Defense University Journal

The Black Sea is no longer just a marginal geographical stage on the international map; instead, it has transformed into a deep strategic space that reflects complex interferences between classical geopolitics and the transformations of the contemporary international system. At the heart of this transformation, the Russian strategy towards this region manifests as one of the most prominent expressions of the reshaping of the Russian strategic mindset within a historical process that draws inspiration from the imperial legacy while simultaneously responding to structural changes sweeping the international system since the second decade of the twenty-first century.
The Black Sea region no longer represents a geographical margin that holds some military or economic advantages; rather, it has transformed into a strategic cognitive space where the wills of great powers meet, and classical concepts of national security intertwine with new tools of geopolitical conflict. This region has become an expression of the philosophy of global competition between the logic of Western hegemony and the rise of alternative international powers seeking to undermine unipolarity and reshape spheres of influence

Postmodern wars differ from the traditional wars that were prevalent in the past, whether in patterns of the parties involved, their patterns, objectives, the affiliations of their parties, their duration, extent, or even their conclusion. Sudan witnessed an internal war in which both the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces contended. This research attempts to answer whether the conditions of postmodern wars, specifically those defined by Mary Kaldor, apply to this war, using a historical and comparative methodology

The political division in Libya is one of the most complex issues in the Middle East and North Africa region. This division began clearly after the collapse and fall of the \"Muammar Gaddafi\" regime in 2011, as the country entered a transitional phase in which it suffered from a security and political vacuum. Libya has been living in continuous political chaos for more than a decade. After the revolution, several political parties and movements emerged with different visions about the future of the country, which led to conflicts over power, with clear political failure in various fields, which placed Libya as an arena for international conflict and the division of areas of influence between regional powers and major countries at the expense of establishing a state of institutions and law. The support of international parties for the conflicting powers led to deepening the conflicts, in light of the ability of the tribal factor and its impact on the failure of the establishment of the new Libyan state. Libya has not yet enjoyed political stability in light of the governmental division into the eastern government and the western government, and this was reflected as one of the most prominent obstacles to holding elections in light of the conflict between the parties

The topic area of that’s paper dealing with Knowledge, information technology and Political Modernization, possibilities and restrictions in Arabic societies, needless to say that’s political modernization associated with knowledge and information technology, its consider as the main incubator of many liberal and new liberal developments at the first of Millennium.
The research argued to link the possibilities of an advanced knowledge society with political modernization. It must be said that a large number of the values of the knowledge society and its achievements are inseparable from the areas of freedom and the building of social, political and institutional contracts in support of the rule of law and law.

The Holy Qur\'an indicated in the words of the Almighty \"Corruption has appeared on land and sea because of what the hands of people have earned, so that He (Allah) may let them taste some of what they have done, that perhaps they may return to righteousness.\" The verse clearly refers to the devastation and destruction that occurs on land and sea as a result of the mis intervention of human in this land and refers to the severe damage that befalls him as a result of his work and criminal and terrorist operations offensive to God\'s creation on land and sea; The homeland on land and sea from the organizations and operations of the terrorist Daesh, who tampered with the land and corruption, especially the Iraqi naval forces, which were and still are the maritime safety valve in Iraqi territorial waters, which is reflected on the economy of Iraq, The researchers prepared structured interviews with individuals working in the Iraqi security forces in order to diagnose the problem of the current research and feed it with accurate data and information \'The research revolves around two sections, the first dealt with the leadership of the Iraqi naval force and the second occupation and liberation of Mosul and other Iraqi cities down to the conclusions to be a cognitive share immortalized by Iraqi history.

ilitary climate geography is one of the most significant applied scientific fields. This importance is not only due to the direct and indirect influence of climate on human life and various activities but also because of the continuous advancements in these studies throughout different historical periods, making it a fundamental pillar of applied geography. This topic aims to identify the causes of both natural and human-induced climate change in Iraq and to analyse the extent and magnitude of these changes by examining the recorded variations during two minor climatic cycles observed at Iraq’s meteorological stations. The study seeks to determine whether these variations indicate an increasing, decreasing, or fluctuating trend and to assess their impact on the Iraqi environment, including climate drought, desertification, sand dune formation, the frequency of dust storms, soil salinization, and both wind and water erosion particularly prevalent in northern Iraq. A study was conducted on the climatic characteristics in Iraq during two minor climate cycles (1950-1961) and (2007-2018). Also the controlling factors were also examined. It was found that there was a variation and a significant amount of change in the recorded climatic characteristics during both cycles at Iraq\'s monitoring stations for most climatic elements.
northern Iraq

This topic aims to study strategic planning and its effective role in managing security crises، with a focus on its importance in predicting security crises and dealing with them effectively. The research discusses the concept of strategic planning as an analytical and systematic process that aims to develop a future vision for security، by defining goals، assessing risks، and developing proactive plans to confront them. It also addresses the concept of security crises، which include emergency threats that affect national security and social stability، such as terrorism، natural disasters، and organized crime.
this research clarifies the close relationship between strategic planning and security crisis management, as thoughtful planning contributes to enhancing effective response and reducing the effects of crises through flexible and integrated strategies.It also reviews the role of strategic planning in predicting security crises durning analyzing data and taking precautionary measures that reduce the possibility of crises occurring or mitigating them, And improving readiness when they occur.

The pathway of development is considered as an Iraqi project that aims to establishing infrastructure of roads and railways that connected the Arab Gulf with Turkey through Iraq, benefit from the geographical position of the state and its crossing borders with many neighboring states, invested the strategy of regional economic integration and the global developments that directed to decreased the period of process of good as well as merchandise arrival that leads to money pressure that spending the transportation, shipping and providing secure and stable environment in the region and the state.
Iraq must secure a place for itself amid a regional landscape overshadowed by geopolitical and geo economic competition, according to launching many projects aims to establishing commercial passages in the region, which provides financial returns and job opportunities to decrease the state reliance on fuel exports and rentier economy and the employment in the general sector. Iraq tries in this project establishing new developed sample to accomplish political stability for the state and to decrease the brunt consequences that resulted from rentier economy.

The significant transformation in the concepts of old terminology has had a clear impact on modern studies. These concepts have acquired dimensions and frameworks that have expanded them beyond initial investigation, opening new avenues for research. The term \"Denotation\" is among these concepts whose meanings have crystallized in the modern era, encompassing several fields of study. It has become a foundational starting point for examining many contemporary human sciences.
This research derives its significance from its exploration of a valuable academic field: the study of central and marginal denotation. Its importance stems from the novelty of the term and its efficacy in semantic discourse.
The research gains additional significance from its focus on proverbs, which hold a prominent position among rhetorical styles. Proverbs enjoy a high status in language due to their remarkable effectiveness in persuasion, facilitating understanding, and resolving ambiguities. This is precisely what we have attempted to demonstrate in this study, titled: \"Denotation and Connotation in Rhetorical Embellishments

The work of private military and security companies and the operations they carry out fall within the scope of fourth-generation warfare, as these companies use the tools and methods of war to achieve their goals or the goals of their state or non-state actors. This raise concerns that these private military companies could become a law in their own right, which would contribute to the introduction of more armed groups into areas previously torn apart by wars, such as the African continent, and clash with local special forces. At that time, the world would witness widespread chaos and ongoing wars, in which the only ambition of the belligerents is profit. The most prominent repercussions are the complication of wars and their extension, or even their revival, the violation of human rights and the exacerbation of genocide crimes, in addition to the instability that countries or specific regions will witness, and then the repercussions on the future of the state and the threat to its basic functions in security and protection