Journal of Almaarif University College

The research aims to know the social characteristics of the workforce in the education sector in the
city of Ramadi, which includes teachers and instructors who are the basis of the educational system. The
teacher is the heart of the community and is responsible for conveying knowledge, information, skills
and abilities and investing them in order to transform them into sustainable educational standards to
contribute to forming the learner's personality to complete the educational process. The distribution of
the workforce for educational bodies in the city of Ramadi in terms of educational levels came according
to statistical standards that were followed and highlighted the disclosure of the academic specializations
of the workforce and marital status and showing the extent of the impact of health conditions in addition
to the distribution of craftsmen and service employees and marital status and the amount of monthly
income for craftsmen and service employees in the city of Ramadi.

This study aims to reveal the educational supervisors' perspectives on the characteristics of effective
English language teachers. The study investigates the factors that influence on the English language
teachers at intermediate and secondary schools. The population of the study is all the English language
educational supervisors of the Education Directorate in Baghdad and Anbar, the participants were 12
educational supervisors (who accepted to participate in the study) of English language from Fallujah and
Ramadi Anbar Education Directorate during the second semester of the academic year 2023-2024. The
design of the study is a survey study; a semi-structure interview was used to collect the data of the study.
The instrument validity and reliability were verified. The results revealed that the teacher who teach at
primary and secondary school should have the following characteristics to be an effective English
language teacher, there are four main themes influencing teacher effectiveness: teaching strategies,
classroom interaction, personal characteristics, and academic skills. it is concluded that effective teachers
employ innovative strategies beyond standard guides. They foster a supportive and engaging
environment by motivating students, managing the classroom. Personal traits, including kindness,
fairness, and adaptability. Finally, belong strong academic skills

In this research, I discussed two aspects: The first chapter: The author's personal and scientific life, by
explaining: his name, lineage, title, birth, upbringing, death, students, mentors, and his writings. The
second part of the research, I dedicated to the verified text, where I explained the author's interpretation
of Surah Al-Qadr, and the virtue of reviving this great night due to its great reward. As God Almighty
says: "The Night of Decree is better than a thousand months" (1). The author explained the interpretation
of this noble verse, when this blessed night occurs during the nights of Ramadan, its signs, the great
reward for those who revive this blessed night, the recommended supplication to be said during it, and
the reason for the revelation of this blessed surah.

Praise be to God, the praise of the grateful, and prayers and peace be upon His truthful and trustworthy
Prophet, and upon his chosen family and companions. And then: This research aims to show the
differences in the opinions of ancient and modern grammarians regarding the parsing of the reading of
those who read: “be” Nominative or accusative the word that was mentioned in the Almighty’s saying:
[His practice, when He intends to do something, is no more than He says, "Be", and it comes to be.].
Some of them made the nominative case a resumption, so the estimation according to them is: “So it is”
meaning the predicate of a deleted subject. Some of them went to the saying: That the nominative case
in “it is” is correct for two reasons: the first is the resumption, and the second is the conjunction with the
verb “he says.” The other went to the saying that the nominative case here is a conjunction with the
imperative verb “be.” Just as they differed in the reading of the nominative case, they also differed in the
reading of the one who put “it is” in the accusative case. They found this reading problematic, and some
of them went to challenge its correctness and the impermissibility of basing it on the rules of the Arabic
language. Among the modern scholars who explained this phenomenon is Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji, who
devoted this treatise to it, entitled: Removing doubts and suspicions in the parsing of the Almighty’s
saying: [His practice, when He intends to do something, is no more than He says, "Be", and it comes to
be.] And he Removed what the parser brought against him. He detailed their statements and opinions
about it and what is related to their interpretations of it.

Calling is a method of speech in the Arabic language, and a way of communication between the speaker
and the addressee for connection, closeness, and understanding. The aim of this research is to identify
the methods of calling the names of the prophets in the Qur'an: a statistical linguistic study. It is
undeniable that the called can be divided into two categories: the first is the fixed called, and the second
is the declinable (nominative) called. The fixed called consists of two types: the singular proper noun
and the indefinite noun meant. As for the declinable called, it includes the indefinite noun not meant, the
added called, and the similar called.

This research delves into the prominent phenomenon of numbers within the Quranic context. Through
a careful examination of numerous verses, it becomes evident that numbers in the Quranic text carry
profound meanings that extend far beyond their literal numerical value. This study reveals a rich tapestry
of literary devices, precision in imagery, and delicacy in expression. The first part of this research focuses
on the direct semantic context of numerical terms, examining how the Quranic context imbues numbers
with meanings and connotations not found in other texts. The second part explores the indirect semantic
context, analyzing the use of non-explicit numerical expressions. Overall, this research encompasses both
simple numbers (such as one, two, three, and five), compound numbers, and terms derived from the root
word "number," such as "counted," "countable," and "quantity." This study offers a modest contribution
to the understanding of the significance and beauty of numbers in the Quran, demonstrating how the
Quranic context can reveal new meanings through various linguistic devices.

The discussion and research on Surat Al-Fatihah is long. This is because it has great importance for all
Muslims, as it is recited in every prayer and in every rak’ah, and it is recited at least seventeen times a
day. In addition to the graphical miracle it carries within it, despite its shortness, it is a miracle in its
pronunciation and meaning. One of the reasons for writing it was to seek to provide an easy-to-understand
picture of an important aspect related to this great Surah, which is its illustrative miracle. In this research,
I dealt with two topics, the first: editing the research vocabulary, and it contains two requirements:
defining Surah Al-Fatihah, and defining the graphical miracle, and the second: the graphical miracle in...
Surat Al-Fatihah, which contains nine requirements: brevity, proportionality and coordination, repetition,
precedence and delay, clarification after insinuation, comma and assonance, good opening, attention, and
coloring of the speech.

The study aims to explore the rhetoric of argumentation by enriching the critical and
rhetorical heritage with insights that reveal the dynamics of influence and interaction across cultures that
have synergized to enhance criticism and rhetoric. These insights also contribute to the development of
relevant terminology, as philosophical thought and logical reasoning were among the most significant
influences in this heritage

The discussion of the phenomenon of substitution is long, as it is one of the important linguistic
phenomena that scholars have taken care of, studying and explaining it. One of the motives for writing
about it is to seek to highlight this phenomenon in the dialects mentioned in the book (Al-Tawdih li Sharh
al-Jami` al-Sahih), as this phenomenon appeared as a result of the difference in the dialects of the tongues
of the Arabs subject to climate and geographical conditions.

At a very early period, Iraqis enjoyed political rights through public councils that some researchers have
called primitive democracy. Despite the decline of the democratic function of these councils with the
formation of the unified state in ancient Iraq and their becoming administrative bodies subordinate to the
authority, their primary role in the early eras of ancient Iraq (the era of the Sumerian city-states) cannot
be ignored.

The research aimed to analyze the questions of the geography book for the sixth literary grade in
Iraq considering problem-solving skills. The descriptive approach was used, using the content analysis
method. The results showed that the book included (57) repetitions of problem-solving skills, and the
problem analysis skill came in first place with (22) repetition, and the decision-making skill ranked
second with (18) repetitions, then the problem identification skill ranked last with (17) repetitions. The
research found that less than half of the questions and activities of the geography book for the sixth
literary grade in Iraq included problem-solving skills, with a percentage of (41%) of the questions and
activities, but it is not a weak percentage, and all problem-solving skills and their sub-indicators included
in the tool are available in close percentages, except for some indicators.

The study of commercial places and streets is one of the modern studies in economic geography. The
importance of the subject is to shed light on the most important commercial streets in the city of Ramadi,
which is Al-Mustawda street, and the goal is because it represents a place of functional attraction and
spatial interaction by studying commercial activities in it with the aim of knowing the dynamics of
commercial movement that was very fast, especially after the stability witnessed by the governorate upon
returning from displacement to reach the most dominant commercial pattern and the most influential on
the structure of the street by knowing the numbers and types of commercial and service establishments
and studying the status of shoppers and visitors to it and their nature and the problems they face through
a field survey. The descriptive and quantitative approach was used in the work and using the
questionnaire form that was distributed to the study sample. The research concluded that the street and
its features are important and benefited commercial establishments from it, such as the geographical
location in the city center and ease of access to it.

Utopia from the perspective of Thomas Moore is to build a fantasy world instead of the real world that
we are in now. It is built in the imagination, thought and unconsciousness of human due to certain
situations. The start of this idea dates back to Plato's thought of creating the Ideal Society as an alternative
to the reality. Utopia has its own great effect on literature in general and poetry specifically. The idea of
Utopia in the world of poetry has an appropriate foundation in the construction of poetry utopia. Hence,
this research is an attempt to find the structure and evolution of Utopia and its relation to poetry as well
as to embody it in the texts. We have searched the poems of the poet Jamal Sharbaziri as good samples
to work on. His great poems have impressive knowledge structure and poetic Utopia tendencies

This paper highlights how institutions often shape the paths available for political involvement. Many
formal, lawful, and effective institutional avenues for people to express their aspirations are associated
with significant extra-institutional action; this is one of the most significant conclusions drawn from the
mobilization literature. With institutions serving as the independent variable, most scholarly studies have
concentrated on how institutions affect mobilization. There is also a smaller body of study that examines
the effects of mobilization on formal institutions, particularly about party politics, voting processes, and
legal frameworks. Additionally, a large number of academics have examined institutions inside
movements as well as movements within institutions as worthwhile areas of study. This paper identifies
fourteen consensus propositions about the connections between institutions and mobilization. Although
these fourteen conclusions are frequently taken for granted, further empirical testing is necessary to
assess their robustness over a larger number of situations and historical periods. For this reason, they are
given as testable hypotheses. The next section outlines three main obstacles to determining more
widespread causal patterns: (1) a conceptual ambiguity in defining pertinent "institutions" as study
subjects; (2) a dearth of worldwide data on protest and mobilization that could produce empirical findings
that are broadly applicable; and (3) a historical propensity to extrapolate conclusions from a limited
number of Western cases. To improve our collective grasp of the links between these notions, a few
substantive and methodological approaches are suggested in the paper's conclusion.

This research examines the use of religious hypocrisy by William Blake through his poems "Holy
Thursday" from both poetic collections “Songs of Innocence” and “Songs of Experience”. This poem is
a pointed political statement. The religious hypocrisy features are analyzed in this poem in order to reveal
hidden meanings and hidden messages in the poem. It is important to examine the symbols of the poem
in both of poetic collections. This poem can carry hidden ideological and political agenda and messages.
The qualitative approach is used in this study in order to reveal and explore hidden messages and
meanings. This study delves into Blake's critique of the illumination and the social values of the late
eighteenth century. It sheds light on Blake's quest for a more freedom and creative human existence,
contrasting it with the constraints imposed by institutionalized rationality and morality. Also, it explores
the rich symbolism and profound themes that Blake presents in his poetry. This research focuses on
images and symbols that are used in the poem in order to reveal the deeper meaning of the poem. This
study refers to the fact that "Holly Thursday" has ideological and hidden messages to express the rejection
of religious hypocrisy by the poet William Blake.

Social aspects are essential for comprehending EFL learners' tactics in performing requesting speech
acts. Ignorance of these factors could result in a practical inability to understand the requested speech
acts. The study examines how Iraqi undergraduate and postgraduate university students of English
express their requests similarly or differently regarding power and solidarity at the university level. Data
were gathered from 130 Iraqi undergraduate students and 60 postgraduate students of English through a
written discourse completion task. The participants were chosen using both random and non-random
convenience sampling methods. The data were analyzed statistically using the request speech act
taxonomy proposed by Blum-Kulka et al. (1989). The data indicate that power and solidarity affected the
polite requests of both respondent groups. The study's findings recommend that English educators
instruct on suitable ways for doing speech acts of request. This would improve the EFL learners’
pragmatic knowledge, leading to efficient communication with their interlocutors.

This research paper shows how the theme of cultural merging is represented in the two selected novels:
Jhumpa Lahiri's The Lowland and Ahmed Saadawi's Frankenstein in Baghdad, as formed at the crossroad
of various cultures and the stories of their characters. The study, through a postcolonial theoretical
framework, analyzes how hybridity, diaspora, and cultural identity come together to create a complex
cultural interface between the individuals in the works under investigation. In The Lowland, Lahiri
unfolds the immigrant experience in the lives of Subhash and Gauri, punctuating the narrative with
tensions and reconciliations that their Indian and American cultural influences beget. It shows how
cultural hybridity forms their identities and relationships, leading to answers in the quest for belonging,
not without challenges of displacement. In Frankenstein in Baghdad, Saadawi paints a grim postinvasion Baghdad, wherein traditional and modern elements compose a discordant symphony amidst the
chaotic operations of war. Making the Whatsitsname, composed of body parts from victims of bombings
and killings, is a literal manifestation of the fragmented and hybrid identity that emerges in this volatile
context. The novel's thematic expression of fragmentation, survival, and cultural clash is a befitting
comment on the social and political landscape of contemporary Iraq. Further, the paper reflects on what
effect these narratives might have on the reader's perception of cultural hybridity and the protagonist's
identity, leading to the development of empathy and a more profound understanding of the challenges of
living in a multicultural world. Moreover, this study identifies how much significant are these novels for
postcolonial and contemporary literature, they do not only contribute but also propel discourse on cultural
interactions and identity formation.

Joy Harjo is a renowned Native American poet whose poetry resonates with themes of survival, identity
construction, spirituality, and man’s reconnection to nature. She merges the personal and collective
histories, and blends music, myths, and memory to celebrate the traditions of her ancestors. She dedicates
her poetry to talk about injustices against her indigenous people. Past studies dealt with themes of
oppression and identity reconstruction in Harjo’s poetry, yet the investigation of the Natives’
reconnection to nature in the selected poems via Glotfelty and Fromm’s The Ecocriticism Reader:
Landmarks in Literary Ecology (1996) is not done. Thus, the aim of the current article is to explore the
revitalization of the indigenous voice of Harjo’s people in her ‘Eagle Poem’ and ‘Remember’ in light of
the above-mentioned framework. Methodologically, the article conducts a textual analysis guided by
some assumptions of the framework. The article concludes that Harjo’s celebration of the landscape and
ecological concerns resonate with the struggles and resilience of her marginalized people, which shows
her poetics of the interconnected vision of identity and nature.

The current study deals with hyperbole which makes use of exaggeration to convey a specific idea. Songs
often employ exaggerated language to evoke powerful feelings or conjure up vivid pictures. However,
they should not be interpreted literally. When it comes to songs, hyperbole is one of the most significant
figurative tropes common to most languages. Since it is common in everyday speech across a variety of
speech communities, its primary goal is to stress the singer’s or the speakers' points of view, emotions,
sentiments, attitudes, and thoughts. This study aims at investigating hyperbole to see how the form of
hyperbole varies in English and Iraqi Arabic songs; how they violate the Gricean Maxims, and how they
function in songs. This is done using a qualitative method depending on an eclectic model at two levels:
form and function. Data is collected by downloading songs from YouTube with a highly view rate and
eliciting selected hyperbolic expression in six songs; four hyperbolic expressions from each language.
The results indicated that Iraqi songs use the hyperbolic form of comparison and repetition more than
English do, though both English and Iraqi songs violate the quality maxim, the latter also violate manner
and relation maxims, as for the function, both use the hyperbole to denote emphasis and the English
songs stress the function of surprise and vagueness heavily.