lowest body characteristics were shown in WH, WH-NA, and BR-NA. The average BW of adultmales and females varied significantly among the populations. Females of BA populations