Journal of the College of Education for Girls for Humanities

Ijtihad that does not end in renewal will naturally be (repetition), or let us say that as long as it adheres to the implementation of the method and known controls of reasoning, it can be (recast) of data that may extend over long periods of time. This does not mean that rephrasing according to the usual method does not perform an effective function. It certainly has a significant impact in directing texts and words, but perhaps a large part of the cognitive heritage of a current reality requires that rephrasing. According to the above, the hypothesis of the study that we adopted is that “the diligent cultural lesson, unless it leads to effective renewal, is nothing but a reformulation.” We are trying to apply this to the contemporary Najaf scientific school, especially the efforts that were concluded by Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr (d. 1980 AD). which follows the course of the cultural lesson in the seminary in Najaf to this day, and in which lies the controversy that takes place between (renewal and reformulation). We will attempt to address this problem objectively, in adherence to the hypothesis we have established.

Undoubtedly, peaceful coexistence is a common message for all religions. It can be achieved when followers of different faiths engage in dialogue to deepen their understanding of one another. Dialogue is effective when it adheres to its principles and rules, including justice toward the People of the Book, respect for international treaties and agreements, truce and compromise, and non-aggression against followers of other religions. It cannot be denied that all divine religions and prophets preach monotheism and saviors of humanity, calling for peace and good treatment of followers of other faiths. However, over time, as a result of straying from the teachings of God's saints, followers of certain religions gradually began to accept deviations and began to reject peaceful coexistence with followers of other faiths. In contrast, Islam requires Muslims to interact with others in a peaceful and just manner. From an Islamic perspective, peace and peaceful coexistence among people of different faiths and sects represent a sublime value and a primary goal. Numerous Quranic verses and authentic hadiths affirm this principle. This article aims to articulate methods of peaceful coexistence in Islam and its broad perspective on accepting differences, diversity, and the other. It also seeks to clarify Islam's vision of eliminating any cruelty or violence in dealing with others and promoting the values of tolerance, justice, and mercy through understanding and applying Islamic principles in this area.

The linguistic heritage of Arabic, and the books and studies that have resulted from it, has always been an inexhaustible source of ideas and opinions, including what grammarians have noticed of the existence of links between some morphological Formulas in terms of structure and function, which they have called the brotherhood of Formulas, or their sharing. This research aimed to investigate the dimensions of this idea in their works, and study the morphological forms that came as a confirmation of this idea, and research its causes, which were multiple and varied between dialectal motives, phonetic reasons, and the desire to renew and strengthen the rhetorical ability of the forms, and link all of that to what the linguistic study reached in the field of the development of structures, as another aspect of this development, as induction showed that this phenomenon is common in the Formulas of nouns with the diversity of their sections, and the difference in the morphological chapters to which they belong, such as the names of the self, sources, attributes, and broken plurals, and this led to presenting the opinions of researchers who sought to clarify the relationship between these sections in their emergence and advancement, and studying and discussing them and supporting what was likely to be correct from them, and weakening and rejecting what was shown to be weak and its incorrectness was clear, arriving at extracting the most important results in the conclusion of the research.

It is known that the term "algebra" is a common term among mathematicians. They use it for the purpose of arriving at the simplest form of mathematical fractions and other matters related to mathematics. When we examined the books of Arab grammarians, we found that they use the term to indicate a specific matter that benefits strengthening in general. And to other meanings in a more specific way that will become clear in the course of the research, God Almighty willing. Among those meanings that they used in their explanations of the grammatical rules deduced by listening and analogy ekhdhis the meaning of "strength" resulting from "algebraizing the linguistic structure", for the purpose of arriving at a stronger meaning, in an easy way that does not require a stronger effort.

The importance of this research is summarized in the fact that crying is one of the universal human phenomena, as a phenomenon that has transcended the apparent natural emotional framework to other frameworks beyond that framework, including philosophical and historical frameworks. The research is represented in the semiotics of the crying of Lady Zahra (peace be upon her), in studying this communicative act (non-linguistic) issued by Lady Zahra (peace be upon her), especially that crying that issued from her in the presence of her father (may God’s prayers be upon him and his family) when he asked her to approach him to tell her something while he was in his illness in which God took him, so she cried when he whispered in her ear and then laughed when he whispered in her ear again, and here we are facing two contradictory and mysterious communicative acts at the same time, their ambiguity lies in the evidence of their coming together at the same time, in addition to the ambiguity of what the Messenger confided to his daughter of news and details related to it, so the research represents an attempt to define this semiotic act (non-linguistic) and an attempt to read it according to the data that the semiotic method provides us, especially what is known as (semiotics of communication) with what is adjacent (The act of crying) is one of the linguistic acts that came in conjunction with it, to form as a whole a semiotic reading through which it was possible to deduce a group of eternal human meanings and values in the personality of Lady Zahra (peace be upon her).

This research aims to investigate the image of ideological and argumentative praise in the poetry of Abdul-Baqi Al-Omari, who died in 1278 AH. It consists of an introduction, a preface, and three demands. The first includes the image of ideological and argumentative praise for the Almighty Creator through the rules, principles, and literature of the tolerant Islamic religion and belief. The second demand includes the image of ideological and argumentative praise for the Noble Messenger, then the third demand includes the image of ideological and argumentative praise for the pure family, then arriving at the results of the research and the conclusion until ending with a list of sources and references according to the alphabetical letters.

This study aimed to analyze the relative importance of multidimensional challenges (administrative, community-related, academic, socio, economic, and personal) faced by female academics working in Jordanian public universities from their own perspectives. A descriptive-analytical approach was applied to a random sample of 886 female academics during the 2024 academic year. The research relied on developed scale to measure these challenges. The results indicated that the arithmetic means of all dimensions fell within a moderate level, with \"administrative challenges\" ranking first, followed by \"community-related challenges\" in second place, \"academic challenges\" in third, \"social and economic challenges\" in fourth, and finally \"personal challenges\" in fifth place. The findings also revealed statistically significant differences in the level of challenges attributed to demographic variables, including: Age group: in favor of those aged 60 years and above. Marital status: in favor of widows. Educational level: in favor of bachelor’s degree holders. Years of experience: in favor of those with 11–15 years of experience. These results highlight disparities in the experiences of female academics based on their demographic characteristics, underscoring the need for tailored institutional policies to address these multifaceted challenges.

The countries of the African continent received the attention of the Iraqi researchers in the past few years, so I wrote a group of university researches in various universities of Iraq, which dealt with the political economic and social aspects in more than one African country, so Ethiopia had a large share of them. The research title is "The nature of the political system in Ethiopia until 1917" to review the most important political events that these countries went through and through several pages we highlighted through it the political side and the nature of the emperors taking office and the struggle for power and we highlighted the role of European countries To ignite sedition in the longstanding and intervention in the inauguration of the emperors until 1917 .

The state of tension between the two neighbors, Iraq and the Kingdom of Najd and Hejaz, imposed and necessitated knowing the nature of the policy by which the two countries were managed in light of the British dominance over every detail in the general situation of the two countries in order to obtain the greatest possible amount of concessions, which it included in its treaties and became clear in the position of the spectator that it adopted during those attacks on the nomadic Iraqi tribes, especially since protecting them militarily was a duty entrusted to it in light of the mandate imposed on Iraq by it until that behavior became a tool that Britain waved to extract the greatest possible amount of concessions

Shiite political thought was an important and fundamental issue in knowing the development of this thought, understanding its structure to ensure a realistic historical vision by extrapolating the relationship of thought to power, and knowing the influences that determine the place of power in thought, taking into account the political and historical variables to which the Shiite movement was exposed and its effects that determined the position of power in Shiite political thought in an evolutionary context that began from isolation and strife and ended with participation and harmony in a stage in which thought matured with the theory of velayat-e faqih.
Shiite political thought has put forward theories of power, governance and the state, as the features of the political contributions of the religious reference began since the late nineteenth century in the incident of tobacco and tobacco in Iran, then the development of the political composition of Shiite political thought, especially in Iraq following the Iranian constitutional revolutions in 1905, and the Ottoman revolutions in 1908, as these two revolutions contributed at the beginning of the twentieth century to leave a very important social and intellectual impact that helped activate the political intellectual awareness of Iraqi society, and the development of Political awareness in the seminary in Najaf, this experience has led to the openness of Shiite jurists to political and intellectual debate on issues of freedom, tyranny, the constitution and parliament, the rotation of power, and the limits of the jurist's intervention in the state

The administration's endeavor to protect and properly manage public facilities can only be achieved through the public employee, as he is the main tool through which the administration can carry out its responsibilities. Therefore, there is an existing relationship between him and the administration. Accordingly, the employee's rights must be preserved and respected in exchange for a set of duties and responsibilities that fall upon him. He must fulfill his job obligations to the fullest extent and not breach them, otherwise he will be subject to disciplinary action based on the violation committed by him. To prove this violation, an administrative investigation is required with him, and he is given the opportunity to defend himself, as the employee, by virtue of the nature of his job, may be subject to malice and accusation by the general public and his fellow employees on the one hand, and the administration's deviation from its discretionary authority towards him on the other hand. Therefore, he must be given sufficient opportunity to defend himself by presenting evidence and proving his innocence. This is done through an administrative investigation. Thus, the administrative investigation is an important guarantee for employee protection, through which the employee can defend himself before disciplinary punishment is imposed, because accusing the employee could raise rumours about his job reputation and undermine his social standing.

Definition of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is the principal organ of the United Nations. The General Assembly has entrusted both the High Commissioner and his Office with a unique mandate to promote and protect human rights for all. The United Nations human rights programme aims to ensure that the protection and enjoyment of human rights is a reality in the lives of all people. The Office plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the three fundamental pillars of the United Nations: peace and security, human rights and development.
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights provides assistance through technical expertise and capacity development to support the implementation of international human rights standards on the ground, supports governments with the primary responsibility for the protection of human rights to fulfil their obligations and supports individuals in realizing their rights, and speaks out objectively on human rights violations.

The research consists of three main sections. The first dealt with the history of the exodus of the Jews to the country of Hijaz, the second presented the treaties that were concluded between The prophet and the Jews, and the third dealt with the armed confrontations that broke out between the two parties

The topic alienation in the prose of Mahmood Darwish (d.2008) is one of the important topics that emphasized literary. religious, spatial, social and other literary and intellectual patterns and by defining .
His analytical orientation on the grounds that the study of alienation in Darwish is considered the analytical , methodological axis of the prose and in order to achieve this it must preserved on pure analytical thought on the subject of alienation in Darwish`s prose.
However the insightful reflection on Darwish`s prose actually shows a kind of strong flow of the issue of alienation especially with the prevalence of this term in the various sciences ,which called for its emergence among the poets of the resistance who live in the microscope in the addition to the massive media explosion of the subject of system the alienation ,which raided the most specific characteristic of individual life among them ,poets of the resistance to the Jewish occupation that has been occupying Palestine since 1948 as Darwish had the great and important role in covering his estrangement through his poetry and prose to the world about occupation while he is in estrangement far from the homeland but this matter should not obscure him from the other side of the analysis ,which is the analytical approach that Darwish emphasized in his poetry prose ,whether as cultural stock or as a system of general values ,even it was a declared form ,in addition to the survival of this analytical approach practicing its work in cultural institutions and others as active and guiding elements in the field of individual life and others.
Alienation has gone through Darwish`s poetry and prose, as we mentioned at the beginning of this introduction, in the different aspects through its literary, intellectual cultural, individual, spatial, social religious etc. Dimension on the hand and on the other hand. Darwish is accused of the critical ,analytical and reformist aspects of renewing his poetry , and his prose and depends on objective literary ideas in resisting the occupation through his poetry and prose as we have indicated more than once ,as he was called the poet of the Palestinian resistance and here it must be said that his poetry and prose have become a symbol of resistance in Palestine

This study is about the role of media in the case of social violence against widows in the city of Najaf, and monitored the extent of the impact of these reasons in shaping the general social awareness towards the issues of widows. The research aims to understand the cases of violence suffered by widows, and all the social effects on this violence, in addition to practicing their role in society, and determining the cause of violence directed against them. Obtaining an important study of the importance of the media as a tool for raising awareness of society and widows and the values of equality and equality. It also sheds light on the social and political challenges experienced by widows in light of the difficult circumstances suffered by society. The study is based on a descriptive approach, as a questionnaire was distributed to the archive of widows in Najaf, which enables the collection and analysis of data in a comprehensive manner. In the end, the study aims to present multiple and diverse innovations in the field of media regarding widows, which leads to building a more aware society and crystallizing this important category.

The aim of the research was to identify the impact of open online learning platforms (MOOCs) on developing the skills of Umm Al-Qura University students, to reveal the extent to which Umm Al-Qura University students use open online learning platforms (MOOCs), to what extent MOOCs impact the development of cognitive skills (such as critical thinking and problem solving) among university students, and to what extent MOOCs impact the development of personal skills (such as time management, self-learning, and effective communication) among students. The research used the descriptive analytical approach, and the researcher used a questionnaire that was applied to a sample of (00) students from the College of Education at Umm Al-Qura University. The research reached that Umm Al-Qura University students' use of open online learning platforms (MOOCs) was moderate, with the overall mean for the axis reaching 3.35 with a standard deviation of 0.94. Also, the impact of using massive open online courses (MOOCs) on developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills was high, with the overall mean for individual responses reaching 3.80 with a standard deviation of 0.83. The impact of using massive open online courses (MOOCs) on developing students’ personal skills was high, as the overall arithmetic mean of students’ responses was 3.76, with a standard deviation of 0.89. The study also recommended the use of open online learning platforms (MOOCs) in university education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the need to enhance the integration of MOOCs into university curricula, particularly in courses that target the development of critical thinking skills and self-directed and digital learning.

The research aimed to know the extent of the knowledge of mathematics teachers’ in basic education of the concepts of sustainable development from their point of view. To achieve the research goal, the researcher prepared a questionnaire that includes a list of sustainable development concepts, goals and dimensions consisted of (34) paragraphs and their relationship to the variables (gender, qualification, years of experience) from their point of view, and its reliability and validity were confirmed using appropriate statistical methods, and it was distributed to mathematics teachers and mentors of basic education for the academic year (2023-2024) in Lahj and Aden Governorates, where the researchers used the descriptive analytical approach.
The results of the research showed that the knowledge of mathematics teachers and mentors in basic education in schools about the concepts of sustainable development, its goals dimensions of sustainable development in general was high. The results of the research also showed that there were statistical differences according to the variables (gender, qualification, years of experience), In light these results, the researcher recommend holding courses, discussion groups, and training workshops on the concepts, goals, and dimensions of sustainable development for teachers and mentors during service.

Artistic activities are an important part of modern education. Along with other academic subjects, they form a system that aims to achieve comprehensive and balanced development of all aspects of the personality. These subjects have positive repercussions on the student's personality on the one hand, and on the development of ideas, skills, abilities, and information on the other. They seek to build an integrated individual who is balanced within himself and interacts with his environmental and social environment.
Bullying is a widespread behavioral phenomenon that encompasses almost the entire world. This negative behavior is no longer limited to individuals, but has expanded to encompass most societies. Bullying has existed since the beginning of time. It is well-known and observed in the behavior of young children and students, although the motives, methods, goals, and results differ in each case. This behavior is one of the most significant problems facing those in charge of the educational process in general, and students in particular. This has prompted many scholars in the fields of medicine, sociology, and special education to study this behavior, considering it a problem with medical, psychological, social, and educational dimensions. It represents a major problem with negative effects that result in the child’s inability to establish acceptable social relationships with his colleagues, in addition to its negative impact on the student’s social environment in particular, and on his colleagues and peers.
The phenomenon of bullying is a widespread behavioral phenomenon that almost includes the whole world. As this negative behavior is no longer limited to individuals, but has expanded to include most societies.Bullying has existed since human foot on this earth. It is known and observed in the behavior of the young child, and in the behavior of the student, even if the motives, means, goals and results differ in each case. This behavior is considered one of the most important problems facing those in charge of the educational process in general and students in particular. This prompted many scholars in the fields of medicine, sociology and special education to pay attention to studying this behavior as a problem with medical, psychological, social and educational dimensions. It represents a major problem that has negative effects that result in the child's inability to establish acceptable social relations with his classmates, as well as its negative impact on the student's social environment in particular, and on his classmates and peers.
Artistic activities (which the student learns in school develop his thoughts in a way that opens up a wide horizon of mental trends and ways of behaving for the individual, which gives a clear characteristic to his behavioral pattern. These trends are based on the individual using previous experiences and benefiting from them to reach the desired goal of forming an individual who acts wisely to solve the obstacles and problems that he faces without the need for emotions and showing bullying)

Stylistics is constantly undergoing significant evolution since its classical origin in poetics and rhetoric. It is an interdisciplinary field that can bridge the gap between linguistics and literary studies. Based on the formalist traditions of the Russian formalists and Prague structuralists, stylistics has gradually expanded to incorporate cognitive sciences as analytical tools, maintaining empirical precision at its heart. The paper endeavours to highlight the preliminary concepts in stylistics, namely literariness and foregrounding, before charting the developmental pathway that the discipline has followed to finally become a fully-fledged discipline, including linguistic and literary stylistics. The methodological eclecticism this field exhibits is also highlighted, throwing light on its aptitude to embrace both computational development and cognitive models. The paper also offers insights into cognitive stylistics alongside other closely aligned fields, such as cognitive poetics and cognitive rhetoric, to account for textual engagement and mental processes involved in reading literature. The dual focus on both linguistic precision and the experiential parameters of cognitive stylistics is examined, with a particular emphasis on both traditional and cognitive approaches, highlighting the pivotal roles of the author, text, and reader in generating meaning. The paper finally offers two key conclusions: firstly, stylistics can best work as an operable tool based on replicable methodologies, coupled with its eclectic potential, and secondly, it highlights the essential role of cognitive stylistics in accounting for the close link between readers’ engagement and the textual structures that evoke it

Arabic language has a rich phonological textile which motivates several phonological processes involving phonetic alterations such as assimilation, substitution, and deletion. These processes have been tackled from different perspectives, yet, the process involving substitution or turning in Arabic which is called iqlab has never been tackled from a perceptual perspective. Accordingly, this study voices an interest in revealing the perceptual footings of iqlab using Gestalt Theory. Considering this objective, the main thrust of this study is to reveal the abidance of the rule of iqlab by the perceptual preferences of human perceptual system mirrored in Gestalt principles and to reveal the reflections of such preferences. After a thorough investigation, the results show that an inseparable relation exists between iqlab rules and the human perceptual preferences.

Speaking English fluently is one of the main problems that learners and students of English face during their process of learning. This paper sheds light on the obstacles that hinder the students’ fluency. The article also states the main methods to improve the fluency of the students. A questionnaire has been designed to explore the main problems of the students and the reason they use English for. The questionnaire also states the level of the English of the students in the department of English – College of Arts – University of Kufa and in which skill out of the four skills( reading, speaking, reading and writing). Eighteen students have been selected to participate in the questionnaire. The data have been collected and discussed to conclude the main problems and the possible solutions.

There are numerous uses for honorifics in different languages and dialects across the globe. Honorifics generally demand courtesy, amiability, intimacy, proximity, and tenderness. Whether or not the addressee is present, the revelation of any of these connotations is contingent upon the relationship between the speaker and the addressee as well as the addressee's status, age, state, and occupation. This essay addresses honorifics since they are a crucial component of spoken language, giving rise to a wide range of expressions that mirror speakers' feelings and the related social relationships in the real world. There are different functions and uses to honorifics in grammar, morphology and semantics that will be discussed. This paper's main aim is to compare/contrast honorifics in some Arabic cultures. Additionally, it seeks to provide a succinct explanation of honorifics and how they are used in dialects and other languages like English. The researcher creates two instruments to gather data in order to fulfill the goals of the study: direct observation and a survey of the literature on the subject. The model used for this analysis bases on. Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle. After stating these two hypotheses: Firstly, there are structural similarities and differences between honorifics in various Arabic and English-speaking nations across the globe. Secondly, honorific structures in Arabic-speaking nations differ from those in English; the study concludes that honorifics are used in all languages and dialects spoken around the world for a variety of objectives. Similar to English, honorifics in Arabic-speaking countries are impacted by the social and cultural distance between individuals. They may also make reference to the speakers' and addressees' socioeconomic class. The most regularly used honorific forms include the title or kinship word plus initial name, the kinship term by itself, titles by themselves, and teknonyms.