Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

Looking closely at the verses of the Holy Quran, and realizing the greatness of the compositional harmony and interconnection between its parts, reveals to us the important role of this interconnection and its semantic impact in the Qur’anic context.
The structure of the Arabic sentence depends on several elements, which are linked to each other according to different linguistic relationships, and one of these relationships is the connection between the genitive and the genitive. The addition is one of the important grammatical meanings and foundations in Arabic.
The study aims to explain the importance of the genitive to the genitive, and its connection to the way the genitive appears, and the impact of this on the meaning through the Qur’anic context, represented by the word formation in Surat An-Nisa. Because it represents sufficient material for this grammatical structure.
The genitive from the genitive has many meanings, according to the multiple forms of its appearance, in terms of definition, denial, or deletion. How the genitive appears leaves a semantic impact on the genitive, and explaining the extent of the importance of its indefiniteness without defining it or deleting it in certain places in the Qur’anic texts, and examining the effects. The moral that the indefinite genitive leaves in the genitive, and then understanding the meanings of the sentence, which can only be achieved through Knowing the relationships between its components.

Quotation is considered one of the most important rhetorical arts in the field of al-Badi’ (the science of rhetorical embellishments), which Arabic rhetoric has recognized since early periods. This art, far from being contrived, is intuitively understood by the listener or reader, who senses its beauty through their innate taste. This art has become widespread and prevalent in later eras to the extent that it can be described as a phenomenon.
Quotation holds significant importance as it enhances the clarity of texts and makes them more impactful, relying on the profound eloquence of the Quran. It combines two meanings: the first is the Quranic meaning referred to by the verse from which the quotation is taken, and the second is the meaning intended by the poet. This creates comparisons, contrasts, and reflections that add beauty and splendor to the poet’s work. Noticing the frequent use of Quranic texts or references in the poetry of the Iraqi poet Muwaffaq Muhammad, this study seeks to explore the rhetorical values of quotation in his works. It observes that quotation has manifested in his poetry as a robust stylistic phenomenon, creating a style that blends strength and beauty.

The study of lexical semantics and the evolution of word meanings is one of the most prominent topics addressed in modern linguistic studies, to the extent that it has become an independent field of study in contemporary times. The significance of exploring semantics and semantic change lies in their profound impact on shaping perspectives and ideas, as well as on facilitating communication and understanding among individuals. This process is governed by various considerations, without which communication cannot achieve its highest level of efficiency.
Scholars, both past and present, have diligently investigated the factors influencing word meanings—whether as individual terms or within compositional contexts, and whether in relation to text or context. Their efforts stemmed from a deep recognition of the importance of this phenomenon in the study and teaching of language. These considerations become even more crucial in maqāmāt (literary assemblies), which held a prestigious position during the Abbasid era.
Building upon this premise, the present study aims to examine the factors contributing to semantic change in the maqāmāt of Ibn al-Ḥaddād al-Mawṣilī (d. 664 AH), documenting and analyzing these factors. The study draws on the contributions of early Arab linguists as well as the insights of contemporary researchers.

In this research, we discussed the digital in supporting the cultural identity and how this digital contributed to serving the sciences in general and children's literature in particular, because it facilitates the task and keeps pace with the progress taking place in the world, unlike the old primitive paper system. This system encouraged the child to read and learn, and also helped researchers in this field from authors, writers, and even children. It is an advanced system that helps the researcher and the child to gain a lot of information through this advanced technology.

In the Abbasid era, "mainstream" poets and "marginal" poets addressed the phenomenon of envy from two different perspectives. While mainstream poets took pride in being envied—regarding the envy of others as a sign of good fortune or a mark of honor—marginal poets whispered about it mockingly toward anyone of high status. At the same time, among mainstream poets, boasting about envy evolved into a cultural pattern marked by a condescending tone, seeking to undermine and dominate others. As for the marginal poets, they adopted the same pattern but in reverse: they themselves became spiteful enviers. Before long, they began to feel a sense of inferiority, channeling their hostility toward those they believed to be the cause of their misery and deprivation.
Hence, we have two types of poets: the "master" poet and the "subjugated" poet, each with his own framework for dealing with the same phenomenon. Just as we find al-Mutanabbi relishing the envy directed at him, we find al-Ahnaf al-‘Akbari suffering from a deep, spiritual wound. It appears that envy carries both pleasure and pain.

The narrative aspect prevailed in the book Lubab Al-Adab by Prince Osama bin Munqidh. The one who looks at the topics of the book, which came in the form of a set of manners recommended by the narrator to whom it was narrated, finds that they were arranged in a gradual manner. We find that Usama bin Munqidh was able to narrate a group of manners in a wonderful context characterized by the soundness and beauty of the language. The topics of the book were arranged in a gradual manner, starting with verses from the Holy Qur’an, then followed by the sayings of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, about the topic it deals with, then the sayings of the predecessors and their poems, and perhaps some of his poems in a wonderful narrative context.
Given the importance of this book and the quality of its formulation, along with the scarcity of interest in it by Researchers, this research attempts to shed light on the narrative features in the book Lubab Al-Adab, relying on the components of narrative discourse, including narrator, narration, and narratee.

The study highlights the impact of textual references in shaping the narrative discourse, as the novel is the genre most capable of embodying it, whether it is textual, artistic or realistic, in order to create an experimental text that presents a discourse in a different way. We have taken the novel (And the Sea Went Dark) by Mai Al-Husseini as a model for analysis. The novelist presented her speech with an Islamic, educational, reformist flavour, harnessing her writing ability to form guiding novelistic texts, shedding light on some neglected issues and wrong behaviours in society, especially those that affect the building and stability of the family. As it is the core of society and the basis of its progress and stability, textual references are employed to serve this purpose, and it seeks to focus on building educated and aware personalities with their expressive and intellectual formation, who adopt the issue of reform by supporting their opinions with religious, literary and realistic texts to convince the personalities and then the recipient, in an attempt to prove the ability of the Islamic religion to solve many problems.

My attention was drawn to the abundance of critical judgments in the past regarding the poetic verse of Tarfat ibn al-Abd, which I called the verse of elegance. In this research, I tried to investigate, present, and analyze those judgments, and come up with scientific results related to the verse. The research is based on an introduction and preface that deals with the naming of the verse and the critics’ general view of it, and then lists the critical judgments. Which was launched at home and discussed in its appropriate places, accompanied by a conclusion showing the most important results and the sources on which the research relied, hoping for success in presenting the scientific material and in investigation and analysis, and from God, success.

A text cannot be a text unless it reaches "textuality" through the standards proposed by (De Beaugrande and Dressler). According to their view, these standards must be present in every utterance, whether spoken or written. As languages are in continuous development, we find such development in linguistic studies as a methodology and orientation, especially in the creation of new concepts or innovative terms. A closer examination reveals this development in the emergence of linguistic schools, starting from structuralism and transformationalism, etc.

Cultural criticism is concerned with revealing the apparent and implicit cultural systems contained in cultural literary texts in all their manifestations, and cultural criticism searches in the depths of complex and simple texts as they appear in their cultural context, in order to reach their hidden and implicit systems that hide behind the texts

The functions of textual linguistics have varied among researchers due to their interest in issues that are closely related to text construction, such as consistency, coherence, textual context, text structures and their interpretation. Among these, we find Van Dijk in his book, An
Interdisciplinary Introduction, that text linguistics: an interdisciplinary science that analyzes texts in a systematic manner, touching on textual forms and different textual structures, their conditions, functions and varying effects, everyday conversations, therapeutic talks, journalistic materials, tales, stories, intentions, advertising texts, speeches, usage instructions, school books, writings, inscriptions, legal texts, instructions and the like. Although these textual forms gain special attention in different sciences, and result in different aspects of raising issues; it is clear that the function of text linguistics is to study the text on the basis that it is the largest coherent semantic unit that performs a communicative function in a specific context and analyzes language in use.

This research aims to study the poetry of Abdul Rahman bin Hassan bin Thabit from a stylistic perspective, relying on the stylistic approach. The study is structured into an introduction, a preface, three main sections, and a conclusion as follows: The introduction presents the researcher’s reasons for choosing the topic, its significance, and the adopted methodology. The preface provides a brief biography of the poet and clarifies the concepts of style and stylistics. The first section examines the phonological level, the second explores the syntactic level, and the third analyzes the semantic level. The conclusion summarizes the key findings. The research reached several results, the most significant of which are: the frequent use of the poetic meters Al-Tawil, Al-Basit, Al-Wafir, Al-Kamil, and Al-Khafif in the poetry of Abdul Rahman bin Hassan bin Thabit. Absolute rhymes represent the majority, while restricted rhymes constitute the minority. Most poetic lines follow the natural structure of Arabic sentences; however, the poet occasionally deviates from this norm, modifying sentence structure at the horizontal level.
Keywords: Stylistics, Abdul Rahman bin Hassan, Structure, Rhyme, Poetic Music.

We have been tempted to discuss the poetry of places because of the richness of this subject because of the controversy and raging in determining the poetry of the narrative structure of the place element in poetry, it is a thorny concept, because it is related to various knowledge and aspects of human life, a controversial concept, has its intellectual dimensions of being linked to the creative process, It is known that each poet has its own concept and attitude, which is very different, or slightly different from other poets, towards the place. There are no fixed measures that determine the poetry of the place definitively. Every human experience has its own spatial dimension, and each environment has its own distinctive poetry than others. The poem is disturbing For the other one poet. Thus, the concept of poetry places in poetry is a relatively different concept in terms of literary and critical perspectives, some of whom know it based on its geometric, geographic, psychological, function, significance, narrative structure, dramatic structure, and so on.
Based on the above, we first tried to determine the title of the research accurately, was the poetry of places in the poetry of modern Iraqi "nineties generation model", as we tried to limit the search in the product of this generation, because they are from one generation, they share many points of their concept of poetry, and renewal frameworks Modernity and postmodernism Each age has its own time-specificity, which is unique to it through relations: "religious, social, cultural, political", so our choice of poetry of the nineties because it falls under the roof of generations and represents a form of literature in a close period of time and spatial product Within the limits of the research, The data are suitable for confirming the privacy of research and study.

This article examines the elements of magical realism such as wonder, fantasy, mystery, and the transformation of man into an animal in Chartins novel The Rules, and also examines why the author used magical realism to depict truths. And how can it describe the political and social problems of its own society and other societies? Although this novel was very well received in the Arab world, it is still unknown among the Iranian academic community. The existence of some political and social criticisms in this novel, which is not specific to Egyptian society and can be generalized to other society, makes the necessity of this discussion clear. This study uses a descriptiveanalytical method to analyze the aforementioned novels according to magical realism. The author examines class conflict, oppression, and the migration of young Arabs, executions, political repression, poverty, and unemployment in some Arab societies, and the oppression of women in these societies using magical realism. The conclusion of this study is that Amro Abdol Hamid has succeeded in using a miracle, a code, and the transformation of man into an animal. And he has also managed to magically portray the bitter and painful truth of Egyptian and other societies and encourage people to change their fate.

The research began to choose the novel (Bread on Uncle Milad’s Table) by the novelist Muhammad Al-Naas, because it focused on several themes, including society’s perspective on the individual of his both genders, their role in life and the marital institution, the stereotypical image of them, and the impact of customs and traditions, liberation, greed, and minorities in Tripoli, The importance of the social status and its immunity for the individuals, the camps, friendship, love, and the preconceptions that Libyans have about Tunisians and their social relations, All the way to murder. A body to pay attention and focus social monitoring, analyzing and studying the role and system of narrative motivation, given the various incentives it has absorbed, to grasp the mechanisms of this approach, which is one of its tributaries, as a field that has focused most of its interests on applied formal studies of the novel or story, and we have followed what has come from applied studies on motivation. Narrative The majority of literary texts competed to study mechanisms, techniques, and other purposes that appealed to researchers, so their pens debated over them in research and application. This structural mechanism remained far from the eyes of scholars, because it is the smallest unit in the story, as they saw no importance in its presence compared to the techniques and structural mechanisms highlighted in the fictional text, which This pushed us towards working on it.

elucidation of Quranic meanings, examining the interpretive heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt (the Prophet's family). It demonstrates that the Holy Quran can only be understood by understanding the secrets of the language in which it was revealed. This is based on the premise that language represents the vessel in which the Holy Quran was revealed. Therefore, the Holy Quran can only be understood by understanding the secrets of the language in which it was revealed. The research also demonstrates that interpreters should pay attention to linguistics, given its direct impact on understanding the meanings of the Holy Quran and the connotations of its words. The first part of the research addresses the importance of understanding linguistic methods in uncovering Quranic meanings, providing examples of ambiguous words that confronted the senior Companions, who were unable to determine their intended meanings or uncover their connotations. It also highlights the pioneering role of the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) in establishing the foundations of grammar, concluding with some examples of linguistic interpretation in the heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them).

THE STUDY AIMS TO EXAMINE THE EVENTS THAT HAVE IMPACTED IRAQ SINCE THE ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICANS AFTER 2003, AND THEIR EFFECT ON IRAQI SOCIETY ACROSS ALL ITS SEGMENTS, INCLUDING POETS WITH NATIONALISTIC SENTIMENTS WHO EMPLOYED THEIR POETRY TO SERVE THE COUNTRY AND PROMOTE NATIONAL UNITY. THIS WAS DONE THROUGH THEIR SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS THEIR HOMELAND, IRAQ, AFTER IT SUFFERED DISASTERS AND MISERIES DUE TO THE BRUTAL AMERICAN INVASION. THIS FORMED THE CORE OF MY RESEARCH STUDY, IN ADDITION TO THE REASONS BEHIND THE FRAGMENTATION OF NATIONAL UNITY AND WAYS TO ADDRESS IT, IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY THE ROOT CAUSE BEFORE FINDING A SOLUTION.

The poet Abd ibn al-Mu'tazz was the son of Caliph al-Mu'tazz and the grandson of Caliph al-Mutawakkil. Due to competition over the caliphate, he witnessed the killing of his grandfather al-Mutawakkil, his uncle, his father, and his cousin. Consequently, he distanced himself from politics. The motif of tears frequently appeared in his poetry, particularly in the context of chaste love, but it was absent in explicit love poetry, as that genre focused on pleasure and desire. Abd ibn al-Mu'tazz was not deprived of the joys and luxuries of life, having lived in the caliphal palace. His depiction of tears varied, encompassing tears of joy and sorrow, false and mocking tears, as well as sparse, abundant, and final tears.

The imagery of tears in his poetry extended to sensory, cosmic, and quantitative dimensions. The study concluded that the poet employed the motif of tears as a central idea contributing to the construction of his poems. The significance of tears varied depending on the frequency of their mention, reflecting the richness of his life experiences, including joy, sorrow, wealth, poverty, and the struggle for the caliphate

The study of (Verbal and Contextual Semantic Clues in Understanding the Quranic Text According to Ibn Ashour) is based on encompassing Ibn Ashour's semantic views and clues.
The research is divided into two sections. The first is (Verbal Semantic Clues), discussing the importance and function of verbal clues, along with applied examples from Ibn Ashour. The second section is (Contextual Semantic Clues), where I discuss contextual semantics and the clues that convey Quranic meanings.
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Conflict talk is a universal phenomenon during social interactions. In recent years, it has attracted the attention of linguistic scholars. ICT (implicit conflict talk) is still a field of research in its infancy. Yang (2012) defines ICT as a form of conflict talk in which both parties seek conflicting communicative goals. This work aims to analyze the types and goals of pre-sequences in ICT, as few papers are devoted to this topic.
Utilizing examples from literature and video material in both English and Chinese, this paper applies the method of data analysis. Identifying pre-sequences is discussed, followed by discussing four types of pre-sequences, including pre-suspecting, pre-warning, and pre-arguing. In addition, this paper analyzes the goals of pre-sequences of ICT, which can be summarized as accosting or greeting, mentioning relevant items, confirming the suspected point, and seeking the defendant's perspective. By analyzing the types and goals of pre-sequences of ICT, we can gain a better understanding of ICT and apply it to business negotiations and social interaction.

This research examines The Sound and the Fury as a pivotal text in Southern literature, exploring societal decay and familial desperation the story is well thought out as a modernist narrative for various reasons. First, the book lacks traditional and unified storytelling, as Faulkner utilizes fragmented techniques. In the novel, the writer's description of the Compson family's decline can be explored through the lens of psychoanalysis theory particularly the ideas of repression and the unconscious as defined by Sigmund Freud. The narrative is split into four sections, each with a different narrator. Moreover, time is fragmented, as the novel covers an extended period and the characters travel back and forth between the past and the present. Another important modernist characteristic in the story is the treatment of Biblical principles' decline and the diminishing of empathy. In modern era, both, religion and faith have been changed and the loss of moral values can be seen throughout the novel and its representation of the American South.

This research explores the nationalistic discourse in Donald Trump's speeches, focusing on the micro and macro levels of language. Nationalist discourse is a form of communication that uses silences to shape specific subjects, such as Trump's speeches, which often emphasize the culture, identity, and interest of one nation versus another. The study investigates Trump's language through different linguistic strategies such as modality, lexicalization, and ideological framing to show how his linguistic strategies reflect nationalistic outlooks. It investigates how Trump's language of self-assurance, anger, and cultural framing fosters cohesion among supporters while producing internal conflict. The research aims to answer questions about how Trump's modality in his speeches reflects his certainty and authority in promoting a nationalistic agenda, how lexical choices facilitate the construction of an "us vs. them" dichotomy, and how Trump uses strategies to reinforce political polarization. The findings of this research shows that Donald Trump employs nationalistic language in his speeches to mobilize audiences and unify identities. He uses high modality, lexicalisation, and ideological framing to distinguish between "us" and "them," emphasizing American exceptionalism and unity among supporters. Trump uses cultural symbols and historical references to reinforce American identity and belonging, and uses loaded language to deepen the divide between supporters and enemies. This study underscores the importance of better perceptiveness about language as a tool in political discourse, as it can bring people together and divide them based on imagined identities.

This article focuses on the modernist representation of fictional settings in Caryl Phillips’s Foreigners and Ian Rankin’s Watchman. The main focus of the study is the literary experimentation with these novels’ settings to fictionalize the drastic changes that took place in the world in modernism. These novels depict new social, political, cultural, and economic changes during the initial phases of modernism. The study will accentuate the fictional settings as a medium of expression of these changes used by Phillips and Rankin. Such expression symbolizes modernism and its impact on world nations. They experiment with the settings of their novels as an exemplification of the complex world relations in modernism, whereby multicultural interactions; whereby multicultural interactions became prominent That is, the world’s multi-ethnicities emerged and interacted with each other in modernism, providing global relations. As such, new globalism opened the door for new mutual perspectives among world nations.

La langue est le premier élément de la littérature, mais il est important de comprendre les œuvres littéraires, entrecoupées de techniques narratives pour valoriser la production littéraire, et ces techniques augmentent l’esthétique de la langue littéraire et la rendent plus influence sur le lecteur.
L’écrivain et poète français Henri Bosco a utilisé ces techniques pour mettre en valeur l’esthétique de son roman, y compris le style descriptif, qui est une partie importante de l’histoire narrative, où il décrit les événements, les choses, le lieu et le temps de manière détaillée et attrayante en utilisant des mots, des phrases et des images pour enrichir les scènes narratives et les rendre plus convaincantes.

Alors que le langage des dialogues internes et externes du personnage remplit de multiples fonctions pour développer le sujet de l’histoire afin d’atteindre la fin souhaitée et de réduire la monotonie du récit d’une manière qui réconforte le lecteur et l’empêche de s’ennuyer.
En fait, le roman Le garçon et la rivière est l’un des romans de la littérature pour enfants qui stimule l’imagination des enfants, des jeunes et même des adultes. Il raconte l’histoire d’un enfant qui vit avec ses parents près d’une grande rivière et sa curiosité le pousse à découvrir cette rivière et au-delà.
Malgré les avertissements de ses parents à son égard, mais il répond à la tentation de la curiosité, alors il entreprend une aventure d’exploration à travers la narration et la description d’une belle manière poétique sur la langue du narrateur garçon « Pascalet », le protagoniste, et où il décrit la beauté des lieux naturels des arbres, des animaux sauvages et aquatiques et un ciel clair plein d’étoiles avec son ami « Gatzo », qui a été mis en œuvre par Pascale des mains des ravisseurs.
Et puis ils se sont tous les deux aventurés sur le bord d’un petit bateau et l’aventure se termine par son retour avec de beaux souvenirs qui nous sont plus tard racontés par le vieil homme Pascalet à la première personne « moi et nous.

Language plays a crucial role in depicting the ideology of the speaker. There are many factors that rule the ways of reflecting ideology. The main factors are the social position and the purpose of communication. This study aims to investigate Blair's power strategies in defending his decision of war on Iraq in 2003 in Chilcot's Iraq report conference , which is held in (2016).It further aims to examine the devices used to face the criticism of the audience and resist that power. To meet these objectives, an eclectic model which includes Katz's classification of speech act , politeness theory (2016) , and Kadim's model of power in police interviews (2021), have been adopted in data analysis .The study has revealed that Blair used providing information as a defensive strategy to defend his decision of the war on Iraq. He further used expositive speech act as a tool to fight against the criticism of his decision.

L’étude actuelle vise à mettre en lumière les représentations de la violence dans Les Noces barbares (1985) de Yann Queffélec. L’importance de cette étude réside dans le fait qu’elle cherche à prouver que le thème de la violence est l’une des composantes qui organise la structure du texte narratif.
Elle adopte une approche analytique pour examiner la composition artistique basée sur ce que nous avons appelé la « scène fondatrice de la violence » dès l’incipit jusqu’à la fin, sans négliger l’aspect sémantique en le reliant à la séquence des chapitres selon les sous-titres. Elle a abordé en détail les représentations du thème : la violence, en interrogeant le titre et sa relation à la scène fondatrice en mettant sous la lumière la relation troublée mère-fils. L'étude a conclu que les événements étaient racontés logiquement selon une intrigue cohérente. Cela nous a amené à croire que la violence caractérisait l’ensemble romanesque ; il commençait par une scène de viol et se terminait par une mort horrible, à partir du titre en passant par le dialogue, qui était également caractérisé par la violence, ce qui indique une structure artistique stricte.
Mots clés : Viol, Violence, Scène fondatrice, trauma, trace.
Abstract
The current study aims to highlight representations of violence in the novel "The Savage Wedding" (1985) by Yann Queffélec. The significance of this study lies in attempting to show the theme of violence as a structural component of the narrative text. The study adopts an analytical framework designed to examine the artistic structure based on what the researcher calls the "founding scene of violence" specifically in the novel's introduction, without neglecting the semantic aspect and linking it to the sequence of chapters according to subheadings. The study discussed representations of the theme in detail, the most important of which is the title and its relationship to the founding scene and the relationship between the mother and her son. The study arrived at a logical nature of the events that were presented according to a coherent plot, which led us to believe that violence characterized the entire novel: it began with a rape scene and ended with a horrific death, based on the title and the overall dialogue, which is also characterized by violence. This demonstrates a strict artistic structure.

Dans le roman, la relation traditionnelle entre auteur et lecteur est remplacée par une dualité symétrique entre le narrateur et le narrataire. Ces instances narratives jouent un rôle crucial dans la création et le contrôle du monde fictif. Ils influencent ainsi la compréhension et l’immersion du lecteur dans l’œuvre.
Le narrateur exerce un contrôle total sur l’organisation du récit, son rythme et la révélation d’informations. Il construit son narrataire en utilisant des techniques narratives spécifiques, créant ainsi une relation dynamique entre lui et le narrataire.
La construction de ces instances narratives est essentielle pour atteindre l’objectif principal du récit. Dans le cas de Jules Verne, les instances narratives sont conçues pour créer un univers pédagogique, visant à transmettre des connaissances scientifiques et techniques de manière engageante et accessible.
Comment Jules Verne construit-il son narrateur et son narrataire ? Comment ces instances agissent-elles pour assurer la transmission de la science et du savoir ?
Le narrateur vernien exerce toutes ses fonctions : à visée narrative et à visée didactique. Il adopte la narration linéaire mais aussi non linéaire. Il n’hésite pas à se montrer en s’adressant directement au narrataire et des commentaires explicites pour diffuser des connaissances encyclopédiques. Il désigne des personnages experts pour assurer la transmission du savoir dans un univers fictif où se rencontrent l’enseignant et son apprenant dans un contexte d’aventure et de découverte.

Depuis le début du XIXe siècle, la description occupe une place centrale dans les œuvres littéraires, notamment dans les romans réalistes et naturalistes qui réussissent à représenter le style descriptif. ce dernier est devenu, une représentation littéraire donne au lecteur une précision au spectacle décrit. Dans Cette étude, nous mettons en évidence la description dans L\'Archipel du chien de Philippe Claudel, la relation d’interdépendance entre description et narration en montrant les fonctions de la description dans le texte narrative ainsi que le style d’écriture intéressant de l’auteur dans l\'organisation des séquences descriptives de l\'espace et des personnages. Notre recherche adopte une méthodologie analytique pour étudier la description basée sur les théories de Gérard Genette, Philippe Hamon, Mitterand H., Vincent Jouve et Jean- Michel Adam, ces théories sont destinées à étudier le système descriptif et ses éléments.
son essence, la narration, et toute narration contient des événements entrelacés qui évoquent les personnages et les objets qui composent la description. Le passage descriptif a plusieurs fonctions par lesquelles il évoque un fait concret presque toujours une peinture matérielle. Nous remarquons que la description de Claudel représente une succession logique des morceaux cohérentes avec la suspension narrative. Son but est de donner une image plus proche de la réalité au lecteur afin de l\'intégrer dans le récit.

Iraqi EFL university students are frequently observed to confuse between a commissive act and other speech acts and further they yield inappropriate utterances of commissive which are not in conformity with the social and cultural standards and norms. Thus, the current paper tends to identify Iraqi students’ ability to recognize and produce illocutionary acts of promise, threat and guarantee. Forty Iraqi EFL students in 4th year have been selected to represent the sample of the study; they have been exposed to a test of two phases: recognition and production. Responses to a two-phase test (recognition and production) have been assembled and investigated. The findings demonstrate that students find more difficulty in producing than in recognizing these acts. Their difficulty may be attributed certain factors: students’ unfamiliarity with these acts and their reliance on syntactic rather the pragmatic knowledge in handling these acts. Further, L1 interference in solving problems related to pragmatics is another factor.

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One of the primary ways teachers impart knowledge to their students is through talk, which also serves as a crucial tool for behavior management. As well as the most important aspect of the English language teaching process is the interaction between the teacher and the pupils. Generally speaking, the success of teaching and learning a language is determined by instructor and student interaction because they spend the majority of class time giving instructions and explaining things to the students, as well as the interaction among the pupils is also crucial. They demonstrate their understanding of the teacher's language when they respond appropriately to what the teacher says.
The present study aims to explore and answer whether TTT can affect teaching process among Iraqi EFL university teachers, and if there are any significant differences in teacher talking time among Iraqi EFL university teachers according to type of teaching approach and type of content. Therefore, the researchers set a questionnaire which contains 9 items the first three items asked about of time, fourth and fifth items ask about the contents of teaching, the sixth and seventh items asked about type of question and measure amount of time that the students spend to answer. Finally, the last two items asked about the type of teaching approach. The data was collected from Iraqi EFL teachers chosen randomly from different universities. The data are analyzed by using descriptive statistics of SPSS 26 software program. According to the results, the researchers present some recommendations.

This paper explores moral disengagement as a discursive strategy in the political speeches of recent American presidents regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It argues that the processes of inclusion and exclusion of Self and Other in U.S. presidential discourse—specifically under Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden—are shaped by distinct mechanisms of moral disengagement. In particular, the exclusion of Palestinians from the moral framework endorsed by the U.S. administration, and the corresponding inclusion of Israelis, is evident in how each group is framed as either deserving or undeserving of rights, recognition, and legitimacy. The study undertakes a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of key speeches and public statements made by these presidents between 2009 and 2023. It aims to: (1) identify the discursive mechanisms of moral disengagement used to justify the differential treatment of Palestinians and Israelis, and (2) examine the ideological representations that underpin and legitimize these rhetorical choices. The analysis draws upon Bandura’s (1998) theory of moral disengagement and van Dijk’s (1998) framework of binary oppositions in political discourse. Findings indicate that all three presidents have employed rhetorical strategies such as moral justification, euphemistic labelling, dehumanization, attribution of blame, and binary framing to construct in-groups (Israelis and their allies) positively and out-groups (Palestinians or Palestinian leadership) negatively. These discursive practices not only shape public perception but also contribute to sustaining particular policy positions and geopolitical alignments. The study holds implications for scholars of discourse analysis, international relations, and Middle East politics, as well as for practitioners engaged in policy development and diplomatic negotiation.