Modern Sport

Thequalitativeconceptoftrainingexperiencedathletesisnotlimitedtostrengthtrainingalone,butextendstogeneral
physical conditioning and, ultimately, to special strength training during the speci c phases of athletic preparation,
depending on the type of sport practiced. Since athletic training should not follow a single, monotonous pattern, the
researchers adopted modern Boot camp exercises to develop special strength and biomechanical variables for female
triple jump athletes. The study aimed to design Boot camp exercises speci cally to enhance special strength and certain
biomechanical indicators in young female triple jump athletes, and to identify the impact of these exercises on their
performance. The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically signi cant differences between the pre
and post-tests. The study sample consisted of ve young female triple jump athletes. Tests were conducted at the track
and eld stadium of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences– University of Baghdad. The researchers
concluded that Boot camp exercises had a positive impact on the development of special strength and contributed to
improvingsomebiomechanicalvariablesinthetriplejumpamongyoungfemaleathletes.Theyrecommendedutilizing
detailed motion analysis and biomechanical variables to correct technical errors and enhance athletes’performance. and
this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The signi cance of this study lies in its focus on the relationship between visual tracking and dynamic visual acuity,
both regarded as essential perceptual abilities inuencing technical and dynamic performance in foil fencing. This
supports coaches and specialists in designing effective training units to improve players’ visual and motor ef ciency.
Given the interactive, fast-paced nature of the sport—which demands instantaneous reactions and high precision in
thrusting—there is a need to determine the impact of visual tracking on performance quality. The research problem
arose fromtheauthors’observationofthelimitedattentiontovisualperceptualaspectsinpreparationprograms,despite
their role as key determinants of successful performance. The study aimed to assess visual tracking and dynamic visual
acuity levels among youth foil fencers and explore the correlation between them. A descriptive methodology using
a correlational approach was adopted. The sample included ten athletes from the national youth foil fencing team,
aged 17 to 19 years. Specialized tests measured visual tracking and dynamic visual acuity. Data were collected during a
de ned period using precise instruments, and results were analyzed using Pearson’s simple correlation coef cient. The
ndingsrevealedastrong,statisticallysigni cantpositivecorrelationbetweenvisualtrackinganddynamicvisualacuity
(r
0.752), indicating that ef cient visual tracking contributes to improving thrust accuracy during fencing bouts. The
study concluded that developing visual perceptual skills—particularly visual tracking—is fundamental to enhancing
technicalperformanceinfencing.Itisrecommendedthatvisualperceptiontrainingbeintegratedintopreparationstages
andthatfuturestudiesincludevariousagegroupsandskilllevels.andthisachievesoneofthesustainabledevelopment
goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The signi cance of the study lies in identifying a scienti c and objective indicator that clari es the extent to which
key cognitive and visual abilities contribute to skill performance in tennis. This enables coaches and instructors to
design scienti cally based educational and training units that incorporate these abilities according to their level of
contribution, thereby positively impacting technical performance. The abundance of stimuli in tennis and the dif culty
of controlling performance, due to the sport’s ongoing developments, require a high level of cognitive and visual
abilities. The researchers aimed to examine the problem of inadequate organization in educational content, where one
aspectisemphasizedoverothers,andtheactualcontributionratesoftheseabilitiesremainunknown,despitetheirbeing
fundamentalinasportthatdemandshighlevelsofconcentration,attention,andmovementvariability.Thestudyaimed
to identify the percentage contribution of selected cognitive and visual abilities to the performance of the forehand
and backhand strokes in tennis, and to examine the relationship between these abilities and skill performance. The
researchers used the descriptive methodwithasurveyandcorrelationalapproach.Thesampleconsistedof30third-year
female students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women at the University of Baghdad.
Cognitive andvisual tests selected by experts were administered after con rming their validity. The results showed that
cognitive and visual abilities play an active role in the performance of the forehand and backhand strokes. Kinesthetic
perception, attention, and depth perception made notable contributions, con rming their effectiveness in improving
the tennis skill performance of the students. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United
Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the ipped classroom approach on enhancing the learning
of the serve (both high and low) and drop shot skills in badminton among female students at the School of Sport
SciencesattheUniversityofJordan,incomparisontothetraditionalteachingmethod.Thesampleconsistedof30female
students enrolled in the “Racquet Sports (1)– Badminton” course. The participants were divided into an experimental
group, which was taught using the ipped classroom strategy, and a control group, which received instruction through
conventional methods.Theresearcheremployedtheexperimentalmethodtoconductthestudyandutilizededucational
programs and skill-based tests, after ensuring their scienti c validity. This approach aimed to create a more interactive
and learner-centered environment that integrates digital content with in-class application. The ndings indicated that
both the traditional and ipped classroom strategies had a positive effect on learning the targeted badminton skills.
However, the ipped classroom strategy proved to be more effective, showing a clear advantage in enhancing the
learning of the high serve, low serve, and drop shot skills. Based on these results, the researcher recommended the
use of modern technological tools in the teaching and learning of sports skills in general, and badminton in particular.
The study further emphasized the importance of integrating contemporary teaching strategies—especially the ipped
classroomapproachsupportedbytechnology—intotheinstructionofmotorandathleticskills,withaparticularfocuson
badminton. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality
Education)

The integration of arti cial intelligence (AI), whether through devices or software, has become a critical tool in
analyzing and evaluating technical performance. AI signi cantly contributes to enhancing athletic performance by
enabling accurate data analysis and supporting educators in developing effective training programs and interactive
curricula. This study addresses a noticeable gap in the literature regarding the attitudes and inclinations of educators
toward AI in physical education and sport sciences—a gap often attributed to limited awareness and lack of access to
moderntechnologies.Theprimaryaimofthestudyistoexaminethetendenciesandperceptionsoffemaleinstructorsin
physical education and sport sciences toward the use of AI in improving athletic performance across various activities.
It also explores the current state of attitudes regarding AI integration, the inuencing factors—both motivating and
hindering—andthedifferencesinorientationbasedoninstructors’specialization(theoreticalvs.practical).Adescriptive
research designwasemployed,involvingapurposivesampleof20femalefacultymembersfromtheCollegeofPhysical
Education and Sport Sciences for Women. The results showed generally positive attitudes toward AI use in education,
re ecting clear acceptance of these technologies in the teaching process. However, attitudes were inuenced by several
factors, particularly the nature of academic specialization. These ndings highlight the need to enhance training and
professional development related to AI, especially for those showing less favorable attitudes, to promote equal access to
modern teaching tools. Accordingly, the researchers recommend implementing targeted training programs to improve
instructors’ pro ciency in using AI applications in educational settings. and this achieves one of the sustainable devel
opment goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The scarcity of studies examining this relationship makes it difcult to provide accurate and scientically grounded
data regarding its signicance. This research aims to bridge this academic gap by analyzing the dynamic relationship
between these variables. The research problem lies in the observed difculty athletes face in performing the tucked
front somersault on the oor exercise mat. This difculty may stem from decits in the explosive muscular power
of the legs and insufcient instantaneous push-off force required to achieve the necessary elevation to complete the
skill. Additionally, the coach’s neglect of the importance of these variables—as well as the biomechanical factors that
in uence the movement—may contribute to the problem. To shed light on the factors in uencing athletes’ performance,
the research problem was formulated as follows: What is the relationship between the instantaneous push-off index, the
explosive power of the legs, and selected biomechanical variables related to the tucked front somersault skill performed on
the men’s oor exercise mat? The researchers hypothesized that there is no statistically signicant relationship between
the instantaneous push-off index and the explosive power of the legs. They also hypothesized no signicant relationship
between the instantaneous push-off index and biomechanical variables. A descriptive methodology was adopted with
a purposive sample of six male athletes from Al-Thawra Club in Kirkuk, aged 14–18, representing 60% of the 10-athlete
population. Explosive power and instantaneous push-off were measured using a Foot Scan device, while biomechanical
variables were assessed via motion analysis software. The results revealed a signicant relationship between push-off
index and explosive power, emphasizing the importance of targeted training programs to enhance both. and this achieves
one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

This study aimed to explore the relationship between cyberbullying and levels of pessimism and optimism among
female university students, emphasizing the signicance of these variables in students’ psychological well-being. The
research problem was identied in the increasing rates of cyberbullying among female students and its negative impact
on optimism and pessimism, alongside the lack of effective counseling programs addressing this issue. The study sample
consisted of 30 third-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Women during
the academic year 2023–2024. The participants were deliberately selected through a lottery method. The researchers
employed the descriptive survey method as it suited the nature of the study’s problem. Field procedures included
the use of standardized scales to measure cyberbullying, optimism, and pessimism. Data were analyzed using SPSS
software, employing Pearson’s correlation coefcient, Cronbach’s alpha, means, and standard deviations for statistical
processing. The results showed a signicant positive correlation between cyberbullying and pessimism, and a negative
correlation between cyberbullying and optimism. Additionally, students who experienced high levels of cyberbullying
tended to have lower levels of optimism. The study recommends developing counseling programs aimed at reducing
cyberbullying and enhancing optimism among female students. It also suggests conducting future studies with larger
samples and in diverse geographic areas to deepen the understanding of the relationship between these variables. and
this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

This study aims to examine the effect of enhanced Booklet Technique on the learning outcomes of the motor education
course. The researchers adopted a quasi-experimental methodology employing a two-group post-test design, with one
experimental and one control group. The sample, randomly selected, consisted of 120 rst-year students from the Faculty
of Physical Education at the University of Sadat City during the academic year 2023/2024, representing 16.74% of the total
population. The participants were divided equally into an experimental group (n = 60) and a control group (n = 60). An
additional exploratory sample of 60 students (8.37% of the total population) was drawn from outside the primary study
sample to pilot the research tools and assess the feasibility of implementing the enhanced booklet. Data collection
and analysis relied on instruments such as the Mental Ability Test (intelligence test, not “scale”) and a perception and
attitude questionnaire regarding the use of enhanced Booklet Technique. Findings indicated statistically signicant
differences in the post-test results of both groups in favour of the experimental group in cognitive achievement—both
oral (improvement rate = 52.38%) and written tests (improvement rate = 41.15%)—as well as in the practical performance
dimension of the motor education course (improvement rate = 49.74%). Furthermore, student perceptions within the
experimental group re ected strong positive attitudes toward the enhanced booklet, with approval rates ranging from
97.00% to 100.00%. These ndings afrm the efcacy of the enhanced booklet in promoting affective engagement and
improving students’ attitudes toward the motor education course.

This study aims to examine the effect of enhanced Booklet Technique on the learning outcomes of the motor education course. The researchers adopted a quasi-experimental methodology employing a two-group post-test design, with one experimental and one control group. The sample, randomly selected, consisted of 120 first-year students from the Faculty of Physical Education at the University of Sadat City during the academic year 2023/2024, representing 16.74% of the total population. The participants were divided equally into an experimental group (n = 60) and a control group (n = 60). An additional exploratory sample of 60 students (8.37% of the total population) was drawn from outside the primary study sample to pilot the research tools and assess the feasibility of implementing the enhanced booklet. Data collection and analysis relied on instruments such as the Mental Ability Test (intelligence test, not ``scale'') and a perception and attitude questionnaire regarding the use of enhanced Booklet Technique. Findings indicated statistically significant differences in the post-test results of both groups in favour of the experimental group in cognitive achievement-both oral (improvement rate = 52.38%) and written tests (improvement rate = 41.15%)-as well as in the practical performance dimension of the motor education course (improvement rate = 49.74%). Furthermore, student perceptions within the experimental group reflected strong positive attitudes toward the enhanced booklet, with approval rates ranging from 97.00% to 100.00%. These findings affirm the efficacy of the enhanced booklet in promoting affective engagement and improving students' attitudes toward the motor education course.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of exercises employing a broad external focus of attention on learning
the dribbling skill in handball among fth-grade primary school students at Al-Mukhtar Primary School for Boys,
afliated with the Directorate of Education in Eastern Baghdad. The research problem lies in the fact that students, while
performing basic skills, often fail to attend to external stimuli accompanying the technical execution of the game. As a
team sport, handball involves multiple distractors such as opponents, court dimensions, lines, and technical rules, which
may negatively impact performance levels, lead to wasted effort and time, and undermine the educational goals of the
curriculum. Therefore, it is essential to develop students ’attentional processes through targeted exercises integrated into
instructional units related to the skills under investigation. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed
an experimental method using two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group consisted of 10 students
who received training using the external focus of attention method, while the control group (10 students) learned through
the traditional instructional approach. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data.
The results revealed that the experimental group signicantly outperformed the control group in learning the dribbling
skill. Based on these ndings, the researcher recommends adopting alternative attentional strategies to enhance the
learning of basic handball skills. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in
Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The importance of this research lies in using assistive tools that help female students learn the technical phases of the shot-put event in a simplified manner. The goal is to reduce the effort and time required for teaching the event, which reflects positively on improving technical performance and minimizing common mistakes. Through practical observation, the researchers noted that female students face difficulties acquiring the correct technical performance of the shot put despite traditional teaching methods. The research problem centers around the limited use of assistive tools, which leads to weak motor coordination and a lack of accuracy in performance. This necessitated exploring the possibility of using educational assistive tools to facilitate the learning of technical skills for female students. The research used the experimental method. The study population was first-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Women, University of Baghdad. Section (B) was selected, consisting of 20 students, and they were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 10 students in each group. The most significant conclusion was that educational exercises using assistive tools positively impacted the technical performance of the shot-put event for female students. One of the key recommendations is the necessity of using assistive tools in teaching track and field events, especially the shot put. This finding can be applied in various fields, such as robotics and sports. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The abdominal area is one of the most prone regions to fat accumulation in women, which negatively impacts
cardiorespiratory tness and overall health. With the growing interest among female university students in improving
physical appearance and cardiovascular health there has been an increasing need to adopt effective functional exercises
such as the Burpee Plank which combines cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, and core stability. The study
aimed to design and implement Burpee Plank exercises to investigate their effect on the cardiorespiratory tness of the
research sample. The two researchers concluded that the prepared exercises had a positive impact on cardiorespiratory
tness. They hypothesized that there would be statistically signicant differences between the pre-test and post-test
results of the research population in the selected variables. Research Fields included the human eld consisted of 12
rst-year female students with central fat accumulation in the abdominal area. The time eld extended from December
15, 2024 to March 15, 2025. The place eld was the tness hall at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
for Women, University of Baghdad. A training methodology for Burpee-Plank exercises was prepared appropriately to
suit the tness level of the research sample. The implementation of the training program began on December 15, 2024,
and continued until March 6, 2025. The duration of the Burpee-Plank training program was 12 weeks, with 2 training
sessions per week, totaling 24 training units throughout the program. The research sample consisted of 12 rst-year
female students aged between 18 and 25 years. The researcher concluded that the positive impact of the exercises led
to an improvement in cardiorespiratory tness. The exercises used had a clear positive effect on body circumference
measurements, as well as on the muscular endurance of the abdominal muscles. and this achieves one of the sustainable
development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mobile learning via smartphone technology in
facilitating the acquisition of preliminary swimming skills. The researcher adopted an experimental methodology,
which was deemed appropriate for the nature of the study. The research population consisted of all female students
enrolled in the “Basic Swimming Skills” course at the Faculty of Sports Sciences during the 2023/2024 academic year,
totalling 57 students. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 32 students enrolled in the
same course. These participants were randomly divided into two equivalent groups: an experimental group (n = 15)
and a control group (n = 17). Both groups were registered for the course in the second semester of the academic year
2023/2024. The study was conducted at the swimming pool of the Faculty of Sports Sciences at the University of Jordan.
The researcher implemented the proposed educational program using smartphones with the experimental group to
assess its impact on learning foundational swimming skills. In contrast, the control group received instruction through
the traditional teaching methods typically followed in the course plan. The results revealed that both instructional
methods had a positive impact on learning; however, the smartphone-based mobile learning approach demonstrated
a clear advantage in facilitating the acquisition of basic swimming skills. Based on these ndings, the researcher recommended incorporating smartphones into skill-based learning processes in swimming and emphasized the importance of leveraging modern technology and its various applications to support the teaching of motor skills in sports, alongside conventional instruction methods. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The signicance of this study lies in analyzing player movement through biokinematic variables using video recording and Kinovea motion analysis software. By investigating selected biomechanical variables, the researchers aimed
to improve the accuracy of forecourt and backcourt shots among wheelchair badminton players based on insights
derived from this analysis. The ndings aim to guide coaches and players by utilizing motion analysis outcomes to
enhance training strategies and achieve higher levels of technical performance and athletic accomplishment. The study
aimed to describe and analyze the biomechanical variables in uencing shot accuracy and identify the relationship
between these variables and shot accuracy among wheelchair badminton players. The researchers adopted a descriptive
methodology utilizing analytical and correlational approaches, as this design aligns with the nature of the research
problem. The study population consisted of athletes from the Iraqi national wheelchair badminton team, selected
intentionally, totalling four players. The research sample was chosen purposefully and included the same four athletes,
thereby representing 100% of the study population. The (Zina-WH1-WH2) test was conducted to measure the accuracy
of backcourt and forecourt shots. The researchers used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to process
the research data, employing the following statistical tools: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skewness coefcient,
and Pearson’s simple correlation coefcient. The results revealed a signicant correlation between shuttlecock launch
speed and launch angle with forecourt shot accuracy. Based on these ndings, the researchers recommended using
video recording and motion analysis during training sessions. The extracted data reveal strengths and weaknesses in
the biomechanical variables of each shot, guiding players toward optimal performance. and this achieves one of the
sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

Educational games are among the most effective tools for teaching fundamental skills, particularly in volleyball. The
present study addresses the issue of weak performance among second-year female students at the College of Physical
Education and Sport Sciences for Women in executing the volleyball serve. This weakness is attributed to the learners’
limited perception of the appropriate distance required to toss the ball upward before striking it, as well as their poor
understanding of the correct serving distance. Additionally, there is a need to incorporate engaging methods into the
educational process. Therefore, the study aimed to design instructional units utilizing educational games to teach the
serving skill and to examine their impact on distance perception and skill acquisition. The researchers adopted the experimental method, employing a pre-test/post-test design with control and experimental groups. The sample consisted of 30
randomly selected second-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women at
the University of Baghdad. An exploratory sample of four students was also selected. Research tools included two tests:
one for measuring distance perception and another for assessing the serving skill. After conducting the pre-tests and
ensuring group equivalence, the main experiment was implemented over eight instructional units, delivered weekly,
with each session lasting 90 minutes. Post-tests were then administered. The ndings indicated that educational games
had a positive effect on both distance perception and the acquisition of the serving skill. Moreover, the experimental
group outperformed the control group. The researchers recommend using educational games in teaching volleyball
skills, particularly the serve. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq
which is (Quality Education)