Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

The paper examines the effectiveness of using AI tools in predicting English-Arabic terminology during pre-interpreting sessions. As proper terminology preparation is considered a key component of successful interpretation, AI tools have presented new ways for interpreters to perform their tasks more efficiently and effectively. This paper, therefore, employs an empirical approach in investigating the predictability of AI-selected tools to come up with contextually correct and semantically accurate terms. Controlled experiments involving professional interpreters who evaluate the quality and relevance of the terms generated by the AI are presented. Results show that AI tools help in significant time reduction and increase the accuracy of the terminology while preparing domain-specific terminology. However, several limitations were discovered in contextual discrepancies and domain-specific challenges. This study underlines the potential of AI as a supportive resource in pre-interpreting preparation and further emphasises the need for refinement in AI systems in dealing with contextual and linguistic complexities arising during professional interpreting contexts.

This study aims to investigate the forms of annotations utilised by translation students who are under training during sight translation and to identify which forms are the most common ones. Mixed methods were utilised to answer the research questions. The qualitative method analysed 60 papers for two exams, while the quantitative one in a survey consisted of 11 questions.
The findings reveal that six main forms of annotations were identified: underlining words, translating words, translating and underlining words, translating the first/second sentences, annotating the first/second sentences, and mixed forms of annotation. According to the tutor\'s observations, underlining words was the most prevalent form, while translating words form was the most frequent one based on the survey results. A mixed annotation form was only recognised when analysing students’ papers; interestingly, the survey findings lacked this form.
It is concluded that annotations in sight translation are mainly restricted to underlining, circling, and sometimes translating, drawing arrows and usually for subject, verb, or key words that are essential to constitute the sense for a phrase/ sentence. Highlighting, summarising, and writing in the margins were excluded from annotation’s forms. More attention should be paid to teaching annotations to translation students.

The Round House (2012) by Louise Erdrich discusses identity, trauma, and the complex issues that Native American tribes face in the justice system. Erdrich offers a distinctive viewpoint that blends personal and social histories by drawing on her Ojibwe ancestry. Systemic injustices in the American legal system and violence against Native women are among the important subjects discussed in the book. in order to demonstrate how Joe and his mother Geraldine's experiences mirror the larger problems encountered by Indigenous peoples in the US, this study analyses The Round House using the framework of post-traumatic stress disorder theory.

Film makers and cinematic critics depend on specialized jargons expressions in the process of both discussing their works and reviewing the latest releases. Theses expressions range from simple and direct to detailed and complex. Sometimes they are fully explained without the need of a full context and sometimes the full meaning is understood simply by using the jargon without others associations.
This study deals with the analysis of cinematic expressions and jargon in the light of Geoffrey Leech`s seven types of meaning. This framework has been chosen due to its wide scope and flexible features which makes it a proper model of analysis to examine the different meanings intended by these expressions.
Throughout the analysis the researcher has attempted to analyze the examples-within full sentences- applying the model of Leech and showing the differences between the types and the reasons behind neglecting certain types and the repetition of other types.

La présente recherche aborde le thème de guerre d’après la représentation de son horreur dans le roman de la Terre invisible d’Hubert Mingarelli. Ce roman paru en 2019, décrit l’expérience douloureuse d’un photographe de guerre , témoin avec son appareil d’un conflit terrible qui s’est terminée par la défaite des Nazis en 1945 par les Alliés pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale .
Dans notre recherche nous utilisons la méthode analytique qui montre comment le photographe de guerre qui est le narrateur du roman et son personnage principal a été assisté obligatoirement au spectacle des morts sur les routes , il a pris sa décision de traverser L’Allemagne avec la compagnie d’un soldat anglais . Les deux partent pour photographier les gens normaux de ce peuple qui tournait le dos aux atrocités de cette guerre. Par cette quête de la réalité chez son personnage, ce roman apparaît comme un objection à l’absurdité des guerres et à ses violences. C’est pourquoi, le romancier Hubert Mingarelli présente une vision atroce de la guerre qui ravage et tue les peuples

Grand écrivain du XXe siècle, André Gide a constamment remis en question les concepts de liberté, de recherche individuelle et de construction de soi. Par le biais de ses personnages et ses récits de voyage, l'écrivain examine les conflits intérieurs et la quête de la libération. En effet, l'un des thèmes récurrents du roman gidien est celui du héros voyageur en recherche de vérité, d'identité, de sens et, notamment, de liberté. Physique qu'il soit ou spirituel, le voyage devient le meilleur moyen pour ses personnages d'échapper aux contraintes morales et sociales et de se redécouvrir eux-mêmes. Cette recherche analyse la manière dont Gide recherche la liberté à travers le voyage, tout en se demandant dans quelle mesure ce voyage mène effectivement à la liberté ou à une illusion.
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European Postcards during the Nineteenth Century present images of Arab brides and Muslim women smoking hookah. This has led to distorted Western stereotypes of Arab and Muslim women throughout the course of Western cultural history. Such images are visualised in European postcards to be sold as objects of ridicule. This paper highlights the historical records and the fictional narrative of Arabic weddings and European tourists’ postcards of Arabic brides in fancy wedding costumes in addition to Muslim women spending their life in states of indolence, drinking coffee and smoking hookah. This paper offers a post-colonial reading of the narrative concerning Muslim brides in fictional texts like the Wedding Chapter in the novel Hadith Isa Ibn Hisham published in 1907 and the historical role of existed European Colonial photographers in International museums and worldwide digital archives.

The present reasearch explores cultural mediation through the classic short story (The Gift of Magi) written by O. Henry. The translator faces a work full of cultural and moral values within the lines of the story. The research tends to analyze the story based on a descriptive qualitative approach to give more details about what is behind the story culturally. The results show that in order to translate and assess any work, particularly literature work. It is important to have cultural knowledge alongside the language competence of the target text. Evualtiong texts should not based only on linguistic features as well as extra-linguistic features to render and maintain the original value of the original work.

In his novel A Walk Across the Sun, Corban Addison addresses the issue of child trafficking, with a particular focus on young female trafficking. This global problem persists despite the implementation of laws and the international attention it has garnered. This paper aims to shed light on this issue by dissecting Addison's novel and highlighting the consequences of trafficking on the victims and society. The study employs a socio-psychological approach to underscore this issue's psychological and sociological effects on the children, their families, and their communities. Cathy Caruth's trauma theory and Bessel van der Kolk's studies on trauma and post-traumatic disorder (PTSD) are utilized to underscore the psychological consequences of trafficking. Social studies are also employed to examine the social ramifications of trafficking.

Committed poetry emerged in the twentieth century during World War II as a response to the German occupation. Many poets actively participated in the resistance, both through fighting and writing, including Éluard, Aragon, Desnos, Prévert, and others. Their works were disseminated through newspapers and clandestine channels, allowing them to play an honest and significant role in defending the values of their homeland during this critical period.
The first major theme addressed in committed poetry was freedom. A prime example of this is Paul Éluard's poem Liberté, written in 1942 to restore hope among the population, resistance fighters, and rebels: "The poem Liberté, by Paul Eluard, composed of 21 quatrains, was parachuted in several thousand copies by British planes of the Royal Air Force over French soil in 1942, at the same time as weapons and munitions.". (Roussy, 2020). Other poems from this period also offer rich examples of committed poetry. The works of Prévert, Aragon, and other poets during this time serve as a testament to the effectiveness and clarity of committed poetry as a powerful tool of resistance.

This paper delves into Suzan-Lori Parks’ Topdog/Underdog, scrutinizing how it inspects themes of racial identity plus frictions within the U.S.A. The drama orbits around siblings Lincoln and Booth; two Black males wrestling to sculpt their identities amidst economic hardships and racism’s enduring shadow. By dissecting the duo’s monikers, ancestry, financial standing, and inter-sibling dynamics, this manuscript critiques how internal alongside external elements mold Lincoln and Booth’s conflicted self-perceptions. The prime motif in the play is the brothers’ psychological entanglement with America’s slave-holding past and suppression saga, epitomized by their names tethering them to seminal historical personas. The fringe societal slot obstructs total dominion over how they are publicly perceived and furthers crime-poor cycle’s continuance. Furthermore, persisting race-based philosophies still shape how characters discern themselves; for instance Booth’s unease over his paler skin tone. Through repeated scenarios and conversations repetition in her work, Park mirrors Lincoln along with Booth’s sensation of being ensnared in a cycle of revisiting former traumas. The play is an observation on complex trials facing African-American identity creation within a community chronically negating Black Americans self-sovereignty. Via showcasing her protagonists’ inner plus outer conflicts grappling Parks spurs discussions regarding personal will against sociocultural limitations positioned by history at large scale limits beyond individual control. She sheds light on contradistinctions along tensions lingering above racial narratives inside America articulating identity comprehension as influenced individually albeit shaped significantly by exogenous barriers.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of scholarly studies on Caryl Phillips’ A Distant Shore and Dancing in the Dark. The study sheds light on the critical gaps covered by previous researches to accentuate Philips’ literary vitality in the Caribbean literature. Therefore, the significance of the study lies in its elaboration of diverse studies on Phillips’ novels to unravel authorial dexterity and erudite writing style which emulates world literary writings. The main objective of the study is to explore Phillips’ depiction of Caribbean life in universal realistic themes. The findings of the study will be divided into both the literary and realistic peculiarities of his writing. On the one hand, his literary style comprises Phillips’ utilization of literary elements to produced well-knotted fictional plots in perfect narrative sequences. On the other hand, Phillips’ realistic style encompasses his portrayal of the fictional events and characters via narrative simulacra i.e., quasi-real plots. Such realistic manner includes some social, psychological, cultural, and anthropological themes pursued in the course of his narrative structure. The study’s methodology, therefore, will be a qualitative review of previous studies on Phillips’ A Distant Shore and Dancing in the Dark to offer and in-depth analysis of his unique writing style as a distinctive Kittitian-British author.

This paper examines the influence of ideology on simultaneous interpreting, specifically in speeches that are politically loaded. It delves into the difficulties interpreters encounter when the political context of the original speech interacts with their personal or institutional ideology. It deals with the elusive relationship between ideologies in the present and the contemporary understanding of them, which will be demonstrated through examples from US president Donald Trump political appearance against Qatar. Based on the concepts of ideology and language, ideology and politics, and interpretation methods, this paper conveys how ideological elements affect the perception of political discourse and justifies by means of close investigation the methods utilized by Al-Jazeera TV interpreter. Generalization is one of the strategies that are used, others are approximation, substitution, incomplete sentences and summarizing. On the one hand, the study offers a glimpse as to what difficulties the translators will likely encounter when interpreting speeches of political figures with opposing views by identifying the intricate relationship between the translators' own ideological history, the institution that they are working for, and the political context of the speech. The research problem emerges from the challenges the interpreter face when trying to achieve neutrality in simultaneous interpreting giving the fact that ideological factors embody the interpretation task as well as the resulting political text.

Voice quality is a thriving topic. Recently, it has been extensively tackled due to its social, pathological, and forensic importance as well as due to the advances in technical tools that are utilized to investigate the human vocal apparatus. This is not to say that it is a new topic in the linguistic field. It has its roots that extend to the previous centuries. However, it is exposed explicitly as a theory by John Laver (1980). Laver proposed a systematic analysis of voice quality. He stated several features or setting that modulate the voice in a specific manner starting with features in the larynx passing through the pharynx and the tongue ending up to the lips, clarifying the influence of each organ on the modulation of voice. The present paper intends to reveal some of the most essential approaches of how to investigate Voice Quality, specifically the social variations. There are three main approaches; Auditory or perceptual, articulatory and the acoustic approaches. The importance of this paper lies in the fact that it represents a point of departure for researchers and those who are interested in voice quality to reveal new secrets of the human voice seeking a systematic modulation of human voice as a whole.

This paper tackles the representation of the football player Vinicius Junior in the global media narratives through a cross-cultural analysis. The paper aims to identify and compare the cross-cultural aspects used in representing Vinicius Junior as far as European and South American sports media narratives are concerned. Moreover, it intends to Explore the roles of the racial and cultural aspects in framing Vinícius junior image in different cultural regions. The sample of the study is limited to four extracts selected from two news articles (one article is European and the other one is from South America). The model adopted involves van Dijk’s (2000) polarization framework and Hall’s (1997) representation theory. The findings of the study imply that the language used in media narratives implies cultural identity and stereotypes relying on certain lexical choices and framing. Moreover, polarization of cultural identity reinforces the in-group and out-group strategies and racial discrimination portrayed through a focus shift toward personal behavior.

The discourse of animated sitcoms is full of socio-political ideologies that reflect shared thoughts and attitudes of Americans. Most of critical stylistic studies focus on analyzing literary works (e.g. novels) and political speeches. This study aims to identify the textual-conceptual functions used in the discourse of animated sitcoms to show the stylistic and ideological implications. The data under the focus is limited to American animation \"South Park\", which is written by Trey Parker. Scene 2 and 3 are taken from the episode 8 of season 8, entitled \"Douche and Turd\", to represent the data. The study has arrived at several conclusions, the most important of which are: Naming & Describing and Implying & Assuming scores the higher frequencies than the other functions, indicating that sitcoms rely on culture specific references and events. Satire is much more direct and explicit. Specific references are made to the two political parties (i.e. The Republican and Democratic parties), and the theme is satirical, confronting the political authority.

The present study aims to explore qualitatively and quantitatively the mastery level of Iraqi EFL students in Gen Z's English slang according to (Colley, H. , Hodkinson, P. & Colley, J., 2003) types of formal and informal learning, and (Ellis, 2008) comprehensible input. One hundred male and female students from four Iraqi universities participated in a two-part test. They were asked to answer a 44-item interview about their issues related to using Gen Z and input sources. They were also asked to answer a five-point Likert Scale to assess their mastery of fifty common slang words. The results revealed the validity and reliability of the two-part test because the weighted means, which were lower than the expected value, were usually distributed. Also, the study subjects were interested in enhancing their stock of slang by relying on individual informal sources, such as social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and Cinemania and chatting online with strangers. Iraqi students were described as similar to their age because they are individualistic, self-independent, use text messaging, and avoid mutual communication.

The present study aims at investigating the evolution of the Arabic theory of semantics. Semantics or the study of meaning is concerned with the meanings of grammatical constructions, sentences, words, and phrases. The term "semantic development" describes how the meaning of a certain word evolves over extended or brief periods of time. It may have an external or internal driving force. When speakers use words frequently and their intentions are not always precisely the same, meanings might change. It is hypothesized that semantic development is likely to occur when a word gains traction in usage and the speech community adopts a distinct meaning for it. Similar to other forms of linguistic change, semantic growth is universal, continuous, and gradual rather than abrupt. It has been discovered that there are various types of semantic growth in Arabic, including specialization, generalization, and semantic shift. Certain word formation processes, including borrowing, production and invention, synthetic words, Arabicization, and blending, give rise to these types of semantic development. Need, social and cultural variables, emotional and psychological reactions, language deviation, metaphoric transition, historical factors, innovation, and purposeful and unintentional factors are some of the causes of these types of semantic growth.

process of cultural and social communication and the relationship of language to society at times and its relationship to culture at other times. Any language plays the role of the basic pillar and backbone in building societies, and there is no language without society, just as there is no society without a language spoken by its members. Language is a major element in protecting the cohesion and solidarity of society, and conducting communication and contact between its members. Language and society are two inseparable components. Each society has its own language that distinguishes it from other societies. The same applies to culture. Each society has its own culture. Both have a relationship of influence and impact. Each society has its own culture and language that distinguishes it from others, and through which cultural communication is carried out between societies, their individuals, and their various languages. As for the structure of this research paper, it includes an introduction and three sections. The first section discusses the definition of language, language and terminology, and the most important concepts related to language, its elements, and its characteristics. The second section deals with the relationship of language and its functions in society, while the third section deals with the relationship of language to culture, cultural com
The study refers to the subject of the Arabic language in terms of the roles it plays in the munication , and the role of language in implementing it. In conclusion, a number of results and recommendations are presented, along with a list of sources and references.

The present paper investigates the multilingualism in films and how it is dealt with in the subtitling process. In cinema, the term “multilingual” is used to address those films depicting intercultural encounters, where two different languages at least are uttered. Multilingual films actually refer to a group of works that emphasise the shared feature of that important and vital stance of multilingualism in the story and its context. The process of subtitling in such films needs to be investigated since subtitling is the means by which viewers comprehend and understand what is the language spoken on screen. The researcher reviews the history of multilingual films, the reasons behind making such films and the relation between multilingualism and subtitling. The multilingual film “Babel” is investigated as a case study since it depicts four different languages and cultures (Arabic, English, Spanish, and Japanese). The present paper investigates the subtitling process in this movie as has been displayed on Cinemana Application. The researcher reviews the strategies used in the subtitling process for the part related to the Arabic and English pair in the film.

This term paper provides a clear explanation of the notions of Domestication and Foreignization in sight translation, as well as the ongoing controversies around these two fundamental translation methodologies that cover linguistic and cultural factors. The notion of domestication refers to a translation strategy that utilizes a lucid and fluid writing style in order to minimize the unfamiliarity of the foreign content for readers of the target language. Conversely, foreignization encompasses the production of a target text that intentionally diverges from the conventions of the target language, while retaining specific elements that reflect the foreign nature of the original text. In the field of modern international translation, Eugene Nida is widely recognized as a key advocate for the practice of domesticating translation. On the other hand, Lawrence Venuti, an esteemed Italian scholar, is widely acknowledged as a representative for advocates of foreignizing translation and has made substantial contributions to the current scholarly conversation on this subject.

Subtitling is challenging for any subtitler because it involves transferring a multimode of communication (aural, visual, and written) into a short-written translation (written mode) in the target language. An image has three metafunctions: representational, compositional, and interactive. This study is limited to the representational metafunction only. An inaccurate understanding of the representational metafunction may lead to inaccurate subtitling. The study aims to discover the representational metafunctions employed in the thriller "Spider-Man I" and how the subtitler deals with them. Moreover, the other aim of this study is to analyze some shots in "Spider-Man I" according to the representational metafunction and the translation strategies used by the subtitlers in these shots. Two subtitles will be analyzed to show their differences in tackling the representational metafunction. Muhammad Elzayady subtitles the subtitler of target text 1 (henceforth TT1), while the subtitler of target text 2 (henceforth TT2) is Muhammad Hani. Three previous researches have dealt with the image in AVT, namely, Chen & Wang 2016, Fattah 2021, Zhen Hu 2021, and Yahiaoui, Aldous. In analyzing the representational metafunction of the images, the study adopts Chen’s model (2019). In analyzing the subtitling of the images, an eclectic model of assessment consisting of some strategies for subtitling proposed by Davies (2003), Pedersen (2005), (2011), (2017), as well as Diaz and Remael (2007), models have been adopted. Some examples are illustrated, and they reveal the types of this phenomenon. This paper concludes that the two subtitlers use different strategies in some selected images due to the different understanding of the representational metafunction of the selected images. The images under study mainly depend on extralinguistic elements to achieve their meanings.

This study investigates the pragmatic strategies and stylistic devices presented in Imam Ridha's Golden Letter, aiming to elucidate how these components enhance the letter's thematic depth and to show out the way that Imam Ridha exploited to draw on the Qur'an to aid his argument. The study hypothesizes that explicit pragmatic strategies—such as politeness, speech acts, and reference—alongside stylistic devices like metaphor, parallelism, and repetition, are employed strategically throughout the text. A pragma-stylistic analysis of selected excerpts reveals key findings: a dominant use of metaphor enriches the text, comparing the human body to intricate systems; parallelism and repetition contribute to its rhythmic quality and emphasize essential points; directive and assertive speech acts provide guidance and effectively communicate facts. The study emphasizes the functional use of language in persuasion, instruction and information distribution. Furthermore, implicit politeness strategies based on shared knowledge and respect for tradition are prevalent. Anaphora and other rhetorical methods increase this letter's effect; references to conventional Islamic procedures highlight its cultural and historical background. Hence, rhetorical effectiveness is ultimately enhanced by this research, which offers insightful valuable insights into Imam Ridha's communication style and the broader implications of language use in religious discourse, ultimately enriching our understanding of his rhetorical efficacy.

Historical and ideological conflicts contribute significantly to communities' evolution and cultural identities. Ethnic identity, a group-based social identity, reflects an individual's affiliation with a group sharing common patterns, customs, cultural and historical experiences, race, religion, and cookery, evolving across a person's lifespan. Despite extensive former literature on the melting pot dynamics and cultural pluralism of Native Americans in literary studies, there is a notable gap in linguistic analyses that examine the formation and crises of ethnic identity in Native American literature. Therefore, this study employs a critical stylistic approach to explore the conceptualization and ideological implications of ethnic identity constructions within Scott Momaday's House Made of Dawn (1968). The analysis focuses essentially on uncovering implicit ideologies encoded through linguistic choices and textual strategies. By examining selected key extracts, the study reveals how ideational and textual meanings are constructed to articulate underlying ideologies associated with Native American identity. The findings demonstrate the role of linguistic tools in shaping the collective ethnic identity of Native Americans and emphasize the text's contribution to addressing cultural identity in the United States.

The present study aims to investigate the way Sudanese’s people identity is presented in the CNN news article “They tried to use rape to silence women protesters. It didn't work”. To achieve the aim of the study, Reisigl and Wodak’s (2001) Discourse-Historical Approach is adopted to study how the referential, predicational and argumentative strategies are used to represent Sudanese people after the falling of Al Bashir’s regime. The analysis of the article in question reveals that strategies like collectivization, product for cause, and time for person living during that time, singular for plural, Plural for singular strategy…. etc. are used to show people’s unity as freedom seekers and fighters for democracy. The predicational strategy demonstrates that Sudanese people are portrayed positively through the use of metaphors and similes that reflect their bravery and struggle for democracy, while the previous president and his regime are portrayed negatively. Furthermore, the topoi of the argumentative strategy prove that language is used to show the lack of justice, the threats and the constant abuse that Sudanese people have always faced. All of these abuses have led them to rebel against the previous regime.

The study is an attempt to investigate how impoliteness, as a pragmatic phenomenon, is naturally manipulated in political debates especially in parliaments or more specifically English and Arabic speaking parliament members. Hence the study explores the interplay of impoliteness and argumentation in politics. The study adopts the eclectic model of Jonathan Culpeper's typology of impoliteness triggers (Culpeper J. , 2016) and his impoliteness functions (Culpeper, 2011). The analysis reflects how impoliteness serves as a powerful tool for the negotiating of political problems. This study uncovers the role of impoliteness in portraying the political parliamentary scenes in two different cultures. The study found that the manipulation of impoliteness in politics is crucial for argumentation. Moreover, English debates show a broader range of impoliteness triggers compared to Arabic debates, indicating more diverse linguistic strategies. Also, insults are the most frequent impoliteness trigger in both languages, highlighting their central role in political discourse.

The present study explores the pragmatic nature of irony and the affective effects it triggers in Elon Musk’s digital support for Trumps 2024 presidential elections campaign. Being the CEO of X, Musk’s posts are highly influential as they reach all X audience. Drawing on relevance theory and multimodal pragmatics, the research examines how Musk employs irony to convey implicit political messages and evoke emotional responses. The study focuses on Elon Musk’s tweets related to Donald Trump during election campaigns, with a specific emphasis on ironic content. Data was gathered from Musk’s official X account, filtering posts using key words like; Trump, president, must win, elections 2024, and similar phrases indicative of potential sarcasm or irony. Audience interactions, including replies, retweets and engagement metrics, were analyzed to assess affective effects. Two schedules were developed to organize the tweets by date, theme, and multimodal elements, such as images or memes, ensuring a comprehensive selection of relevant data for linguistic and pragmatic analysis. The analysis integrates linguistic multimodal framework to investigate the interplay of text, images and key words in creating propositional and non-propositional effects, such as humor and sarcasm, which are meant to maximize support and polarization. The study also considers the role of irony in shaping public discourse and its sociopolitical implications, particularly in online political communication. Preliminary analysis suggests that Musk leverages irony not only as a rhetorical device but also as a tool for emotional engagement, amplifying his influence on audience perception and public debates. The findings highlight the complex interplay between irony, affective resonance, and audience interaction, offering insights into how digital communication strategies can impact sociopolitical narratives. The findings also show that the affective effects triggered by irony maximize memorability and persuasiveness in Musk’s digital discourse.

The present study aims to assess and compare the competence of machine translation (MT) and human translation (HT) from Arabic into English . It explores whether the MT product is adequate and more reliable than the HT and seeks to decide whether MT threatens professional translators. The criteria of Hutchins and Somers’ (1992) model were chosen to assess the human translation quality of selected Arabic news headlines taken from the Arabic official Telegram account of the Media Office of the current Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed S. Al-Sudani by comparing it with machine translation (Google Translate). The criteria suggested by Hutchins and Somers (1992) are Accuracy, Fluency, and Informativeness. By considering the results, it can be observed that MT manages to comprehensively and accurately transfer the significant data and details from the ST to the TT. Moreover, a higher level of fluency is achieved by HT as the translator takes the stylistic norms ( like natural words and idiomatic expressions) of the TT audience into consideration. However, MT proves a high level of informativeness as it conveys and preserves all the details. HT, in contrast, sometimes resorts to delete insignificant details. The results also show that the role of human translators is irreplaceable in tasks requiring profound comprehension of meaning, flexibility, precision and emotional expression, as the human translators have the supremacy in achieving the eligibility and readability to the TL audience.

The Main topic of this study is the analysis and comparison of the depiction of utopian and dystopian principles in the novels "We" by Yevgeni Zamyatin and "1984" by George Orwell. In this research, we first look at the definition of utopia and dystopia, and at the definition, we seek the difference between dystopia and anti-utopia. Based on these definitions, we determine the genre of the two novels. Then, we look at the depiction of dystopia in the novels, the organization of society, and totalitarianism, comparing the novels "We" and "1984" to Thomas More's Utopia and Plato's Republic. This work aims to highlight the similarities and differences between two very important novels that deal with the problem of utopia and dystopia.

Many nations across the globe recognize English as their official language; however, this is mainly linked to only two countries: the United States and the United Kingdom. These two countries represent the most prominent varieties of English internationally and serve as a benchmark for those learning the language as a second language. This raises questions about the differences between American and British English and what sets them apart. The fundamental inquiry that arises from the distinctions between American and British English, or the investigation into what differentiates the two is often posed by those eager to master the language. However, a perplexing question lingers: why do these differences exist despite their shared origins? How did these variations come to be in the first place?

L’enseignement des langues est une mission pour communiquer entre les peuples de différentes nationalités. Le rôle dans le processus d’enseignement/ apprentissage est basé sur la réception/ perception et le moyen pour refléter la culture entre les communautés linguistique. La socio-didactique est la sous-discipline qui regroupe le thème dans l’enseignement des langues.
Les manuels de FLE sont donnés pour apprendre le français par les textes grammaticaux dont le contenu est basé sur la société française. L’enseignant peut réagir dans la classe de FEL pour refléter le monde française avec ce qui est marché avec la culture irakienne. Ici, nous pouvons trouver des idées données selon le contexte irakien. Ce point est une mélange entre les deux cultures ; irakienne et française.

This study tries to investigate the linguistic and textual aspects of translating legal register from English into Arabic and to explore the similarities and differences between them by analyzing English and Arabic legal texts in terms of their morphological, syntactic, semantic, stylistic, and pragmatic features. In this respect, translators deal with legal register as a special case in terms of using sound terminology and paying attention to the cultural differences between source language and target language. A textual analysis involves all about the text and its textuality or texture by making a concrete comparison to reveal the difficulties that may pose an obstacle in front of the translators and language's users to understand how the legal register in both English and Arabic can be used in the situational context of the text which is usually particular one and deals with a specialized domain of language. Registers generally are the varieties or variation that arise in association with language use and its context. Legal language or legal register is a specialized domain which requires that translators and language users should care about its layout, formality, style, and archaic expressions to achieve its particular communicative purposes. Legal register is commonly used by those who are interested in law and legal institutions.

L'apparition des Mille et Une Nuits en 1715 a été comme un déluge littéraire et un événement mondiale retentissant qui transmet encore aujourd'hui de génération en génération. Ces contes représentent un tableau réel reflétant textuellement la réalité de l'Orient moyenâgeuse sans maquillage. Nous y découvrons tout ce qui est étonnant, surprenant, ahurissant, et étrange; outre les mœurs et les traditions, ou encore la magie, la sorcellerie, ainsi que tout ce qui est bizarre et incroyable.
Les voyages, la navigation sur les mers, les prouesses des guerriers, l'ambition des aventuriers et le statut des femmes représentent les images réelles de ce tableau oriental. Il n'est pas surprenant que les chercheurs et les hommes de lettres les formulent et comptent parmi les points forts de la créativité humaine. Nous n'exagérons nullement de dire que ces contes orientaux chatouillaient la curiosité des Occidentaux et les incitaient forcement de se rendre rapidement en Orient afin d'étancher leur curiosité assoiffée.
L'intérêt de l'Occident européen pour les récits des Mille et Une Nuits s'est renouvelée chaque fois que son sentiment de la présence de l'Orient est renouvelée quelles que soient les couleurs de ce sentiment. Les Mille et Une Nuits sont traduites en français au début du XVIIIe siècle par Antoine Galland 1715-1646 en parties successives, après de nombreuses suppressions et modifications dans ses expressions! La traduction de ce livre préoccupait à l'époque le lecteur français.
Les Français et ceux dont ils ont adopté leur culture ont pensé qu'il s'agissait d'un tableau réel dans lequel se reflétait la vie des Orientaux. Les hommes de lettres et les intellectuels ont vu que Les Mille et Une Nuits sont l'Orient avec ses coutumes, ses mœurs, ses religions et ses peuples. Celui qui lit ces contes aura le sentiment qu'il vit au milieu de l'Orient. Nous n'exagérons pas de dire qu'une partie du mouvement orientaliste et de sa diffusion a laissé cet impact éternel sur l’âme des peuples occidentaux. Ces contes ont caressé tous les esprits des cultivés, des écrivais, des poètes et des dramaturges sur le même pied d'égalité.

The aim of this study is to explore the architectural themes of Invisible cities and identify them specifically in “Thin Cities”. Each city, In this novel, is described to represent a certain mood and a symbolic meaning. The novel possesses no plot, only descriptions of fictional cities that has been invented by Italo Calvino’s imagination. It contains a powerful connection between its literary skill and architectural theories. The novel represents the postmodern literature due to the freedom given to the readers to explore the cities with their imagination and the fragmentation style that Calvino uses alongside the surrealistic creativity.

The study examines how speakers and writers build sentences, focusing on poetry and prose. Language variance refers to disparities in speech or writing, while style is how an author tells a story or writes poetry. Literary stylistics is a scientific study of literary style. This study examines disparities in August Wilson's works and the social impacts of African American Vernacular English (AAVE). It investigates how informal speech and idioms reflect the character`s social and cultural struggles. Additionally, the research explores how linguistic diversity contributes to socio-stylistic discourse by expressing working class experiences. The study aims to analyze the cultural influence of African American Vernacular English (AAVE), emphasizing its representation of working-class and socioeconomic obstacles. It evaluates how (AAVE) enriches character conversation and emotional expression, while also examining how characters` language mirrors their challenges with institutional and racial inequities. The study adopts an eclectic model of analysis which comprises of two main elements such as linguistic deviation and social implications taken from (Leech , 1969). The data is collected from August Wilson’s plays such as ‘Fences (1985)’, ‘Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom (1984)’, and ‘The Piano Lesson’ (1987). The study concludes that African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a language that uses non-standard syntax and colloquial idioms to highlight the socioeconomic background of characters. It includes syntactic deviation, auxiliary verbs in past tense, and informal and regional expressions. These features reflect the speaker's cultural background and socioeconomic level, enhancing the realism and cultural context of characters' dialogue. AAVE also reflects personal conflicts and social issues, highlighting the challenges faced by working-class individuals.

La recherche se concentre sur le rôle de la langue dans l'expression des émotions et sur la manière dont les journalistes et les rédacteurs utilisent des techniques linguistiques spécifiques pour stimuler les émotions du destinataire, de manière explicite ou implicite. Elle étudie également la relation entre la langue et les médias dans le contexte de l'influence sociale et politique, expliquant comment la langue contribue à façonner la perception publique et à stimuler les réactions émotionnelles face à certains événements. La recherche conclut en soulignant l'importance d'étudier l'impact de la langue sur les émotions. les médias, ce qui indique que la compréhension de cette relation améliore la capacité des médias à influencer le public de manière plus efficace et plus consciente.

Industrial and technological development and progress have dominated the various manifestations of life, including the linguistic aspect, which witnessed the causes that created it with a large share of interest, and it is not hidden from the reader that it is a path that opened up to the rest of society and pointed out, so it is obvious that it has a hand of poverty in the civilizational difference successfully, and the clear impact on the complete cultural exchange between peoples, but from another point of view it had consequences on the identity of the Arabic word, and adherence and positivity, and this statement is approved, especially on the sons of the advanced generation who share from them their linguistic identity and have begun to deal with what is not attributed to their authentic and ancient language, and the most important thing that can be called that the studies have overflowed on this, and highlighted it, considering it in various fields similar to the obstacle that hindered its efforts on the identity of the Arabic language, in fact the language is a vessel expressing the culture of its societies and their civilizational heritage, so we seek in this study to clarify simple fragments It first fell on language as the building block and the basic focus that cannot be underestimated by society, and what appeared to be its control over it.

Industrial and technological development and progress have dominated the various manifestations of life, including the linguistic aspect, which witnessed the causes that created it with a large share of interest, and it is not hidden from the reader that it is a path that opened up to the rest of society and pointed out, so it is obvious that it has a hand of poverty in the civilizational difference successfully, and the clear impact on the complete cultural exchange between peoples, but from another point of view it had consequences on the identity of the Arabic word, and adherence and positivity, and this statement is approved, especially on the sons of the advanced generation who share from them their linguistic identity and have begun to deal with what is not attributed to their authentic and ancient language, and the most important thing that can be called that the studies have overflowed on this, and highlighted it, considering it in various fields similar to the obstacle that hindered its efforts on the identity of the Arabic language, in fact the language is a vessel expressing the culture of its societies and their civilizational heritage, so we seek in this study to clarify simple fragments It first fell on language as the building block and the basic focus that cannot be underestimated by society, and what appeared to be its control over it.