Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

This research is marked aims (Text and impact of standards in a poem my nation of
Omar Abu Risha) thread, to study the associated text scripts standards in a poem (my
nation), which includes a standard Cohesion Besnver grammar bonding which is achieved
by means of assignment, and substitution, deletions, and affection, bonding lexical detective
Boselta redundancy and convergence, and the standard of Coherence which is achieved
by means of relations (relationship of aggregate and detail, and general and particular, and
contrast, cause and effect), and other means about the subject of the speech, and Alngarb,
and time, and includes a search as well as standards related to product text and receiving in
a poem (my nation), and include standard Intentionality and Acceptability, and standards
associated with the conditions of text production and received, as fall beneath Informativity
standards, and the context of the situation, and Intertextuality, relying on the descriptive and
statistical applied in the development of such standards and their impact on
theinterdependence of parts of the text to each other.
The research found that the poem (my nation) Tnmaz conjunction and cohesion,
consistency between parts, and the efficiency of text where high; the availability of all
scripts standards and Taaorha in conjunction with each other text modules

The current study atlempts at spotlightinga set of pragmatic phenomena included in
the quranic verses related to prophet essa. This is done by rnetorical analysis of these
verses making use of the modern view of pragmatics . the study seeks to uncover
certain phenomena starting with the defintion of pragmatics , moving toits origin and
formation . the study also discusses topics such as the functional content of pragmatics
and rhetoric , verbal verbs theory ‘ Arabic rhetoric‘ and pragmatics in the old Arabic
heritage . the study then shifts to the practical phase as it studies the techniqnes of
affermation , interogation, command , and negativecommand ‘the latter includes topics
as diversion from past to future‘‘apostrophe ‘anastrophe‘ ‘elision ‘ circumlocution ‘
wholeanddetail ‘ and epanodos . simile , metaphor‘ and Metonymy and innuendo

The Holy Quran was, and is still, the core of various studies and the base for the start of
many Islamic and Arabic sciences. Lisan AL-Arab is such a famous lexicon in the 7 th
century For higar written to save the origin of language and to regulate its structure as it is
the path of the Holy Quran and the prophetic Sunnah. This Lexicon is distinguisheol by
its dependence on the Quranic Readings as it shows various linguistic denotations,
syntactic rules and eloquence of expression.
This research aims at eliminating the quranic studies and how they occur as a witness in
the various possibilities of expressions and the extent to which language gets benefit from
the various quranic studies as these readings add new meanings and expressions to enrich
thinking and enlarge the abundance of language.

This study aims to trace the naming act in the extremists' discourse as a
misleading linguistic procedure and a discoursal maneuver trying to dominate
and permeate the other by provoking the past representations and the present
influences. At the same time, the study tries to make use of the facts of
semiotics to undermine this strategy relying on whether the significations of
the misleading discourse are compatible with reality or not.

The approach of Islam balanced approach is no contradiction between its parts, is the approach
to achieve justice in the most accurate sense, and in a wider range, and a comprehensive
approach does not leave an order in which Salah only against him, was dearest Islam woman
and make her high position in light of this true religion and gave all material rights and moral,
Women have related to their financial rights, has necessitated the Islamic law women the right
to alimony her whether a daughter or a wife or a mother, and make her Islam full capacity as
men, independent of the financial disclosure, Vothbtaat Islamic law, women's right to full
ownership, and really working and doing business and investment, and the freedom to dispose
of its money within the legitimate controls so called general controls which agreed controls
include men and women, as in the full ownership and spend money in the face of the project,
and not extravagant in spending money and not to damage the non-ownership (individuals and
society).
And the various controls, a private women, Ka_i_arh Guardian, the scholars differed and Rjehna
view of the majority of scholars who say that there should be consultation guardian at the
disposition of the doomed if taken into account the general controls spending.
A special controls (consult the pair to spend her money), and also scholars differed in this
officer, and Rjehna doctrine forehand Maalikis who says the entry into force behavior of women
in the doomed if mosquitoes such as selling and leasing, either in the event of non-Awad Calebh
and donate do not have the right to act only with the knowledge and consent of the husband To
his knowledge, rather than financial matters to their advantage, and considering the fact that the
husband and wife financial disclosure and to support one of love and intimacy and
documentation of the marital relationship between them

In the Name of Allah, the Merciful, the Most Merciful, Praise be to Allah, Lord of
the Worlds and peace and blessings be upon the
master of messengers Muhammad the Messenger and his faitful family and his
selected companions .
I do not reveal the secret that wars, disasters, genocides, sectarian revenge , poverty,
starvation are direct causes in the growing number of migrants (refugees) seeking for
safe place
Which obliges us to shed light on the problem statement of motivation, provisions in
the three monotheistic religions,
It is worth mentioning that the term of «asylum» do not mentioned explicitly in
the three monotheistic religions, but it mentioned words ,its meaning correspond the
asylum word and leas to its concept ,
And to solve the problem, researcher chose the topic of the right of asylum
provisions in the three monotheistic religions, leading to a statement on the legislative
side, related with asylum ,its provisions in the three monotheistic religions, and compare
it to
this problem and the provisions
It is known for the reason of systematic rooting to identify of an appropriate
approach ,fit with search, so I followed the comparative approach to examine the data,
and findings , and to put it the comparison among the three monotheistic religions.
Research plan, divided into an introduction, three topics, followed by the
conclusion of the most outcome, as follow:
Topic one : which dealt with human rights in the three monotheistic religions divided
on three demands:
Topic two : talked about the motives of the asylum in the three monotheistic religions,
and its provisions divided to three demands
Topic three: I explained the balance between the three monotheistic religions in
human rights, and the motives of the asylum, and its provisions divided into two
demands
In conclusion I highlighted this research content, and its results, the most important
of the three monotheistic religions approved for immigration and asylum when fear,
whether on the body, or money, or honor ,but it only differ in the particulars and
details contained in the search.

Display search interest fundamentalists cause of the situation, and searched, and the
importance of the status of the connection with other semantic issues, Kalhakiqh and
metaphor, subscribe verbal, and others, as it was based on fundamentalists to the
situation in determining their significance, the situation when the fundamentalists:
(making the word evidence of meaning), as knowledge of the situation tells us to know
the true meaning of the word, and it holds a special link between the pronunciation and
meaning, so if you understand I understand the second.
Scientists have disagreed on the statements, in their answers about the relationship
between word and meaning, you are naturally suitable relationship, or if the asset in
linking the word in the sense put setter; Vtkon significance as a result of terminology,
and do inserter is God, or one of the humans, or a group of them ? There were many
answers to this question on the five hypotheses.
And it appeared to us that the situation of three theories:
First theory : a course attendant.
The second theory : consideration ( the pledge).
The third theory : ( Certainly century).
Although the situation in many different divisions ; The situation in many.

Why did I choose this subject to search it, while there are many studies have been put in a
jihad Sanossi in Libya? Yes, that's true, but not much written about Alsanossin Jihad in Algeria
or in South Desert of Africa, such as Mali and Niger, Chad and parts of the French resistance to
the invasion, and therefore our chosen theme for this search. The Sanossi strategy the first to stir
the Algerian tribes and mobilized against the French occupation introduced support for the
revolution of Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdullah and Sheikh Bo -Eamama revolution, and when
he found that the discrepancy between the military balance of power between the rebel tribes
and the forces of the French occupation has made the war between the two parties usually ends
in favor occupier, and therefore resorted to change its strategy to transfer the confrontation with
the occupier of the areas north of the desert to the areas to the south to prolong supplying lines,
and the style of war changed from offense to hard defense through the establishment of angles
Sanossi and published on the progress of the occupation forces in sub-Saharan lines,Beer Alaly
angle have been recorded in Chad's first line of defense of the movement Sanossi and proved a
remarkable capacity to withstand and respond to the creeping colonization of French West and
Central Africa for two continuous years of war.

This research deals with all Orientalism because of its importance to researchers in the
study of Islamic history in general and Andalusian particularly from another standpoint.
This study has made a translation of an orientalism chapter who has an impact in
Andalusian studies, the Orientalist (Emilio Gomez). This research was divided into four
sections, The First section is about Orientalism, its linguistic and idiomatic definitions, and
in which the definition of Orientalism idioms and its development were presented. The
second section: The life of (Emilio Gomez) his name, his birth, his time until his death.
The third section: the scientific life of (Emilio Gomez), which dealt with the scientific
upbringing, his most prominent teachers, the certificates and scientific positions that he has
got. The fourth section is the role of (Emilio Gomez) in the dissemination of Andalusian
heritage through presenting his achievement in translation, Authorship and delivering
scientific lectures. Finally, this research ends with a conclusion and then the margins

It was clear that the US-Turkish relations were of a distinctive privacy, which
obliged it to decide about the options of dispute between them. If it were true for the
independence of Turkey's foreign policy in its regional area might contradict with the
US and its interests, then it might push it to force it to do otherwise through using some
pressure files on Turkey. The US pushed Turkey to move using several means; it
exaggerated the (Communist danger) to Turkey, describing it as it was awaiting the
appropriate moment to strike Turkey, in addition to the western media's continious talks
about such a danger so as to create a suitable condition for the Turks to make then enter
into the US strategy. The US realized the importance of the Turkish role in the Middle
East. This strategic importance is for seversl reasons, including Turkey's geopolitical
location (among three continents; Europe, Asia and Africa) connecting Turkey to many
areas of US interest. Turkey is connected to the areas of the Middle East, Balkan,
Caucas, Black Sea and Middle Asia by economic, cultural, and historical links. It also
controls the sea passages which are of top priority for the US economic, political and
military interests

Sociolinguistic Competence can be defined simply as: knowing and
understanding how to speak given the circumstances you are in. Elaborately, when we
speak our native language, we never think about who we are talking to, or how we
should say something. Our words typically flash and come naturally, and we don‟t even
realize all the complexities that go into the process. Although we often do not actively
think about this process, it is a essential part of effective communication. Second
language learners must learn how to perform and comprehend language in various
sociolinguistic contexts, considering factors such as the status of participants, the
purposes behind interactions, and the norms or conventions of interactions.” That is
what language learners must be taught and given opportunities to practice in real
situations. This mainly includes, but not limitedly: expressing attitude or emotion,
understanding formal vs. informal, and knowing/recognizing common slang or
idiomatic expressions. The study of sociolinguistics involves the interaction of both
language and society, in acquiring a new language, second language (L2) learners, in
addition to learning structural, functional, and discourse rules, have to internalize
sociolinguistic rules that can guide them in the choice of appropriate forms. Research
has vividly shown that even advanced learners‟ communicative behavior, due to a lack
of sociolinguistic competence, may often deviate from L2 conventions so as to cause
many cross-cultural misunderstandings. The aim of this study is to shed the light on
sociolinguistic competence and to identify the EFL college students knowledge of it
in a way to support their target language proficiency. This research is a descriptive one
where a sample of (30) students at the college of Education /IbnRushd, University of
Baghdad for the academic year 2014-2015 are randomly chosen from fourth year
classes to respond to the questionnaire constructed by the researcher to identify the
college students‟ knowledge of sociolinguistic competence. The questionnaire was
validated by being reviewed and adjusted according to the remarks provided by a
number of experts in the field. The students‟ responses have been statistically analyzed
and rejected positively the null hypothesis to capture the importance of students‟
knowledge of sociolinguistic competence in favour of better language proficiency on
the students part.

One of the key challenges for cognitive stylistics researchers in contemporary
stylistics is to explain how readers interpret literary texts by bridging the gap between
their own world and the author's world. Werth (1999) seeks to account for the
conceptual space that links the different worlds of discourse to the author reader levels
of interpretation. This process provides an important new ways of conceptualizing the
writing and reading process.
Cognitive stylistics goes beyond stylistic accounting for literary interpretation via
linguistic models to investigate the commonalities and the idiosyncrasies in reading
experiences based on cognitive scientific insights into the relationship between the
mind, language and the world.
The study is concerned with the investigation of cognitive stylistic in the selected
poem written by Emily Dickinson in order to show the effect of different cognitive
stylistic devices especially the use of mental spaces on the interpretation of meaning.
These mental spaces can help construct grammars that conceptualize the poet's world
view. They are interacted and used not only in creation conceptual integration but also
used to model dynamic mapping in the thought and language.
The analysis has shown that cognitive stylistics is used as a device to provide a
systematic and scientific approach to discourse authors and readers understanding of the
world and explain how these interpretations are reflected in discourse organization. It
tries to explain the way the cognitive processes are involved in meaning constructions.
Furthermore, mental spaces can help construct grammars that conceptualize the poet's
world view. Dickinson use of self-anaphor has created a world of possibilities, a world
in which things can happen and be made to happen through the agencies of the self.
Finally, metaphor is used as a scheme by which people conceptualize their experience to
transfer, modify or blend mental constructs especially in the way by which one mental
representation is mapped onto another when we read a text.

The current research intends to evaluate the reality of Iraqi EFL teachers' in-service
teacher training courses from the perspective of trainees. Forty nine English teachers
working in the secondary schools of the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad- AlKarkh/1 who had attended the training courses during the academic year 2014-2015 were
the subject of the research. Data were collected through a questionnaire that consists of
three domains. The responses were analyzed by using the proper statistics. The research
findings indicate that although the trainees’ attitudes are positive towards the courses they
attended in general, but in terms of improving the basic English knowledge as the most
important aspect for teaching new English curriculum still not effective yet, as well as the
courses have limitations especially in terms of their planning, evaluation phases, and their
impact on teachers’ practices. Finally, some recommendations and suggestions are
presented by the researcher to enhance the training process in Iraq

La Fiesta del Chivo is a story novel that portrays the Trujillo dictatorship in the
Dominican Republic . Dictatorships have unfortunately been a constant feature in our
continent This phenomenon also called Latin American caudillo has permeated the
history of blood and violation of human rights . Usually of a dictatorship it is usually the
result of a process of profound social upheaval and typically occurs through a military
move against the power structures previously established movement that takes the form
of coup. Terror and fascination of all Dominicans Trujillo and the facade of legality
which is constructed to maintain an image of "democracy" against other states are
observed in the novel , which is closely related to the question of the " crisis of sovereignty.

This paper is about middle voice in English and Arabic. Middle voice does not exist in
all languages of the world, but there are languages that express middle voice; a voice that
can be described as active and as passive at the same time as it has the characteristics of
both of them. The paper compares middle voice in English and Arabic focusing on the
verbs that are used in this voice in both languages to show areas of similarity and
difference in the kind of the verb used to express this voice in the two languages under
study

The amount and diversity of mass media that our age witnesses have created a great
deal of challenge to the process of translation all over the globe. As an autonomous
discipline of translation, the audio visual translation (AVT) has been flourishing due to
the thousands satellite channels which are in a continuous pursuit of new subtitled
programs. Subtitling translation, accordingly, has exceeded its previous limited scope of
films to include various types of reality TV shows, sport, documentaries, fashion
programs etc. Consequently, the need for professional expert subtitlers has become one
of the hallmarks of our modern age of globalization.
One inevitable technique used by translators is to draw the author‟s modes of
thinking towards that of the reader as close as possible without paying much attention to
the various aspects of meaning associated. This domestication technique has been
criticized by Venuti (1995) for its denial of the visible role of the translator in his/her
translated text. As a substitute, a translator might foreignize the reader‟s modes of
thinking and introduce him to that of the author. In parallel, a film subtitler is doomed to
choose one of these preferences either to satisfy the target language audiences
linguistically and culturally, or to impose on them the source language foreign
structures and modes of thinking. The translator‟s preference between these two
techniques is not as clear cut as Venuti suggests. Factors such as the language distance
between the SL and the TL, the translated text‟s subject matter, the language
dominancy, and the translator‟s level of acquaintance with the various cultural facets of
both the TL and the SL should also be taken into consideration in such preference.
This paper is an attempt to investigate the subtitling translation of the American
films in the Arab world in terms of Venuti\'s dichotomy of domestication and
foreignization. It is based on a case study which examined the Arabic subtitle of two
American films; “The Aviator” and “The Departed”, and the English subtitle of the
Egyptian Arabic film “Hassan wa Murkis”.

We give the equivalence between pre T ½ space and some types of mappings. The
aim of this paper is to discuss and investigate some characterizations for pre T ½ spaces.
Also, the implication of this notion among themselves and with the well-known axioms
such as : pre-T0, pre-T1 and pre-T2 are introduced. Furthermore we introduce and study
the definition of preTD and pre-symmetric spaces and some of their properties are
discussed.

John Ashbery (1927-) is one of the most prominent postmodern poets in America who
is known for his innovative techniques. He continues to be the most controversial poet, as
he disregards the laws of logic in picturing reality. Ashbery‘s style is deeply influenced by
the experimental methods of modern painting. He has been mostly associated with
Abstract Expressionism that signifies the great progress in the European avant-garde visual
art. The Abstract expressionists often choose to present subjects in graceful distortion,
rather than attempt to record life with absolute accuracy. Ashbery‘s ―Self-Portrait in a
Convex Mirror‖ is typical of ekphrastic poetry. It is inspired by a painting which has the
same title by the sixteenth-century Italian painter, Francesco Mazzola. The painting is not a
realistic portrait of the painter, for it is deliberately distorted as it would be in a convex
reflection. Ashbery unfolds the essence of postmodern poetry which illustrates the inability
of the forms of language to capture the reality beyond the mental image. Like the Abstract
Expressionists, he makes of his poems a depiction of the real workings of the mind which is
liberated from all the constraints. Furthermore, the poem is a verbal depiction of the
painting; it assumes and transforms the inner voice of the portrait.

The management of class is a difficult task and how to establish a good relation
between the teacher and his students is more difficult. Hence, it is the purpose of this paper
to facilitate such difficulties through presenting some strategies which are believed as
being essential tools that should be familiar to all teachers.
Many graduate students and post doctorates want to learn how to teach, but they may
not have the opportunity to do so while enrolled in graduate school or while working in
their post doctorates position. So, it is the aim of this paper to provide support for all
graduate students and post doctorates who are interested in learning the concept 0f
teaching, engaging students, and creating learning environments.

Active and passive verbs are a problematic style faces the journalist of news reports
,because sometimes he tries to make agency invisible and he may change the role of
participants in the constructions of texts, when the actions come to negative situation or
related to political parties or politicians. The current study aims at : 1- exploring the
active and passive forms in written media language and their grammatical structures 2-
showing the role and uses of passive forms as one of the techniques used by the
journalists . The study has put two hypotheses:
1-active forms are used more than passive in news writing.
2- modal verbs are commonly used by the journalist more than other types. The
theoretical part is presented before tackling the practical part of this study ,.Alexander
model ( 1997) has been adopted in this study since this model is comprehensive and
adequate to achieve the purpose of analysis . After analyzing the data , the results verified
the hypotheses. On the basis of findings ,The study has put some results and
recommendations