Modern Sport

The regulation of training loads, particularly for speed endurance, is crucial for optimizing physical fitness in football players. This is achieved by balancing external load components such as intensity, volume, and rest with internal load, as measured by heart rate. Such regulation has a precise impact on the level of specific physical fitness. This study focuses on the regulation of speed endurance training during the specialized preparation period, using artificial intelligence to assess its effects on selected physical fitness components and tactical behaviour in football players. The study utilizes Polar H10 sensors, which function effectively under various environmental conditions and interface with an iPad 8 device to measure heart rate, distance, energy, and power during performance and training. These sensors contribute to making the training process highly regulated and well-documented, providing an objective evaluation of physical load. By inputting player data into a pre-designed difficulty formula, the training load can be determined instantly, without the need to rely on time-consuming manual calculations that may be prone to human error, especially under fatigue or high-pressure conditions. In contrast, these AI-generated metrics are consistently reliable and free from human error. The researchers concluded that developing training programs based on modern technological devices equipped with artificial intelligence is essential, given their capacity to improve physical fitness parameters accurately-particularly speed endurance. The study further examines the influence of these technologies on the targeted physical fitness elements and tactical behaviour of players from Al-Qasim Sports Club in the Iraqi Professional League. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The researchers turned to modern technology and artificial intelligence by integrating equipment into the training process. This integration aimed to optimize time and reduce boredom and physical strain in both the instructional and training processes of fencing, through the development of exercises utilizing a device designed to regulate the distance between the feet during advance and retreat movements, with the goal of reaching higher levels of skill performance. This led to the following research question: Does training with the aid of an innovative device positively influence the development of skill performance? The researchers employed the experimental method due to its suitability for the research problem. The research sample consisted of 14 female foil fencers from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women at the University of Baghdad during the 2023--2024 athletic season. The participants were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. A skill performance test in foil fencing was administered using a fixed dummy (partner) holding a weapon. The test was documented using video recordings for both pre- and post-tests, and the performance was evaluated using a standardized fencing assessment form scored on a scale from 1 to 10, with the mean score calculated for each participant. Training sessions for the experimental group included the use of the innovative device. The researchers applied appropriate statistical methods to analyze the test results and concluded that the exercises implemented by both research groups contributed to improving skill performance. However, the experimental group, which used the innovative device, outperformed the control group. Accordingly. And this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The significant advancements in learning, particularly the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) applications, have led to noticeable improvements in the educational process. AI is considered one of the most prominent modern technologies employed, especially in the field of physical education. The research problem emerges from the researchers' practical experience as instructors at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. Through their teaching of basketball, they observed that the learning process struggles to keep pace with modern advancements-particularly in providing feedback to learners. Delays in delivering feedback negatively impact students' performance and their development of the dribbling with direction change skill. Additionally, there is a lack of accurate and immediate monitoring during the learning process. Accordingly, the research problem was: ``To what extent does the use of the Coach's Eye application contribute to providing immediate feedback to improve the dribbling with direction change skill in basketball?'' The study aimed to examine the role of the Coach's Eye application in providing immediate feedback during learning and to assess the feasibility of using it to deliver real-time feedback and improve the performance of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women - University of Baghdad. The conclusions highlighted the importance of the Coach's Eye application in delivering immediate feedback and enhancing the learning process. Real-time feedback was found to increase students' motivation and confidence in performing the dribbling with direction change skill. The researchers recommended integrating AI technologies into physical education as a supportive tool for developing students' skills and ensuring accurate, immediate feedback. And this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

This study explored motivational traits and leadership behaviour within the context of Scouting, aiming to deepen understanding of the relationship between these two pivotal variables in shaping effective Scout leaders. The research sought to assess the levels of motivational traits among Scout troop leaders and to analyze the dimensions of their leadership behaviour, with a particular focus on identifying the nature and extent of the correlation between them. To achieve these objectives, the researchers adopted a descriptive survey methodology deemed suitable for the nature of the study. A sample of 75 Scout leaders was selected from the Directorate of Education in Baghdad Al-Karkh III. Data were collected and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods to derive precise and objective findings. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between motivational traits and the dimensions of leadership behaviour, particularly with the training and democratic leadership dimensions. This indicates that leaders possessing strong motivational traits tend to exhibit more effective leadership behaviours and are more influential within their teams. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended the reinforcement of motivational traits among Scout leaders through specialized training programs. They further emphasized the importance of such traits in supporting the educational goals of the Scouting movement, which is characterized as a voluntary and non-political initiative. Additionally, the study called for future research involving leaders who hold the Wood Badge certification, with the aim of generalizing the findings and advancing the understanding of leadership development within the Scouting environment. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The importance of using instructional tools in tennis lies in the fact that proper skill acquisition depends on employing the most effective devices, tools, and modern technologies. These resources facilitate the learning of skills across varying movement paths and types, as they contribute to saving both time and effort for learners and instructors. This allows the instructional focus to remain solely on the skill itself, eliminating unnecessary movements. Given the complexity of executing tennis skills-particularly for beginners-there is often a noticeable difficulty in performing them correctly. Mastery of these skills requires considerable effort and sustained practice. As one of the researchers is an active tennis player and the other serves as a coach at the Al-Jadriya Academy for the 12-14 age group, it was observed that teaching fundamental skills to younger age categories demands extended periods of time and consistent instructional effort. The aim of this study was to design an instructional tool that supports the learning of the forehand and backhand groundstrokes with topspin for beginners. In addition, the study sought to examine the effect of this instructional tool on learning the forehand and backhand groundstrokes in tennis among individuals aged 12 to 14, and to assess its influence on the acquisition of topspin groundstrokes in the same skills within the research sample. The researchers hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences in the post-test results between the experimental and control groups in learning to perform the forehand and backhand groundstrokes with topspin. Furthermore, they anticipated statistically significant differences between the post-tests of both groups in favour of the experimental group. The researchers employed the experimental method, using a two-group design (experimental and control) with both pre-tests and post-tests to assess learning outcomes. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

Taekwondo is considered one of the athletic activities that contribute significantly to the holistic development of the individual by fostering the acquisition of knowledge and experience. Contrary to the common misconception that it is merely a form of combat or physical confrontation; taekwondo involves movements that engage both physical and mental activity. This interplay supports the balanced and comprehensive development of the practitioner, thereby enhancing individual efficiency and performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive representation and the performance of the side kick and back kick skills among junior taekwondo athletes aged 12 to 14 years. The researchers hypothesized that there would be a statistically significant correlation between the results of the cognitive representation scale and the outcomes of the skill tests for the side kick and back kick in this age group. A descriptive correlational approach was adopted, as it aligns with the nature of the research. The researchers utilized the Cognitive Representation Scale developed by Al-Shuwaili (2018). The research population consisted of 110 junior taekwondo athletes aged 12 to 14 years, registered with clubs in Baghdad Al-Rusafa for the 2024-2025 season. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Pearson's correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha, arithmetic means, and standard deviations were employed for statistical processing. The results indicated a statistically significant correlation between cognitive representation and the performance of both the side kick and the back kick among junior athletes. In light of these findings, the researchers recommend the incorporation of educational strategies aimed at enhancing and developing cognitive representation within the field of taekwondo. And this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) is a technology designed to review on-field decisions through video footage in order to correct clear and critical refereeing errors. It enables the replay of key moments in slow motion to determine the correct final decision, with communication between the video officials and the referee conducted via headset. The system operates under the principle of "minimal interference, maximum benefit," intervening only in essential situations. This study aimed to assess the current implementation of VAR in the Iraq Stars Football League during the 2023--2024 season. To achieve this objective, the researchers employed a descriptive survey method involving a sample of 220 participants, including referees, coaches, players, assessors, academics, administrators, and media professionals. Data were collected via a 32-item questionnaire distributed across three dimensions: VAR referee training, beneficiaries of the system, and related tools and equipment. Analysis using SPSS revealed that the VAR system's performance was rated as very good for its initial use in the league. The results support the feasibility of extending the experience to other divisions within Iraqi football. The researchers recommended conducting training camps and certification programs abroad, establishing partnerships with international football federations, allowing team coaches a single opportunity to request video review, and creating an official digital platform managed by the Iraqi Football Association to explain how VAR works and minimize misinterpretations among stakeholders. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The present study aimed to design specialized water-based exercises accompanied by music for teaching freestyle swimming skills to first-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women, and to examine the impact of these exercises on learning outcomes. The research problem centers on the need to enhance the learning process by adopting modern instructional methods that lead to more efficient and engaging learning in less time and with less effort. To address this, the researchers proposed using a novel approach involving aquatic exercises synchronized with music, noting the need to make swimming lessons more engaging due to the students' difficulty in adapting to the aquatic environment. Traditional methods were found to lack the elements of excitement and motivation necessary for effective skill acquisition. An experimental design involving control and experimental groups was adopted. The sample included 20 female students, intentionally selected as 38.461% of the total population of non-swimming first-year students enrolled in the 2024--2025 academic year. The students were divided equally into two groups. The experimental group received the instructional program for six weeks at a rate of two sessions per week. After completing the program, data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results indicated that the use of water-based exercises with music effectively enhanced the learning of freestyle swimming skills. Students in the experimental group outperformed those in the control group. The study recommends greater use of engaging and modern teaching methods, which provide motivation and reduce reliance on traditional instruction, thus facilitating more effective learning. And this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The significance of this research lies in the use of targeted and varied exercises aimed at developing specific motor abilities, particularly reaction speed. Enhancing this ability contributes directly to improving skill performance in the sport of fencing. This is especially important during this developmental stage, as it marks a critical period for the maturation of both the body and the nervous system. At this age, physical and motor capabilities begin to reach full development. Moreover, the refinement of such abilities requires a well-functioning nervous system, which must be trained through carefully timed and appropriately designed exercises. These exercises should incorporate elements of novelty and stimulation to effectively achieve the developmental objectives appropriate for this important age group. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of the proposed exercises on developing motor reaction speed among foil fencers aged 10 to 12 years. The research population consisted of athletes from the Iraqi Central Fencing Federation located in Baghdad, within the Youth and Sports Ministry Complex. The sample was intentionally selected and included 16 foil fencers within the specified age group. The sample was then divided into two equal groups: an experimental group and a control group, with eight participants in each. Homogeneity within the research sample was verified, in addition to ensuring the equivalence of the experimental and control groups. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The significance of this research lies in exploring the impact of energy-exhausting games through enrichment classroom activities on the development of specific social skills and physical attributes, as well as reducing hyperactivity and attention deficit among gifted students aged 13. The research problem emerged from the question: To what extent can energy-exhausting games, when implemented through enrichment classroom programs, contribute to enhancing selected social and physical traits and minimizing hyperactivity and attention deficit? This study aimed to (a) identify the levels of specific social skills in the sample, (b) identify the values of specific physical attributes in the sample, (c) measure the degree of hyperactivity and attention deficit in the sample, (d) design instructional units based on energy-exhausting games incorporating enrichment classroom programs; and (e) investigate the effect of these prepared instructional units on the development of the targeted traits. An experimental method was employed on a sample of 14 gifted students aged 13 (second intermediate grade), divided equally into an experimental group and a control group (7 students each). After conducting pre-tests and confirming group equivalency, the experimental group was taught using the designed instructional units, while the control group followed conventional methods. Following the intervention, post-tests were administered, and data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that using energy-exhausting games through enrichment classroom activities in physical education classes directly and significantly improved social skills and physical attributes and reduced hyperactivity and attention deficit among gifted students. And this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

This study aimed to examine the levels of false confidence, behavioural psychological balance, and rational and irrational thoughts, as well as to investigate the relationships among these variables in futsal players. To achieve this objective, the researchers developed scales for measuring false confidence and behavioural psychological balance, while the standardized scale for rational and irrational thoughts, developed by Aseel Naji, was adopted for use in the current research. The researchers employed the descriptive method using a correlational approach, as it was deemed the most appropriate for the nature and objectives of the study. The research population consisted of players from Iraqi futsal clubs during the 2024--2025 season, representing the following teams: Al-Sharqiya, Al-Janoub, Amanat Baghdad, Al-Intidhar, Alayat Al-Shurta, Naft Al-Basra, Baladiyat Al-Basra, Al-Hashd Al-Shaabi, Al-Shurta, Al-Murur, Naft Al-Wasat, Misafi Al-Wasat, Al-Thafar, Shabab Al-Basri, Gazi Al-Janoub, and Al-Jaysh. The total number of participants included in the research sample was 224 players from these official clubs. After collecting the data, the researchers analyzed it using the SPSS statistical software package. The findings revealed that behavioural psychological balance had a significantly positive influence on the level of rational thinking, contributing to players' ability to make more precise and consistent decisions under pressure. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended the implementation of structured training programs that raise players' awareness of the risks associated with false confidence, emphasizing the use of objective and continuous feedback to enhance self-awareness, psychological regulation, and performance consistency. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

In recent years, there has been growing interest in training programs that enhance physical fitness and overall health. Among the most prominent is High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), which has demonstrated effectiveness in improving cardiovascular efficiency and boosting physical performance within a relatively short period. With rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), it has become possible to develop smart training solutions that rely on the analysis of biometric and physiological data to deliver personalized programs tailored to individual needs. AI algorithms can analyze users' biological and physical data and generate training regimens based on physiological responses, opening new avenues for improving exercise efficacy while minimizing injury risk. This study investigates the impact of an AI-supported smart HIIT program on cardiovascular fitness and physical performance among young adults aged 20 to 40 years. An experimental methodology was employed, involving a sample of 60 participants randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group of 30 individuals who followed the smart HIIT program, and a control group of equal size that followed a traditional program. Multiple research tools were used, including the AI-driven HIIT protocol and standardized assessments of cardiovascular capacity and physical performance. The results revealed a significant improvement in the experimental group, which outperformed the control group in both cardiovascular and performance measures. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the implemented program and underscore the importance of integrating technology-enhanced training approaches to promote physical health and cardiovascular fitness. The outcomes also affirm the role of AI-supported technologies in achieving superior results in health and performance domains, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

Bayes' Theorem represents a fundamental principle in probability and statistics. It describes how to update the probability of a hypothesis based on new evidence. It provides a mathematical rule for reversing conditional probabilities, allowing us to determine the probability of a cause given an observed effect. Bayes' Theorem is also considered one of the key tools in machine learning applications. This study uses Bayes' Theorem to determine the probability of a team's loss and the percentage responsibility of the head coach and fitness coach. Its importance lies in developing a probabilistic model to reveal the likelihood of defeat and the proportional responsibility of each coach. The research sample includes 10 football experts and coaches from clubs and institutions in Basrah. A questionnaire was used to gather expert opinions on the estimated contribution of four roles (head coach, fitness coach, goalkeeping coach, and psychological consultant) and the potential error rate for each. The data were analyzed using Bayes' Theorem to calculate the probability of team loss and the responsibility percentage of the coaching staff. The study concludes that the probability of team loss is estimated at 13.65%, and the head coach (58.60%) and the fitness coach (38.46%) are mainly responsible for this loss. The researchers recommend that responsibility be distributed among all members of the coaching staff rather than attributed to a single individual, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The researchers proposed the use of a ready-made electronic program that includes refereeing scenarios designed to engage students in enhancing officiating performance, in an effort to guide them toward correct officiating. The study incorporated refereeing cases drawn from the fourth-year college curriculum. Accordingly, the research problem centres on whether modern technologies influence the development of officiating performance among students. The aim of the study was to utilize an electronic program that illustrates violations, infractions, and refereeing signals in basketball, and examine its effect on improving performance. The researchers employed the experimental method using two groups---experimental and control---on a sample of fourth-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences for Women, University of Baghdad, totalling 27 students from Section (C). After excluding those who had failed or had excessive absences, 17 students were randomly selected using a lottery method, resulting in a final sample of 12 students, equally distributed between the two groups. The experimental group used the electronic program, while the control group followed the conventional instructional method. The pilot sample consisted of 5 students from Section (C), and the research instruments included the program and a questionnaire to assess officiating performance. Following the pre-tests and confirmation of group equivalence, the main experiment was conducted over 12 sessions at two per week, each lasting 30 minutes. Post-tests were conducted, and the results indicated a decrease in officiating errors among students due to the program. The researchers recommend adopting the program as a complementary component in basketball instruction to save time and effort, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The significance of this study lies in designing a model for evaluating motor and physical determinants as a scientific tool to assist coaches and experts in selecting young athletes aged 13-15 years according to precise criteria aligned with the demands of jumping and leaping events. The current research aims to develop an evaluative model that contributes to establishing quantitative and qualitative standards that can be relied upon in guiding selection and training processes, thereby enhancing the early development of athletic talent. The study specifically sought to design a model targeting the most critical motor and physical abilities as indicators for selecting athletes in selected jumping events within the 13--15 age group. The researcher employed the descriptive method using a survey approach, as it was deemed appropriate for addressing the research problem. The study population consisted of track and field athletes specializing in jumping and leaping events. The sample included 35 athletes selected from the National Centre for Sports Talent (specialized athletics schools in the provinces), including Baghdad, Diyala, Karbala, and Najaf. Research procedures involved conducting tests to assess physical and motor determinants. The researcher concluded that the sample's performance levels were distributed primarily at the ``average'' level, followed by ``good'' and then ``acceptable.'' The proposed evaluative model allows for predicting the future performance level of young athletes, making it a reliable tool for early athletic talent identification. The researcher recommends adopting the developed standards and model in objective evaluation processes and applying them in athletics centres and academies to support talent selection in jumping events, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The significance of this research lies in the development of a standardized and scientifically validated test, providing coaches with a tool to assess players' speed endurance within the half-court area of a basketball game, with the aim of continually evaluating it during training sessions and official competitions. The research problem stems from the necessity of constructing a test that accurately measures speed endurance during defensive movement within the half-court under conditions that closely simulate competitive environments. Given the scarcity of such crucial tests for assessing and evaluating players, this gap constituted a research problem that needed to be addressed. Consequently, the researchers developed the required test and established standards and levels intended to contribute to raising the performance level in basketball. Research Objectives: 1. To construct and standardize a test for measuring defensive speed endurance within the half-court for basketball players aged 10-12 years. 2. To establish evaluation levels and standards for measuring defensive speed endurance within the half-court for basketball players aged 10-12 years. The study employed the descriptive method using the survey approach. The research sample consisted of basketball players aged 10-12 years from the Specialized School in Basra Governorate. Following the design of the test, the researchers reached the principal conclusion that the constructed test effectively detects the level of defensive speed endurance within the half-court area for basketball players aged 10-12 years. Recommendations: The researchers recommend adopting the current test as a reliable tool for detecting the level of defensive speed endurance within the half-court for basketball players aged 10-12 years, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The science of women's artistic gymnastics is continuously evolving, driven by a constant pursuit of excellence and a commitment to surpassing physical boundaries. The sport has witnessed significant and notable advancements in the level of technical performance, leading to an overall improvement in artistic execution. This progress is directly attributed to scientific and technological developments in apparatus design, supportive tools, and methods for teaching and developing skills. The objective of this study was to design specialized exercises and examine the impact of these exercises, using an innovative supporting device, on motor balance and the acquisition of the tucked forward roll on the balance beam in women's artistic gymnastics. The research hypothesis proposed that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test scores of the experimental and control groups across the research variables. It also anticipated statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the two groups in the studied variables. The researchers employed an experimental methodology with two groups (experimental and control), as this approach was appropriate for the nature of the problem under investigation. The research population was intentionally selected and consisted of 428 third-stage female students. The sample was randomly selected from Section (A), which included 23 students. From this section, 10 students were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 10 to the control group. The researchers concluded that the specialized exercises using the supporting device contributed effectively to skill acquisition. Moreover, the innovative supporting device played a significant role in enhancing both static and dynamic balance abilities among the participants, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).