Hilla university college Journal For Medical Science

Background: Coronavirus infection has been the severest pandemic in recent years. Several biomarkers for direct
assessment and rapid diagnosis have been used, such as IgM and PCR.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the critical biomarkers, either a mineral or an enzymatic inhibition
or activation.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on COVID-19 patients who were suspected of being infected with
the coronavirus, using serum of 25–80 years of age, males. The following biochemical tests (LDH, CK-MB, Ferritin, Mg,
Zn, Cu and Ceruloplasmin) were measured at a private laboratory in Baghdad.
Results: The results showed that three trace elements signicantly changed, positively or negatively, in 50 male
patients who had a severe coronavirus infection. The study explored the correlation between the above parameters and
the immune system which impaired the function of some organs in the body.
Conclusion: We can conclude that all the biomarkers, including Mg, Zn, Cu, CP, CKD, LDH and ferritin, signicantly
changed during coronaviruses infections which are involved in the main cellular functions and play a vital role against
viral infection. Our results highly recommend following these parameters clinically as biomarkers for coronavirus
infection instead of performing several other viral tests.

This research evaluated and synthesized a contact lens material based on polymers. The foundation substance is
polymethyl methacrylate, or PMMA. In order to increase the total refractive index of the lens, silicon dioxide (SiO2)
nanoparticles with an average diameter of 30 nm were added. The PMMA has been supplemented with concentrations
of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% of SiO2 nanoparticles. Investigations were conducted on how various SiO2 concentrations affected the optical properties of PMMA lenses. An analysis using spectroscopy was performed to determine
the impact of varying SiO2 concentrations on the lens’s characteristics. By utilizing Zemax programs, this research
investigated how the synthesized lens material behaved in various conditions. Through simulation, this research found
the correlation between material composition as well as optical performance through revealing the amount of SiO2
nanoparticles. Based on the research experimental and theoretical evaluation, an ideal concentration of SiO2 of 3%
was determined for the highest modulation, henceforward, the optimum lens material. This result showed the impacts
of adding SiO2 nanoparticles to PMMA in boosting the refraction index of the lenses without ignoring their optical
belongings.

Background: Patients with psoriasis often struggle with both their bodies and minds, which can make it hard to
perform everyday activities. To provide them with the best care and improve their lives, it’s important to determine
how much psoriasis affects their ability to function. Aim: was to explore the relationship between psoriasis severity and
functional disability among patients with psoriasis.
Methods: A correlational and cross-sectional research design was employed to achieve the current study’s aim. Setting:
The current study was carried out at the Kasr Al-Ainy Psoriasis Unit and Dermatology Department. A purposive sample
of 150 participants was recruited for the study. The researchers used three ways to gather information: a form about the
participants’ background and medical history, the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) to measure how bad their
psoriasis, and the Quality of life (QOL) to see how much it affected their daily lives.
Results: Mean age of current study participants was (38.9 ± 7.85), (38%) of participants had severe PASI score and
(52.6%) of them had severe QOL score. The total QOL had a strong positive correlation with PASI score (r = 3.751, p <
0.005).
Conclusion: Based on the results of the current study, there was a signicant correlation between QOL and PASI
scores. Recommendations: Development of evidence-based guidelines for managing functional limitations in psoriasis
patients is crucial.

Background: Phytochemicals have demonstrated strong potential in cancer therapy, and several researchers became
interested in evaluating the anti-cancer effects of Cycas revoluta, a plant in herbal medicine.
Objectives: The present study examined the anti-proliferative effect of the n-butanol fraction from Cycas revoluta root
extract on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Materials and Methods: The roots were defatted with n-hexane and then extracted. The re ux technique—Soxhlet
extraction with 85% ethanol and 15% distilled water—was then used to obtain the crude extract of the root, which was
subsequently fractionated using the solvents chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, respectively. Cytotoxicity was
evaluated using the MTT assay after 72 hours of treatment.
Results: Initial results indicate that the n-butanol fraction has potential as an anti-cancer agent for lung cancer cells
and merits further investigation into its mechanisms and active compounds. The present work adds to the increasing
evidence of plant-based anti-cancer agents and the potential of C. revoluta in lung cancer therapy.
Conclusion: The n-butanol extract from the roots of C. revoluta exhibits notable anti-proliferative effects on A549 lung
cancer cells, indicating its potential as a natural anti-cancer therapeutic agent. Additional research is required to identify
the active components, clarify the molecular mechanisms involved, and assess the in vivo effectiveness.

The vitamin_D_receptor (VDR) has great role in the regulates of expression of gene in several organs, responsive
to vitamin D, after activation by physiologically active vit.D. There is strong evidence that vit.D is work in several
physiological pathways, since vit.D-activating receptors and enzymes have been found in cell types that are unrelated
to mineral and bone homeostasis. Many processes are affected by the so-called non-classic effects of VDR activation.
These involve cell death, growth and reproduction of cells, and immune cell activity among many others. Moreover,
immunity cells such as activated “CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, neutrophils, and antigen-presenting cells (APC) like
dendritic cells and macrophages”, were found to have vitamin D receptors. Resting “T and B” lymphocytes express very
little VDR, whereas dendritic cells and monocytes express it intracellularly. On the other side, VDR expression in T cells
rises vefold with lymphocyte activation. Variants in the VDR gene may have effect on susceptibility to endocrine autoimmune diseases. Among the most prevalent VDR polymorphisms, “TaqI, BsmI, ApaI, and FokI” have been investigated.
The risk of autoimmune thyroid sickness (ATS) is highly correlated with the BsmI and TaqI polymorphism and the risk of
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is correlated with the BsmI and FokI polymorphism. The diabetic nephropathy may
be affected by some VDR polymorphisms, such as FokI, while the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been detected
in the polymorphism of ApaI, BsmI, and TaqI. Vitamin D seems to be essential for immunological homeostasis, and
research referred to the impact of this vitamin on the prevalence of autoimmune diseases.

Background: The mixed feeding means that the infant gets bottle milk and breast milk. Bottle feeding serves as
incomplete nutritional source for the rst six months of infant’s life because bottle feeding not contains all essential
nutrients that necessary for the physiological growth and development of infants.
Objectives: The aim of this research is to determine impact of breastfeeding feeding other than formula feeding„ or a
mixed feeding ,on serum calcium and blood vitamin D3 levels in infants.
Materials and Methods: Fifty patients were enrolled in this study. We collected the sample from the infants and
children (rst 2 years of life) that attended Al-Batool Teaching Hospital in the period from October 2022 to April 2023.
Results: Fifty patients were enrolled in this study. They were 27 males and 23 females with age ranged from less
than one month to two years. There was signicant association between type of feeding and risk of hypocalcaemia and
decrease level of vitamin D3 in blood. The infants with exclusive bottle feeding more associated with hypocalcaemia
and decrease level of vitamin D3 in blood than other type of feeding.
Conclusion: We concluded that there is a strong association between exclusive bottle feeding and risk of decrease
serum calcium and level of vitamin D3. The infants with exclusive articial feeding are more prone to hypocalcaemia
and vit D3 deciency.

Background: heart failure is a condition that heart cannot pump blood in efcient way and this result in building
up uid and a reduced supply of oxygen to organs. Also, it can result from conditions like heart disease, hypertension,
or diabetes. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) can be used in the diagnosis and evaluation of heart failure severity.
The triglycerides-to-HDL ratio is a key marker of cardiovascular risk in heart failure, re ecting insulin resistance
and metabolic health. A high ratio is associated with worse outcomes, including increased in ammation and
arterial stiffness.
Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of Triglyceride to HDL ratio for reduced ejection fraction
heart failure in comparison with brain-natriuretic peptide.
Methods: A case-control study was carried out between October 2024 and March 2025 at an internal medicine specialist
in Al-Najaf, Iraq. There were 180 participants, 90 as control group and 90 as heart failure patients. The information
gathered comprised height, weight, age, gender, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), triglyceride (TG) and high-density
lipoprotein (HDL).
Results: The results showed that when comparing BMI, age, and gender between cases and control groups there was
no signicant difference (P > 0.05). While, there was a signicant variation in the levels of BNP and TG/HDL ratio
between them (P < 0.000). According to the results, the sensitivity and specicity of BNP and TGL/HDL ratio as diagnostic
& predictive markers were approximate. Additionally, a positive & signicant correlation between TG/HDL ratio and
in ammatory marker C-reactive protein was observed.
Conclusion: BNP and TG/HDL ratio are signicant factors that play an important role in heart failure, TG/HDL
ratio can be used as a diagnostic and predictive marker in heart failure re ect association between dyslipidemia,
in ammation, and heart failure.

Background: Intake of gluten activates the immune system in CD patients resulting in tissue damage to their digestive
system.
Objectives: The oxidative stress status as well as antioxidant defense mechanisms in persons with CD and non-CD
individuals while evaluating gluten-free dietary impact.
Methods: A total of 100 CD patients along with 100 healthy participants received inclusion for this study. The laboratory analysis determined oxidative stress through MDA, AOPP, and 8-OHdG examinations of bloodstream markers. The
study measured antioxidant defenses using FRAP and TEAC techniques to examine SOD, CAT, GPx, and TAC. Tissue
examination and blood tests were used to measure CD severity both before and six months into the GFD treatment.
Results: Patients with CD exhibited elevated oxidative stress levels compared to controls because their MDA reached
4.8 vs. 3.2 nmol/L whereas their AOPP reached 72.5 vs. 50.1 µmol/L and their 8-OHdG reached 5.3 vs. 3.1 ng/mL. The
levels of antioxidant enzymes were below normal range in CD patients as measured by SOD at 2.1 U/mL compared to
3.5 U/mL, CAT at 28.3 U/mL versus 42.1 U/mL and GPx at 38.7 U/mL compared to 55.2 U/mL (p < 0.001). CD patients
exhibited decreased levels of antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP values which amounted to 520 µmol/L while
controls exhibited 730 µmol/L. Disease severity showed signicant correlation with MDA (0.68) along with AOPP (0.55)
and 8-OHdG (0.61). The patients who followed the GFD for six months showed reduced oxidative stress and higher
antioxidant enzyme activities with statistical signicance.
Conclusion: Rising oxidative stress during CD advancement results from reduced antioxidant mechanisms in the
body. The monitoring of oxidative stress allows medical professionals to determine disease severity. A gluten-free diet
acts as cellular protection which extends its therapeutic value above symptom management.

Background: Changes in occlusion are necessary to be taken into consideration for their importance as a causative
factor for variability in the structural morphology of mandibular condyles which in turn may cause internal disorders
of the Tempromandibular joint.
Objectives: to investigate the relationship of different Angle classication Cl I, Cl II, Cl III, on the trabecular structure
of the mandibular condyles shape through Orthopantomo-graphy and demonstrate the most prominent shape in relation
to angle classication.
Material and Methods: A retrospective study in which 4000 condyle process were examined using Orthopantomograph
(OPG). The patient sample was divided into three groups according to angled classication: class I, class II, class III then
The shape of condyle was detected for both sides.
Results: This study concluded that round/oval shape condyle is most commonly seen among Iraqi population followed
by at shape, and the least common is crooked nger shape and bid condyle.
Conclusion: Six different types of condyle shapes were identied, proposed a classication of condylar shapes with 6
different types as follows: oval, at, diamond, irregular, crooked nger, and bid.

The goal of this work is to carry out a systematic review to assess the evidence about the potential advantages and
accuracy of the marginal ridge of digital impression techniques in comparison to traditional impression techniques. A
comprehensive search was conducted through the following databases to nd publications that contrasted electronic
impression techniques with traditional impression techniques: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of
Science, and PubMed. Free-text terms, a restricted vocabulary, and well-dened inclusion and exclusion criteria were all
used in the search. The accuracy of the marginal ridge of xed zirconia prosthesis in digital impressions is comparable to
traditional impression techniques, the result shows It is therapeutically appropriate to use digital impression accuracy
for the manufacture of Zr FDPs. Conventional impression techniques produced accurate impressions. For creating Zcrowns and short FDPs, digital impression techniques offer an acceptable substitute for traditional imprint techniques.
Furthermore, the creation of Zr FDPs uses digital imprint technology to provide a clinically appropriate t. It is possible
to reduce the operation time by employing faster digital impression techniques. This study suggests that full-arch
impressions should be taken using the conventional impression procedure.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a signicant public health concern. Menopausal women often encounter it as
a result of the aging and ovarian effects. This study’s objective was to evaluate vitamin D3, clinical indicators, and
metabolic hormones in menopausal women with hypothyroidism who also had diabetes. The study was done during
the period of (JULY 2024 to SEPTEMPER 2024) on (45) hypothyroidism diabetic women in Baghdad Teaching Hospital,
Baghdad, Iraq, compared with (45) control their ages were about (35–54) years. The results show that the BMI level
increase in patients with hypothyroidism compared with the control group. Patients with hypothyroidism showed a
signicant decreased in D3, TT3, TT4, ca, and ALP in contrast to the control group, but a signicant increase in TSH,
FBS, and HbA1c. It is possible to draw the conclusion that a Vitamin D3 deciency can interfere with symptoms of
hypothyroidism, such as fatigue and muscle weakness. When thyroid hormones are under-secreted, this can lead to
disturbances in vitamin and mineral metabolism, increasing the likelihood of vitamin D3 deciency in postmenopausal
women.