Journal of Engineering

The trend towards studying traffic management in software-defined networks (SDN) is increasing widely due to its great importance in enhancing the efficiency of networks and their abilities to adapt to the increasing demands on data and modern applications. What increases the importance of these studies is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, which in turn provide intelligent analysis and response capabilities that contribute to improving quality of service (QoS), avoiding congestion, and achieving balanced load distribution across the network. Intelligent management in the SDN controller involves the use of modern algorithms and technologies that have been used previously and have given desirable results in this field to improve the control, configuration and automation of network resources in an advanced manner. As for SDN controllers, they have a key role in SDN architectures, as they are responsible for managing the flow of data to network devices in the Data Plane layer such as Switches and Routers. This paper introduces the integration of AI algorithms into the SDN controller so that you can make intelligent decisions using predictive analytics of future traffic, what it requires, and network capacity requirements. In addition to presenting a valuable comparison in this paper, which includes the approach of others followed in smart traffic management for SDN networks. The process of integrating artificial intelligence and SDN opens up prospects towards developing advanced networks that support the requirements of modern networks, such as the Internet of Things, communications, and others. The main focus is on comprehensive integration so that research is an effective contribution and keeps pace with the continuous development of smart grid management strategies.

When selecting a material for product design, the focus is on its mechanical properties, a
standard requirement in most applications. This paper’s research aimed to determine if
better calibration of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) material samples welded with laser
spot welding could be achieved by verifying joint strength performance and modulus of
elasticity. Tensile tests were conducted using a universal testing machine with a 100 kN load
capacity. Parameters studied included laser power, welding velocity, laser focus diameter,
and spot geometric size. An orthogonal L9 array with three levels was used. Multi-objective
optimization techniques TOPSIS-Quality Loss Function were used, and the results were
compared. It was discovered that the first experiment among the nine experiments had the
best multi-quality features with the following parameters: laser power of 10 W, welding
velocity of 10 mm/s, laser focus diameter of 0.002 mm, and spot geometric size of 4 mm. It
was observed that the geometric spot design is the most effective parameter for quality at a
small size. It was proven that the smaller size of the geometric spot increases the strength
and stiffness of the welded product.

This paper investigates the potential enhancement of the seismic performance of reinforced
concrete square columns by modifying their geometry from prismatic to non-prismatic,
while maintaining the same volume. Two one-bay by two-bay three-story RC frames were
simulated using ABAQUS software; the first has prismatic columns serving as the reference
model, and the second has non-prismatic columns. Static lateral loads were applied to both
frames after the application of gravity loads. Additionally, two one-bay by one-bay six-story
RC buildings were modeled in ABAQUS; one has prismatic columns and the other has non
prismatic columns. These two models were subjected to the El Centro 0.32g NS 1940
earthquake, and time-history analyses were performed. The results showed that the seismic
response, in terms of base shear capacity and stiffness, was significantly improved in the
case of columns linearly tapered from a smaller cross-section at mid-height to a larger cross
section at the ends. For a tapering angle of 3.814°, the lateral strength increased by 56.4%,
and the initial stiffness improved by 50.5%. Moreover, the overstrength factor of the RC
frame with tapered columns increased by 56.48% compared to the prismatic-column
reference model. The damage pattern in the frame with non-prismatic columns was also
more favorable than that of the reference frame.

The dynamics of flow and turbulence surrounding groynes in a bending canal are highly
complex behaviors. This study, which was conducted by HEC-RAS version 6.5 software,
focuses on the use of curved groynes in 180°-degree bend canals to study the flow behavior
in bending by calculating the velocity of flow along the concave outer edge, in which bank
erosion usually occurs, the flow velocity at the inner edge, and calculating the vortices that
form between the groynes. The results showed that the curved groynes outperformed the
commonly used straight groynes in the same conditions. The findings indicate that curved
groins decrease the flow velocity at the outer edge by 99%, while straight groins achieve a
reduction in flow velocity ranging from 68% to 98%. Due to the decrease in the canal section,
the increase in flow velocity at the inner edge was 28% for curved groynes and 34% for
straight groynes. Additionally, curved groynes reduce the vortex value within the groynes
field, thereby reducing the scouring rate in the canal bed.

Noise levels have rapidly increased in recent years, largely due to the proliferation of
modern appliances and critical noise sources like engine exhaust mufflers. Controlling
muffler-radiated noise could reduce its impact on the surrounding communities. Generally,
conventional mufflers utilize expensive sound-absorbing, fibrous, porous materials with
high cost and harmful effects. Thus, eco-friendly materials are being used as alternative
materials for their lower cost and less effects. The objective of this study is to evaluate
natural material fiber's potential as an effective sound absorber in exhaust absorptive
mufflers. Also, evaluate an elliptical muffler's performance by studying several factors,
including liner materials, liner thickness, and how these factors affect sound transmission
loss. The finite element method is used to simulate and analyze the sound transmission
loss of a three-dimensional elliptical muffler model built using COMSOL Multiphysics. This
paper proposed an exhaust muffler model with a waste of (date palm trunk, coconut or
coir, and corn fiber) as an eco-friendly sound-absorbing material. In addition, a parametric
study with a frequency range of up to (6000) Hz was done to evaluate the effect of liner
thickness and inlet/outlet tube diameter on transmission loss. The results indicated that
airflow resistivity (Rf) is the effective factor that governs sound transmission loss; higher
airflow resistivity materials provide better attenuation. Absorbing material with higher
airflow resistivity showed an incremental rise in transmission loss beyond 500 Hz, with
notable peaks appearing at (1.25, 2.5, 3.4 & 5) kHz. Moreover, it is effective to reduce
inlet/outlet diameter and increase liner thickness.

This study provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of nano-silica and
nano-clay and their impact on preventing dissolved salt of gypseous soil containing high
gypsum of 80.4% during the leaching process. The investigation evaluates the impact of
several proportions (1, 3, and 5%) on the behavior of gypseous soil. The leaching test was
performed using a physical model with a steel box (70×70×70) cm. During this leaching
stress, settlement due to the leaching process, and total dissolved salts were measured. Also,
after the end of the test, the remaining concentration of gypsum salt in the soil was
measured. Nanomaterials exert a beneficial influence in reducing soil leaching settlement,
especially for silica percentages of 4 and 5 %. All the percentages used decreased both soil
settlements at range (10.49- 47.9) % and (15.26-63.23) % for soil samples improved with
nano-silica and nano-clay, respectively. It also demonstrates that the utilization of
nanomaterials leads to a decrease in the total dissolved salts in drainage water at a
percentage of (11.65-42.89) % when using nano-silica and (10.72-57.59) % when using
nano-clay. The soil's ability to resist loading and to retain the gypsum salts increased as the
percentage of nanomaterials increased.

This paper introduces enhanced filtered channels in the suggested design of the optical
communication system formed for 5G mobile communication over optical fiber. The main
goal is to overcome the limited bandwidth of radio wave systems and to enable high-data
rate transmission. The dense wavelength division multiplexing based on the radio-over
fiber (DWDM-RoF) system has succeeded in satisfying a high data rate of 0.64 Tbps by a
multichannel filtered system through a 180 km distance within the C-Band through a
multichannel filtered approach. The design includes 64 filtered channels with an optimized
bandpass filter (BPF), making unprecedented channel convergence possible. The system
transmits at low power 0 dBm (1.0 mW) over single-mode fiber (SMF) 180 km and uses
the dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) 18 km. It converts light to electrical signals and
is filtered by a low pass filter at 0.75 of the bit rate (B) set at 10 Gbps. The model is applied
in Optiwave 7.0 software the results are the figures showed the overwhelming success
enhanced by the opened-eye diagram, the value of the Q factor is 6.72, and the BER is 7.1E
12 across 180 km of the center frequency ????24=193.13 THz (1553.5 nm) for 50 GHz spacing
between channels

This study examines residents’ perceptions, attachments, and preferences for
neighborhood improvements in Sulaimani, Iraq, a city undergoing rapid urban
transformation. The research aims to address two key objectives: (1) To investigate how
residents perceive and attach to their old and current neighborhoods; (2) To explore what
are their priorities for neighborhood improvements. Using the TwoStep Cluster model in
IBM SPSS Modeler, residents were grouped based on their satisfaction with their
neighborhoods and their priorities for architectural and infrastructure enhancements. The
findings indicate a dual focus: while residents appreciate modern amenities, such as
energy-efficient designs and improved public spaces, they also place high value on cultural
heritage and social connections. The study further highlights variations in preferences for
mixed-use developments and specific infrastructure improvements. These insights
emphasize the challenge of balancing modernization with preserving traditional
neighborhood identities. The results provide practical recommendations for urban
planners and policymakers in shaping sustainable and culturally responsive urban
development in Sulaimani and similar contexts.

Predicting Stream flow forecasting is of great interest to engineers and hydrologists for the
management and planning in designing water resources projects and for water resources
for. Long-term and short-term stream flow forecasting can provide valuable information on
the possibility of designing water projects. This paper aims to improve the hydraulic
performance selected channel namely the Shatt al-Ibrahim channel by measuring the depth
of flow, using an Inflatable dam and comparing it with the water depth before the dam was
placed in operational discharge (2 m3/sec). One-dimensional and two-dimensional
numerical models are generated and analyzed using HEC-RSA software and then calibration
with a physical model. The study results included a rise in water depth upstream of the
inflatable dams compared to the natural case of almost 1.32 m in the dam region and 0.16 m
at the beginning of the channel and backwater curve extends from 18 kilometers to zero
kilometers and the velocity of water in downstream is not effect to the bed of channel and it
doesn’t happen to scour in concrete, The calibration results between the numerical model
and the physical model by using the coefficient of determination R2 (the acceptable value it
is closer to 1).

In this paper, researchers have employed various methods and experimental ways to
investigate the behavior of the soil-anchors system under the influence of varying load
conditions. Also to focus on studying this system with improving the soil under loading with
the anchor as a system. Therefore, the effect of soil geogrid improves the vertical anchor
plates performance, and the test results show that the size, location, height, position, water
content of the improved mass, and the variation of pullout load angle (0,25.45.60,90)
degrees affect the resistance of the vertical anchor plate. But the improving the soil-anchors
system with compaction the soil surrounding the anchor, adding the cement to soil, and
improving with lime, that showed when the ratio of the improvement soil to the anchor-plate
diameter be (D/d=1, D/d=1.5) with adding cement to soil and lime in other test in a percent
less than 3%, the compaction test was the best in the evaluate the pull out of the soil-anchor
system. If the percentage of the added cement to the soil is 6%, this will be more efficient in
the strengthening process than compaction and lime. clayey layers above anchor plate, when
loading the anchor plate by pull out in the physical model, the vertical displacement is
increasing when increase the water content of the clay layer, also if the clayey layer in the
solid state is above the sandy layer gives more displacement than the sandy layer above the
clayey layer.

Optimal inventory management is a major issue in many companies and may impact their
productivity and profitability. Our research targets an electrical energy facility in Iraq to
find optimal quantities and inventory costs that reduce total inventory costs, including
ordering, holding, transportation, and inspection. The research compares classical particle
swarm optimization (CPSO) with modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO). The
artificial neural network analyzes the relationship between input and output to form a cost
function. The MPSO technique produced better cost savings than CPSO or traditional
methods (EOQ). The traditional economic order quantity management system produced
total costs of $7,486,304.80, but CPSO cut them to $5,414,100 while MPSO lowered them
to $2,418,000 when controlling 20 electrical items. The results show that MPSO achieves
better than traditional methods and CPSO in lowering expenses and improving inventory
handling. Sensitivity analyses are carried out on some important parameters, and the
changes in the objective function are investigated. Finally, the experimental results verify
MSPO’s good performance.

One of the advanced techniques in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the miscible injection of
carbon dioxide (CO2), which can both boost oil displacement and decrease the greenhouse
effect. One of the most important indicators for ensuring full miscibility between two phases
and optimal injection process efficiency is the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP). There
are many methods, such as experimental methods, that are accurate yet costly and time
consuming for determining the MMP; thus, researchers often turn to mathematical
techniques, including equations of state and empirical correlations. This study aims to
determine the minimum miscible pressure for CO2 in one of the Iraqi fields for its importance
in determining the pressure at which CO2 injection is miscible with oil. The equation of state
(EOS) was used in different ways and was compared with some correlations such as Glaso,
Yelling and Metcalfe, and Lee to determine whether the equation of state is good or not. The
PVT model was started, through which a regression was made between the laboratory data
and the data that was calculated from EOS. Then, the MMP was evaluated in different ways.
Cell to cell, key tie line, and multiple mixing, and when compared with the correlations, it
was found that the multiple mixing method gave the highest error rates than the rest of the
methods, while key tie line and cell to cell gave the same value of minimum miscible
pressure. However, the Yelling and Metcalfe correlation gave a higher error rate than from
Cell to Cell, but an acceptable rate.