Rafidain journal of science

Hydatidosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases that causes considerable economic losses and public health problems worldwide. This study was conducted in order to determine the seropositivity of hydatid disease in apparently healthy individuals who are attending the main blood bank in Mosul City. Therefore, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used in this study and to find a relation between the seropositivity and age, gender, occupation and educational level and to monitor the impact of the control programs for the disease in Mousl City. The study was conducted during 9 months period extended from November 2012 to July 2013.The samples of the study were composed of 480 apparently healthy individuals with ages ranging between 18-60 years, 280 male and 200 female. Serum samples were obtained from the main blood bank in Mosul city, ELISA test was used for detecting specific anti Echinococcus granulosus antibodies in patients’ sera. ELISA kits used were (Echinococcus ELISA IgG- IBL, Hamburg, Germany –RE 56201) kits.
The results revealed that out of 480 cases only 24 (5%) were positive by ELISA, the most frequently infected individuals were females (8%) while males were less frequently encounter the disease (2.86 %). the rate of hydatid cysts was highest at age group 21-30 years (7.02%) followed by age group 31-40 years (6.5%), 41-50 years ( 3.7% ) respectively, the highest infection rate was reported among housewives (10.83%), followed by self employed (4.46%), then the government employed (3.23%). On the other hand ,the lowest rate of infection was recorded among students (1.28%) and (2.88%) in other occupations, it was reported that (56.5%) were illiterate, (4.35%) were primary school, (2.42%) were secondary school and (1.38%) were of high education, most of the seropositive individuals were from rural or semi-rural areas surrounding Mosul City. It was recorded that (6.02%) and ( 3.89% ) were from rural and urban area respectively. The rate of seropositivity in the individuals who have contact with dogs (5.81%) was higher than that in individuals who do not have contact with dogs (4.05%).

The histopathological effects of variable intraperitoneal doses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on lung, testis and the urinary bladder of mice were studied. Following administration of 5- FU according to the dosing schedule used in this study various lesions appeared in the lungs and they included emphysema and thickening of the interalveolar septa due to congestion, hemorrhage and infiltration of mononuclear cells. In the testes and the urinary bladder, edema of the testicular interstitium, degeneration of the spermatocytes, lack of spermatozoa and hyperplasia of the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder were seen. When the dose and time of exposure were increased additional lesions appeared and they included congestion of blood vessels within the testicular interstitium and hyperplasia of the interstitial cells. Congestion of blood vessels and fibrosis were seen within the submucosa of the urinary bladder, and in the lungs, peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia was evident. From the results of this study it was concluded that 5-FU in the doses used in this study was associated with histopathological lesions in the lung, testis and urinary bladder of mice.

The ability of some Staphylococci isolates producing and non-producing carotenoid pigments to resist the different concentrations of H 2O 2 and Staphylococcus aureus ranged between 0.6-1.5% studied in dark and light had been studied. The results showed that staphyloxanthin producing strains were more resistant than carotenoid producing pigmented and non-pigmented strains and this resistance was better in dark than light due to the pigment oxidation. Extraction and partial purification of the pigment was done and some biochemical properties such as conductivity and UV-spectra were performed. High conductivity had been registered at 469.25, 391.25 ms besides UV-spectra determination revealed peaks at 450-468 nm for staphyloxanthin and orange- carotenoid pigments respectively. Antibacterial ability of partially purified pigments had been tested against different bacterial isolates, results indicated that partially purified staphyloxanthin had highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Acinetobacter baumanii and Proteus mirabilis, the lowest activity appeared against both Psedumonas aeruginosa and Shigella dysenteri, the other carotenoid pigment on the other hand, had no antibacterial effects against these isolates

This study is conducted to determine the normal blood parameter values in bird of Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) and the effect of probiotic (Chunchine.Geyao® :China) and antibiotic (Tilmicosin phosphate-Tilmivap® :Jordan) on body weight, hematology and biochemical values in these birds. Forty apparently healthy adults of both sexes Collared dove were selected randomly and assigned into four equal groups (n=10) as A, B, C and D groups. Group A was considered as control group fed on a balanced ration, group B fed with the addition of 1.5 gm probiotic/liter drinking water, group C fed with 0.3ml antibiotic/liter drinking water and group D were fed with 1.5gm probiotic and 0.3 ml antibiotic/liter drinking water respectively during the 35 day of experimental period. The results showed that there is no significant differences in the heterophil, lymphocyte, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, total serum cholesterol, ALT and in different treated groups. The present findings suggest that supplementation of Probiotic has significant effects on some hematology and biochemical parameters of Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) compared to antibiotic supplementation.

Reverse transcriptase PCR was used to detect the transcription of the glox gene in a local isolate of M. verrucosa, in two different growth media. The results indicated the presence of gene transcription in this strain with no effect to Cu+ on gene expression. This means that this fungus is suitable for use in various fields such as a bioremediation. This method depends on RNA to detect gene expression under various conditions.

Hydrazone complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with acetone acetylhydrazone(AAH) ligand derived from the condensation of acetone and acetylhydrazine, containing N and O donor sites have been synthesized. The complexes are characterized by different physicochemical methods, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, IR, UV-Vis spectra and also magnetic measurements. The discussion of the out come data of the prepared complexes indicate that AAH behave as a neutral bidentate ligand. The electronic spectra as well as their magnetic moments suggest octahedral geometry for the bis- and tris- complexes, [M(AAH)2Cl2], [M(AAH)3](NO3)2 [M= Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)] and the mixed ligand complex [Ni(AAH) (Py)2Cl2] and tetrahedral geometry for the mono complexes [M(AAH)Cl2][M= Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)] and the other prepared mixed ligand complexes [Co(AAH)(Py)2]Cl2 and [Cu(AAH)(Py)Cl]Cl. The antimicrobial properties of the ligand and most of its complexes were studied using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The metal complexes were found to have a moderate activity and Zn(II) complexes were the most active.

A new series of xanthate complexes of the general formula [M(Crotxant)2], [M(Crotxant)2.nL] where M = Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Crotxant = Crotyl xanthate, n = 2,L = pyridine, quinoline, 4-picoline, n = 1, L = ethylenediamin , 1,10- phenanthroline. All the isolated complexes have been prepared and characterized by atomic absorption, molar conductivity, Infrared, electronic absorption spectra and magnetic measurement.
The conductivity measurements proved the non-electrolytic behaviour of all compounds, magnetic susceptibility measurements and electronic spectra show a tetrahedral geometry for complexes of the type [M(Crotxant)2] and octahedral geometry for complexes of the type [M(Crotxant)2.nL] .

Two spectrophotometric methods were described for the determination of cefadroxil in pure
form and in its pharmaceutical preparations. They were based on the oxidation-reduction reaction
between iron (III) and cefadroxil, the liberated Fe+2 is then reacted with 1,10-phenathroline (method
I) or 2,2`-bipyridyl (method II) in acidic medium, the colored(red) complexes absorbed at 510 and
521 nm, respectively. Applying the optimum working conditions, cefadroxil can be determined over
the concentration range of 0.5-5 and 0.5-6 μg.ml-1 with molar absorptivities of 1.141x105 and
6.308×104 l. mol-1 .cm-1 for method I and method II, respectively. The proposed methods were
applied successfully to the determination of cefadroxil in various pharmaceutical preparations

A series of metal complexes of Th(IV), UO2(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with 2-acetyl furan picolinoyl hydrazone (AFPH) and 2-thiophen carboxaldehyde picolinoyl hydrazone (TCPH) have been synthesized. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses (metal and Cl), molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility and spectral (IR, UV-Vis) measurements.
The ligands act as neutral tridentate in metal chloride complexes of the general formula [ML(H2O)Cl2], [L=AFPH, M=Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II). L = TCPH, M = Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II)] and [UO2LCl2] (L = AFPH, TCPH) coordinated through carbonyl oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and pyridine nitrogen atoms. The physico_chemical studies suggest octahedral and pentagonal bipyramidal geometries respectively. On the other hand, the ligands act as monobasic tridentate coordinated through the enolic oxygen, the azomethine nitrogen and the pyridine nitrogen atoms in the deprotonated complexes of the types [M(L-H)Cl]2, [L=AFPH, M=Zn(II); L=TCPH, M=Cu(II)], [Th(L-H)2Cl2] (L=AFPH, TCPH), and [M(L-H)2] [L=(AFPH, TCPH), M=Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), UO2(II)] forming binuclear square pyramidal and octahedral mononuclear metal complexes. Hexagonal bipyramidal geometry proposed was for the dioxouranium(VI) complexes and square antiprismatic or dodecahedral geometries for Th(IV) complexes

The UV fourth order derivative spectra were selected as the more reliable technique for the direct quantification of pure Tetracycline Hydrochloride in water, after the measurement of the zero, first, second, third and fourth order spectra, within the concentration range at (0.2885-144.27)μg/ml with R2 =0.9998 and RSD=0.215 %.
Bovine serum albumin was directly quantified by the fourth order UV derivative technique within the concentration range (6.7-2680) μg/ml with R2 = 0.9998 and RSD=0.324 %. Appreciable interaction between Tetracycline hydrochloride and Bovine serum Albumin was found in accordance with the fraction coefficient and the apparent binding constant.
The UV–fourth order derivative technique appears to be in a good accuracy and precise method for the direct quantification of Tetracycline Hydrochloride and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in water.

Biginelli reaction is a one-pot reaction which is used to prepare some of fused pyrimidine (2-Amino-4-aryl-7, 7- dimethyl-1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-hexahydro quinazoline-5-one) (A1-6) by the action of dimedone, guanidenium hydrochloride and some substituted benzaldehyde in presence of Lewis acid represented by boric acid (20% mole).
These compounds were used later as precursors to prepare a superim type of schiff bases represented by compounds (2-Amino-4-aryl-5-hydrazono-7, 7-dimethyl-1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-hexahydro quinazoline) (B1-6).
The assigned structure of the prepared compounds was corroborated by available physical and spectral methods

Mixed ligand complexes of the type [Ni (L)(L-)] and [Ni(L)(L-)(PPh3)] were
synthesized[HL= aminoacid = glycine, alanine, valine and methionine; L- = Nmethylcyclohexyldithiocarbamate
and benzyldithiocarbamate anion]. The amino acids anions( L=
Gly, Ala, Val and Met) coordinate through N and O and the dithiocarbamate coordinate through the
two sulfur atoms giving square planar Ni(II) complexes. The reaction of the ternary complexes
[Ni (L)(L-)], with triphenylphosphine in 1:2 molar ratio yields quaternary complexes, [Ni(L-Met)
(L-)(PPh3)], with the retainment of square planar geometry with the dithiocarbamates behave as
monodentate ligands. On the other hand, the [Ni(Met)(L-)(PPh3)] complexes are octahedral with the
methionine anion behave as tridentate ligand coordinating through N,O and S and the
dithiocarbamates as bidentate anions coordinating through the two sulfur atoms. The synthesized
complexes were characterized by i.r and uv-visible spectra, molar conductance, magnetic
susceptibility measurements, metal analysis and some of them by CHNS analysis and (1H-nmr)
spectra.

A simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of sulphamethoxazole (SMX) in both pure form and its pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method is based on the diazotization of SMX with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid medium to form a diazonium salt, which is coupled with γ-resorsolic acid (2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid) in alkaline medium of sodium hydroxide to form a stable and water-soluble azo dye exhibited maximum absorption at 432 nm against reagent blank. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 5 to 300 μg of SMX /20 mL (0.25-15 ppm) with a good determination coefficient (R2=0.9984) and apparent molar absorptivity 3.34×104 l.mol-1.cm-1. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are 0.0584 and 0.1752 μg mL−1, respectively. The recoveries and relative standard deviations in tablets and oral suspension formulations are found as 96.6 to 99.04% and 1.6 to 3.0%, respectively, depending on the concentration level. The method is suitable for the determination of SMX in the presence of other excipients that are usually present in dosage forms. The composition of the resulting product has also been worked out and it is found to be (1:2)SMX: γ-resorsolic acid. This procedure is applied successfully to the analysis of SMX in pharmaceutical preparations (tablets and oral suspension) without prior separation but with acceptable errors.

In this paper, the bulk etch rate, VB of the CR-39 detector employed, was found experimentally to be equal to 1.49μmh-1. Detector samples were irradiated with alpha particles energies from 1 to 5MeV and incident angles from 20◦ to 90◦. After etching in a 6.25N NaOH solution kept at (70±1) °C, the lengths of major and minor axes of the alpha track openings were measured, and the track etch rate, VT for normal and oblique incidence was calculated. The relationship between VT and the track depth, x of the alpha particle in the detector for normal incidence was studied. Track length, L and track length growth rate, dL/dt were also calculated. These data were used altogether to derive a V function, which took the functional form of the Brun’s function with new constants (a1=0.091, a2=1.2, a3=1.6, a4=1.61, a5=1.425). Experimental V function was compared with those computed by TRACK-VISION program, and a good agreement with three of them was found.

In this study, the absorber layer (CdTe) and window layer (CdS) thickness parameters have been investigated through simulation by SCAPS to find out the higher conversion efficiency for the CdS/ CdTe thin film solar cell. It is found that the parameters Jsc, Voc, η are increased for the increasing absorber layer thickness, and quantum efficiency show overlapping after the 500 nm wavelength for different CdTe thicknesses. In addition, it is revealed that the highest calculated efficiency can be achieved with the absorber layer thickness of 3.5 μm and window layer of thickness 0.05 μm, was 17.27%. Where the effect of window layer show that the calculations gave, as CdS thickness increased Voc, was nearly constant, but Jsc, η decreased. Using best calculated thicknesses in this study for both CdS and CdTe, the fabricated CdS/ CdTe thin film solar cell efficiency measured 13.73%, this is expected may be du to interface layer and density of stats on both films.

This study aims to test energy resolution of the nuclear track detector LR-115 to distinguish the various energies of alpha particles (1-4MeV)that were obtained from radioactive isotope 241Am.This method is based on the relationship between the energy deposited in the material by ionizing particles and the track developed after a well-established chemical process(NaOH,2.5N,60oC). Solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD’s) have been used successfully as detecting devices and as a passive system to detect alpha contamination on different surfaces. The resulted tracks are performed with a digital image analysis system (image processing) associated with a PC mathematical processor and the track diameter distribution fitted by wblfit formula. The mean track diameter (D) for each used energy, its width ΔD at full width at half maximum (FWHM)and energy resolution power (ΔE/E)D were measured for each neighboring energies. The results of energy resolution of LR-115 were compared with results of another nuclear track detectors of similar studies at average energy (3.7 MeV).

The bioinsecticidal properties of three plants, Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk) She. Bip., Arnebia decumbens L. and Juglans regia L. were tested as larvicides and pupicides on the mosquito, Culex pipiens molestus Forsakl. All the applied extracts caused 100% mortality for the second and last instars after 24 and 48 hr. of exposure time. Pupal mortality was 100% at the concentration, 500 ppm, of A. fragrantissma and 600 ppm at both A. decumbens and J. regia at the two exposure times. The Lc50 values after 24 and 48 hr. of exposure times were 70 and 35 ppm for A. fragrantissima, 110 and 65 ppm A. decumbens and 145 and 110 ppm for the second instar, while Lc50 for the fourth instar after the same exposure time were 100,65; 150,78 and 170,115ppm respectively. Later, Lc50 values for the pupal instar were 260,190 ; 350, 270 and 400, 310 ppm for the two exposure times respectively.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of pea Pisum sativum L. and bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. powders formulations starch, crude, high-protein, pure protein in some biochemical parameters of khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium reared on wheat grains treated and untreated with the powders.
The results showed that mixing wheat grains with pea and bean powders then rearing larvae of khapra beetle on it affects clearly on the proteins and carbohydrates concentration in the larval extraction, the powders caused reduction in their concentration. The lowest percentage of proteins and carbohydrates was found in the larval extraction for the larvae reared on the wheat grains treated with pure protein powder of pea and bean, 6.37 and 8.00 % for protein and 0.50, 1.06 % forcarbohydrates respectively, in comparison with control that gave 25.56% for proteins and 4.70 % for carbohydrate. So that powder causes an activity inhibition of α- amylase and protease enzymes. The pure protein powder of pea and bean showed a superior value of inhibition percentage; 64 and 51 % for α- amylase enzyme and 95, 76 % for protease enzyme, respectively.

The study aimed to isolate and purify the cationic Antimicrobial peptides (Amps) from the blood of sheep, bovine and camels, then study its antimicrobial activity against some multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , E.coli : 0157: H7), and compare it with some antibiotics.
The results showed that those peptides could be obtained from various animals using the techniques in this study. The results of HPLC technique showed that there are (6) peaks in the crudeextract from sheep blood and (7) peaks for bovine blood and (21) peaks in the crude extract isolated from camels, blood.
The results also showed that all these peptides were effective, but they have different effects, and all the bacteria were sensitive to it. The peptide isolated from the camels blood was the best, while those isolated from sheep and bovine showed similar activities, and all peptides affect gram-positive bacteria more than gram-negative, especially peptides isolated from camels blood as the inhibition zone was (27) mm and (26) mm for Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus respectively.

The aim of this study is to know the effect of doxorubicin on the function of heart. The drug was administrated for three and six weeks. The animals were sacrified after 48 hr. of the last inject.
This study revealed a significant increases in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and Creatine Kinase enzyme in the rats' serum when administrated the animal doxorubicin intraperit oneally, for 3 weeks and not significantly increase when administrated for six weeks. Histopathological changes in cardiac tissues revealed a congestion in the blood vessels thrombus and thickness of the wall blood vessels, a dilation of the blood vessels, a prevascular infilteration of the inflammatory cells, infilteration of the inflammatory cells in cardiac muscle, focal lymphocyte infiltration, oedema, hyalinization and loss of striation.

The Research included the isolation and identification of bacteria causing conjunctivitis in patients subjected to vision correction operations who attended the ophthalmological clinc in Al-Zahrawi teaching hospital in Mosul city. The study also included testing the ability of one of the isolated bacteria to adhere on the intraocular lens that is used to correct visson (PMMA) and forming biofilms. 20 swab samples were collected from patients of both sexes (12 males and females). The results revealed that 3 samples were negative (15%) and 17 samples were positive (85%), Staphylococcus epidermids was the predominant type 11 isolates (55%) while Staphylococcus aureus was isolated with 30% (6 isolates). When the ability of S. aureus to adhere and form biofilm on lenses by using ELIZA technique, the results were positive, the absorbance values were 0.140, 0.216 and 0.399 at incubation periods 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively. As well as the number of colonies that were formed on lens surfaces was measured after different incubationperiods, the results showed that the number of colonies were 6.7, 7.6, 8.1 X106 colony/cm3 in the incubation periods 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cinnamon boiled extract (2000 mg / kg body weight) on some hematological parameters and Leptin hormone level in healthy and experimentally- induced diabetic white New Zealand female rabbits, it's weights ranged between 1300-1400 gm and aged 9-12 months. The rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups, (9 rabbits / group) Control, Alloxan, Cinnamon and Cinnamon with Alloxan together group. The rabbits were dosaged and observed for four weeks.
The results showed that the cinnamon boiled extracts enhance the hematological parameter for the healthy and diabetic female rabbits. The treatment raised red blood corpuscles, total white blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume comparing with the Alloxan and Control group. Furthermore, the treatment with Cinnamon boiled extract increases the level of Leptin hormone comparing with the Alloxan and Control groups.

The effect of different concentrations of K2HPO4 and H2O2 was tested on the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata the causal agent of leaf spot disease of broad bean. The results indicated that all tested concentrations of the two materials (100, 200, 300, 400) mMol gave significant inhibition withthe increase of concentration. The results also showed an increase in the activity of H2O2 upon and caused complete inhibition to the fungal growth at the concentration of 300 mMol (100 and 60.7%) respectively.
In greenhouse experiments H2O2 caused a higher increase in shoot fresh and dry weight, high length, chlorophyll percentage, and complete significant reduction in disease severity (0.0) of the treated plant. and low activity of K2HPO4 in comparison with H2O2. The resistance of plants increased with the increase of the enzymes activity of Peroxidase, Catalase and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase. The local variety was more responsive than the French variety when treated with hydrogen peroxide substance.

A total of 272 mutants (161 from sunlight exposed and 111 from unexposed conidia) resistant to the chemicals Topas, 8-azaguanine or Chloral hydrate were Isolated in the fungus Alternaria alternata. Initially, the exposure periods to sunlight and the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the chemicals were determined. The exposure periods were 20, 40, 60 and 90 minutes and the minimal inhibitory concentrations were 150 μg/ml for Topas, 3.5 μg/ml for 8-azaguanine and 4.5 mM for Chloral hydrate. The frequency of mutants resistant to each chemical was calculated and although the frequencies from the exposed samples were greater than those from unexposed one, the differences, however, werestatistically not significant pointing to the weakness of mutagenicity of the sunlight in the present experimental protocol. Cross resistance exhibited by any of the three classes of resistant mutants to other two chemicals was also tested. A fraction of 93.2% of the Topas resistant mutant cross resisted 8-azaguanine as well, and 83% of them cross resisted Chloral hydrate. Azaguanine resistant mutants and Chloral hydrate resistant mutants, however, exhibited very low cross resistance to those two chemicals, being no more than 4% as its higher proportion.

The elastic properties such as (compressibility range from (1 to 0.6 values), isothermal bulk modulus and
pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus) have been computed using (vinet, Birch – Murghun,
Shanker, poireior)EOSs, the results were compared with the experimental data. The effect of high
temperature and pressure on the four thermodynamic properties for copper have been studied. The
vibration energy of atoms (ED) in a solid copper (Cu) and heat capacity at a constant volume ( CV ) have
been evaluated using Debye model and the effect of pressure on Debye temperature. Finally , melting
curve representing the variation of melting (Tm) with pressure have been Calculated for copper by using
Mie Gruneison – Debye equation (based on the above equation of states), Lindemann and Kumer
equations, also the melting gradient was computed. It is found that melting temperature increases with
pressure in a non-linear manner such that the melting gradient decreases gradually with increase in
pressure. The results were found in good fitting with experimental data

In this work a MOS device was fabricated with nano dioxide layer on silicon using a laser induced oxidation technique, at 600oC temperature for different times oxidation (5-20) min.
FTIR spectrums were studied and analyzed for the Si (111) substrate, the Si/SiO2 interface and the SiO2 layer.
The results gave a characteristic sharp peak presence at the wave number (1079 cm-1) corresponding to the level of elongation vibration (Si-O-Si) which consists the required oxide.
The electrical measurement results show the response of the MOS device for the (C-V) and (I-V) characteristics. The capacity was inhomogeneous at the interface between insulator and semiconductor because of the (ac) signal harmony, as an extra-capacity created depending on the frequency, while it does not appear at frequency (f >5kHz). This determines the nature of the electronic response of the device.
The different times for the oxide configuration gives a different value for the capacity that's where the capacity increases with the time of laser induction oxidation increase. The oxide thickness has an inverse relationship with the time of laser induction of the oxidation.
The (I-V) characteristics show the MOS devices fabricated with oxidation time at (5,10) min has leakage current started after 0.6 volt, where the devices which oxidized for 15 min has leakage current at 0.4 volt, but the leakage current begun at 0.2 volt for the devices with 20 min oxidation time.