Journal Of Educational and Psychological Researches

This study aims to identify the perceived mental image of volunteering and its relationship to volunteer motivation among a sample of Al-Quds Open University students, as well as to identify the differences in the perceived mental image of volunteering due to variables (gender, year of study, place of residence, college). The researcher has used a correlational descriptive approach. The researcher has used two questionnaires, the first was used to measure the perceptive mental image of volunteering; the second is to measure the motivation towards volunteering. The study population may consist of (3462) Male and female students of Al-Quds Open University Hebron Branch during the first semester of the academic year 2021/2020. The study sample consisted of (246) male and female students who were chosen using the stratified sample method. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the perceptive mental image of volunteering due to the variables (gender, school year, place of residence, college), while it showed a positive relationship between the perceptive mental image of volunteerism and the motivation towards volunteer work.

The aim of the present research is to measure the degree of strategic effectiveness (fahs) in the development of grammar skills of high school students in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the semi-experimental approach on ten arbitrators specializing in grammar, morphology, curricula, and methods of teaching the Arabic language. After confirming the validity of the guideline, the researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (22) items of the type of short answer and multiple choice. The researcher trained a teacher to apply the strategy to the experimental research sample using the (screening) component of (30) students. The same teacher taught the control group of (30) students using the units method prescribed in the textbook. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences at (0α0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental and control group in the post-application of the achievement test in favor of the experimental group. The effected size of the reading skill was (0.398) and (0.264) for the analysis skill. Therefore, the researcher recommends training Arabic language teachers on the ways of using (fahs) strategy when teaching grammar rules and applying them in teaching the rules of rhetoric and spelling as well as applying them in teaching the laws of mathematics and physics courses in all stages of education.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of using the McCarthy Model (4MAT) for developing creative writing skills and reflective thinking among undergraduate students. The quasi-experimental approach was adopted. In order to achieve the study objective, the educational content of Teaching Ethics (Approach 401), as the plan for the primary grades teacher preparation program was dealt with by using a teaching program based on the McCarthy Model (4MAT). The study which was done had been based on the academic achievement test for creative writing skills, and the reflective thinking test. The validity and reliability of the study tools were also confirmed. The study was applied to a sample consisting of (66) students. 33 students were from the experimental group and 33 students were from the control group, and the academic achievement test for creative writing skills and a reflective thinking test was applied before and after the implementation of the study experiment. The results of (ANCOVA) revealed the existence of statistically significant differences between the averages of study groups in both tools in favor of the experimental group. and the effectiveness was large in each of the two tools in favor of the experimental group. The study recommended enriching academic programs in universities through modern teaching models and strategies to achieve curricula learning outcomes in line with developing undergraduate students' skills. Several scientific researches have been suggested in the field of employing the McCarthy Model (4MAT) in developing various languages.

The research aims mainly to explore the effectiveness of the (PEOE) model in teaching science to develop the skills of generating and evaluating information and the emotional side of the scientific sense of the intermediate first grade students. An experimental approach with a quasi-experimental design called pre-test and post-test control design was used. The research sample consisted of (60) students, who were selected in a random cluster method, (30) students in the experimental group studied the unit "The Nature of Material" using the (PEOE) model, and (30) students in the control group studied according to the prevailing method of teaching. The research materials and tools were represented in a teacher's guide for teaching the unit "The Nature of Material" according to the (PEOE) model, a student's activity guide, a test of generating and evaluating information skills, and a measure of the affective side of the scientific sense. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05 ≥ α) in the post application of each of the tests for generating and evaluating information, and measuring the emotional aspect of the scientific sense in favor of the experimental group. The results also showed the existence of a positive statistically significant correlation relationship at the level (0.05 ≥ α) between the experimental group students' scores in the post application of each of the tests of information generation and evaluation skills, and the affective aspect scale. In light of these results, the research presented a number of recommendations: 1) training intermediate stage science teachers to use the (PEOE) model in teaching science. 2) Reorganizing the content of science curricula at the intermediate stage in light of this model, especially the science content of the intermediate first grade; to develop the skills of generating and evaluating information and the dimensions of the emotional side of the scientific sense of the intermediate first grade students.

The study aims to identify the level of Self- Esteem and its relation to some variables (Gender, Experience years, and Educational stage) among psychologists in schools of the Sultanate of Oman. The study sample consisted of (154) psychologists of both male and female who are working in different stages of study in the schools affiliated with the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman. The sample of the study consisted of (43) male and (111) female psychologists from (11) governorates of the Sultanate. The descriptive-analytical methodology was used. In order to collect data, the self-esteem questionnaire prepared by the researcher was used. Statistical processing was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the study showed that the level of self-esteem among the psychologists in the Sultanate of Oman at a medium level. There were also no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) in self-esteem among psychologists due to the variables (years of experience, school stage)

The study aims to explore the school principals’ servant leadership practices for primary teachers’ perspectives in the Sultanate of Oman. Furthermore, It aims to investigate the differences in those practices attributable to variables (gender, qualification, educational stage, years of experience, governorate). The study adopted the descriptive approach by employing the survey research design using the questionnaire as the main tool for data collection, which included five dimensions of servant leadership (altruism, humility, enhancing teacher development, emotional healing, and commitment to community development). Data were collected from (1094) teachers in basic education schools who were chosen randomly. The results of the study indicated that teachers perceived servant leadership among their principals in Oman to a “large degree in dimensions (altruism, humility, enhancing teacher development, commitment to community development), while the emotional healing came at a moderate degree. The study concluded with several recommendations; the most important of which is working on implementing training programs for school principals to develop their skills in servant leadership practices, their benefits, and their impact on both improving school and educational performance.

This study aims to identify the extent to which the social worker used the techniques of group discussion in the professional practice with the groups of school activity in the schools of Tubas governorate in light of some variables (gender, years of experience, academic qualification). The analytical descriptive method was used due to its suitability for the objectives of the study. A questionnaire was designed to collect data that included (30) items, distributed into three areas. The validity and reliability of the tool were verified before it has distributed to the study sample. The results of the study showed that the highest averages were in the discussion stage domain, where the pre-discussion stage was medium and the lowest averages were in the post-discussion stage. The results showed there were no statistically significant differences in the extent to which the school social worker used the technique of group discussion in professional practice in terms of gender, years of experience, and academic qualification. The researchers came out with a set of recommendations.

The aim of the research is to identify the problems of teaching computer material concerning fourth-grade students’ point of view in the computer department in the College of Education for Women. It going to be identified by exploring the statistically significant differences between the answers of female students to problems in the field of school administration and in the field of teaching computer subjects. The study sample included (39) out of (50) students that form (78%) From the fourth-grade students in the department of computer who had achieved the theoretical part in the first semester and the assembly application in the second semester in the schools of Baghdad city for the academic year (2018-2019). In order to achieve the two objectives of the research; a closed questionnaire consisted of (37) items addressing the problems of teaching the subject of Computer science, 17 items reflecting problems related to the field of administration, and (20) items reflecting problems in the field of teaching the subject on the triangular scale (yes, no, I don't know). The questionnaire exposed to a group of experts specialized in the field of teaching methods, measurement, evaluation, and computer to determine its validity for application. The reliability was determined by using a half-hash method where it reached (0.60) which is a good reliability factor. The questionnaire was administered to the fourth-grade students in the department of computer immediately after the end of the period of the assembly application to identify the most important problems encountered during that period in Baghdad City Schools. The study found a number of problems such as lack of internet and assisting books in school, lack weekly hours to teach the subject, lack of computer books, the belief that computer material is secondary material in the school, the lack of sufficient computers in the school laboratory in the field of teaching the subject. The most important problems are the lack of the net in the teaching of the subject, the lack of training students on the use of computer skills, lack of interest in field visits related to the computer, the use of traditional teaching methods. The researcher came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify the degree of self-control of the educational counselors, the level of work pressures that educational counselors are exposed to from their point of view. Additionally, the research aims to identify the significance of the differences in the degree of self-control and work pressures according to gender, and the relationship between self-control and work stress for the sample as a whole. The current research was limited to educational counselors in Al- Anbar Governorate, Ramadi District, affiliated to the Al-Anbar Education Directorate. The researcher adopted the correlational descriptive approach to achieve the research objectives. The current research sample consists of (100) male and female counselors. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, Khafaji (2002) scale was adopted to measure self-control, as well as the researcher designed a scale to measure work stress. The two scales were administered to the research sample, and the following results were shown: the research sample, in general, has self-control, the real pressures were exposed when performing the work, there is an inverse relationship between the degree of self-control and work pressures.

The current study aims to identify the meta-motivation and uniqueness seeking of the study sample, and the correlational relationship among them. The present study sample consists of (400) students from the colleges of engineering, University of Baghdad, and the University of Technology for the academic year (2019-2020). The researcher has adopted the Arabic version of Chen Scale (1995) to measure the meta-motivation, which was translated into Arabic by Al-Samawi (2011). The scale includes six dimensions. The researcher has also adopted the Snyder & Fromkin scale (1980) to measure the uniqueness seeking that has translated and used into the Arabic environment. The scale consists of three dimensions. The results showed that students of the Faculties of Engineering have high meta-motivation levels, while they a moderate rate of uniqueness seeking. Furthermore, there is a significant and predictive correlated relationship among the meta-motivation and uniqueness seeking

This current research aims to identify the effectiveness of a training program in developing moral intelligence and mutual social confidence among middle school students. The researcher made a number of hypotheses for this purpose to achieve the goal of the research. The researcher adopted Al Zawaida (2011) scale prepared according to Coles (1997), which included (60) items, and the mutual social trust scale for (Nazmi 2001) based on Roter's theory included (38) items. The psychometric properties of each of them were verified. A sample of (60) female students from Al Huda Secondary were selected randomly distributed into two groups: experimentaland control group. The researcher considered age, level of intelligence, Academic achievement for the Parents to run the study statistics. The results of the study revealed there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average performance of the members of the experimental group in the pre-test and the average performance of the members of the experimental group in the post-test on the scale (mutual social trust) scale in favor of the post-test. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average performance of the pre-test in the control group and the post-test for the same group (control) for the development of mutual social confidence. The results revealed ther are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average performances of the members of the experimental group in the post-test and the average performance of the members of the control group in the post-test on the measure of mutual social confidence in favor of the experimental group. The results also showed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the pre-test for the experimental group and the mean of the deferred test scores in favor of the back-test in mutual social confidence after the lapse of (16) days. In the light of the results of the current research, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions that expand the research ranges for subsequent research.

The research problem lies in the need to find out the obstacles and difficulties that women face in reaching leadership positions in the universities of Anbar and Fallujah from their point of view. The importance of the research comes from the importance of the role that women play in the university and their vital role in the development of society. The research objectives were summarized in seeking the most important obstacles that face women in reaching leadership positions in the university milieu and the relative weight of these obstacles. Additionally, the study aims to identify the differences in their perception of these obstacles according to the variables of specialization (scientific, humanitarian) and the scientific title (professor, assistant professor, teacher, assistant teacher). The two researchers presented a sample of (144) female teachers from the two universities for the academic year (2019). A questionnaire of (24) item was used to collect the needed data included five domains of obstacles: organizational, scientific, family, material, and personal obstacles. The results showed that the obstacles increase in severity whenever it comes to the organizational, scientific, family, and material aspect, as well as other detailed results related to the differences in these obstacles according to the variables of specialization and the scientific title. The researcher came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current study aims to identify the introspective awareness of the study sample, as well as to identify the introspective awareness of the study sample in terms of gender. The researcher adopted the viewpoint of Mehling (2002) as a theoretical framework for Introspective awareness. A sample of (239) male students and (331) female students were chosen randomly from two universities (Baghdad University and Al- Mustansiriyah University). To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted a vulgar scale (Mehling, 2012), which in its final form consisted of (32) items distributed into eight domains. As for the reliability coefficient of the scale, it reached (0.896) in the Cronbach alpha equation. The study revealed that the research sample has a high introspective awareness. There is a significant difference among the study sample regarding the introspective awareness in terms of gender in favor of females.

The study aims to identify the actual uses of instructional technology in teaching history subjects in the colleges of education for humanities from the college staff members' perspectives and their attitudes towards it. The sample of the study consisted of (24) instructors from the Colleges of Education for the Humanities, the College of Basic Education- Haditha, and the College of Education for Women. The study adopted the descriptive method in which a questionnaire consisted of (50) items was used. The researchers used the appropriate statistical means to analyze the data. The results of the study showed the teaching staff attitudes towards the use of instructional technology, in general, are acceptable, as the general weighted average reached (2.48)
The use of instructional technology gained a weak degree, as the general weighted average reached (1,795), which indicated the scarcity of technologies. The general weighted average of the obstacles that hinder the use of instructional technology reached (2,283), which represents a large degree, and this indicates a large number of obstacles. As for the availability of instructional technology in the scientific departments, the general weighted average reached (1.35), which represents a low degree. In light of the results of the study, the study presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

This study aims to identify the impact of the reciprocal reading strategy on developing the innovative reading skills of fifth-grade secondary school students/ scientific branch. To achieve the goal of the research, an achievement test to measure the academic achievement of fifth-grade secondary school students in Arabic language grammar was prepared. A sample of (60) female students from the secondary school of Al- Bawaba Al-Sharkey for Girls in Baghdad were chosen for the academic year (2019-2020). For the purpose of applying the experiment, the test was applied on a pilot sample consisting of (30) students from the same research community. The researcher herself had taught the three research groups. After analyzing the data using the Pearson correlation coefficient, the difficulty factor, the strength of distinction, and the Alpha Cronbach equation, the results of the research were as follows: the students of the first experimental group outperformed the control group; the students of the first and second experimental groups outperformed the control group.

This study was conducted for exploring the relationship between positive thinking and academic achievement in art history in relation to the student’s personality, intelligence, abilities, and economic and social level. The sample of the study consisted of (40) male and female students from the first stage students - Department of Art Education in the faculty of fine Arts / Morning Study. A positive thinking questionnaire was applied to them. The study found that there is no positive relationship between positive thinking and academic achievement in art history

The current research aims to identify the mental wandering among university students, the attention control among university students, the relationship between mental wandering and attention control among university students, and lastly, the difference in the relationship among university students. Three variables were considered are the gender, specialization, and scientific-human field. The results revealed first, that University students have two different kind of mental wandering, one is associated with the task, and the other is not. Second, University students have attentive control. Third, there is no relationship between mental wandering associated with task and attention control among university students. Fourth, there is a negative statistically significant relationship between mental wandering that is not related to the task and attention control. Fifth, there are no statistically significant differences of mental wandering related to the task and attention control according to the gender. Sixth, there are statistically significant differences in the relationship according to the human specialization among sample. Seventh, there are statistically significant differences in the relationship between mental wandering and not related to the task according to the gender in favor of males. Eighth, there are statistically significant differences according to the specialization in favor of human specialization. The researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions for future research.

The current research aims to reveal the level of satisfaction of the Counselors with the evaluation of their performance according to gender, and to formulate the predictive equation for the level of performance through knowing the level of satisfaction with the evaluation. 16 paragraphs contains alternatives that measure the level of satisfaction (weak, medium, and high) (1, 2, 3), that is, with a hypothetical average of (32). The study sample consisted of (100) educational counselors included (45) males and (55) females. The results concluded that the level of satisfaction with performance is below the mean when compared with the hypothetical average of the scale of satisfaction with evaluation, that the gender variable does not affect the level of satisfaction with the evaluation.

Clothes are considered as a means of aesthetic and artistic expression that help to hide the flaws of the body and highlight its merits; it has importance in people's lives as it reflects the individual's idea of himself and his personality. The appreciation in clothing is a reflection of a person's sense of artistic components and the application of this sense to the clothes of his choice. The researcher considered the following variables; gender, specialization, stage of study, age, monthly income. The current researcher adopted a quantitative descriptive research that is concerned with studying a phenomenon that exists in reality through measuring and analyzing its data to extract results and generalize them. The research sample consists of (150) male and female students of different scientific and humanities faculties at the University of Baghdad, who were randomly selected. The research questionnaire consisted of (47) items, which included the following dimensions (modesty, adornment, keeping pace with fashion, attracting attention, belonging to the group, self-realization). The search results showed the following: The concentration of the highest percentage of the sample in the two levels (medium, low), which indicated that the students of the university have a weak taste in clothing. Also, there are statistically significant differences according to gender in favor of females in the dimension, age in favor of age (21 years - less than 24 years) in dimension (attract attention), age (24 years - less than 28 years) in dimension (belonging to the group). Finally, there are no statistically significant differences according to the specialization, stage of the study, and monthly income in the dimensions of clothing tasting measure. The research came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify the professional level of the educational counselors, the level of the school climate with the educational counselors. Furthermore, the study aims to identify if there are statistically significant differences in the professional self and the school climate between the educational counselors of different gender (male / female) and if there is a relationship between the professional self and the school climate of the research sample. Two scales were designed to measure the level of the school climate and the professional-self, which were administered to the sample of (120) educational counselors in secondary schools in the district of Fallujah for the academic year (2019-2020). The results revealed that educational counselors have professionalism; there are statistically significant differences in the professional-self due to the gender in favor of the male counselors; there is a positive feeling in the school climate among educational counselors. Finally, there is a statistically significant relationship between the professional-self and the school climate.