Nanar Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences

The research aims to explore a training program based on Presseisen's cognitive processes for developing mathematical literacy among middle school mathematics teachers using the experimental method to investigate its effectiveness. The research population consisted of middle school mathematics teachers from the General Directorate of Central Education, with a sample of 40 teachers selected using a quasi-experimental design with a single experimental group (pretest-posttest)
The researchers developed a mathematical literacy scale (questionnaire) to assess teachers' mathematical literacy, comprising 48 items distributed across four domains: mathematical literacy related to natural language, mathematical literacy related to other sciences, mathematical literacy related to real-life applications, and mathematical literacy related to history. Each item had three response options: (applies to me, applies to me sometimes, does not apply to me). The scale’s validity and reliability were verified.
The experiment was conducted by training the research group under the direct supervision of the researcher. The teachers’ scores on the mathematical literacy scale were measured before and after the experiment and analyzed statistically using the paired t-test. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the training program and demonstrated the superior performance of middle school mathematics teachers who were trained using Presseisen's cognitive processes, as evidenced by their posttest scores.
Based on the findings, the researchers provided several recommendations and suggestions for further research.

The aim of the research was to know the effect of a teaching strategy according to the Toulmin model of arguments in achievement of fifth-grade science students. To achieve the research goal, the experimental method was followed on a community consisting of all fifth-grade science students in preparator and secondary schools’ government daytime affiliated with the General Directorate in Baghdad Governorate / Al-Karkh II for the academic year (2024-2025), the researchers chose the two sections represented by (D) and (E) from (Al-Taawun preparator for Girls) randomly, as Section (D) represents the experimental group and included (32) students who studied according to a teaching strategy according to the Toulmin model of arguments, and Section (E) represents the control group and included (30) students who studied in the usual way. And the two groups were rewarded in the variables (previous achievement in mathematics for the year (2023 -2024), intelligence, chronological age, and parents’ academic achievement). The research tool built represented by a test of achievement in mathematics, which included (32) multiple-choice objective paragraphs. Its validity and reliability were confirmed, and the statistical data were processed using the SPSS program. The results showed the superiority of female students in the experimental group outperformed the students in the control group in achievement test in mathematics.

This research dealt with: The effect of the shadow-representation strategy in developing the writing skills of deaf and mute students. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of the shadow-representation strategy in developing the writing skills of deaf-mute students, as the researcher adopted the Experimental approach in terms of procedures. Procedures for the purpose of achieving the research objectives. The study sample consisted of (21) out of 121 male and female students in centers for the deaf and mute in some governorates of Iraq. They were selected using a Intentionality sampling method from the original research community. The researcher built a test for basic writing skills. The test included five special writing skills as a tool for data collection. The test was presented in its initial form to a group of specialized arbitrators. The arbitrators were asked to express their opinion on the test skills in order to study the accuracy of the formulation of its statements and the degree of their suitability to the objectives of the study. The test was distributed to the sample and after collecting the data and processing it statistically using the statistical package (spss), the researcher reached the following results:
1. There are statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group that studied according to the shadow representation strategy in the pre- and post-test of writing skills.
2. There are statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of males and females who study according to the shadow representation strategy in the post-test of writing skills, in favor of females.
In light of this, the researcher came up with a set of suggestions and recommendations

This research examines the extent to which Basra university Professors use the table of specifications in preparing achievement tests the aim of this research is to identify the extent to which the university faculty members use the table of specifications in preparing achievement tests. The researcher relied on the descriptive method in terms procedures to achieve the research objective, The research sample consisted of (420) male and female faculty members out of (3201) the sample was selected using stratified random sampling from the original research population, The researcher developed a questionnaire containing (22) items as a tool for data collection, The preliminary version of the questionnaire was presented to a group of experts in the field and they were asked to provide their opinions on the items, The questionnaire was distributed to the sample and after collecting and processing the data statistically using the (spss) statistical software the researcher reached the following results:
1 -The faculty members at the University of Basrah do not use a table of specifications when preparing the achievement test.
2 - There are no statistically significant differences in the use of the table of specifications by the sample members based on gender varible.
3 - There are statistically significant differences in the use of the table of specifications by the sample members according to the variable of specialization, in favor of the scientific specialization, and years of service.

This research aimed to examine the effectiveness of a teaching strategy based on smart learning in enhancing the mathematical achievement of fifth-grade female students. To align with the research objectives، the researcher employed the experimental method alongside a quasi-experimental design، utilizing two equivalent samples for certain variables. The sample consisted of 60 students، divided equally into an experimental group of 30 students and a control group of 30 students. The experimental group received instruction through a teaching strategy based on smart learning، whereas the control group was instructed using the conventional method. A 40-item achievement test was subsequently developed and administered to both groups. The findings demonstrated that the experimental group surpassed the control group in performance. The SPSS statistical program was employed for data analysis، and all data were determined to be valid.

This research aims to identify the level of literary analysis among third-year students in Arabic language departments. The researcher used a descriptive approach. To achieve the research objective, the researcher conducted a test of literary analysis skills for the Qur'anic text. The test consisted of (36) items, the first of which was an objective test (multiple choice and gaps), and (4) essay questions. The research population consisted of third-year students in Arabic language departments in colleges of education. The research sample consisted of (621) students randomly selected. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified and applied after the test. The results showed that students in Arabic language departments possess the skill of literary analysis of the Qur'anic text, and that there were no differences between male and female students in Arabic language departments in their skill of literary analysis of the Qur'anic text.

The director is considered as the primary responsible for the theatrical performance، and according to jurisprudence, the nature of his work is determined by all elements, and it is permanently searching for contrast and renewal with the changes in the world and the directing treatments to see it, and because of the presence of new discoveries and innovations in many neighboring sciences Which was represented in the theaterThe contemporary and associated with it, and the most important identification remains that every ability to innovate is a deep excavation and requires a highly motivational and motivational presence that gives him strength to continuity, and this is what the researcher tried to highlight the output energy and identify her research at innovative levels Which is one of the elements of aesthetic valueInside the show through the research question ((What are the output energy stimuli and the levels of innovation in the contemporary Iraqi theatrical show?)).

The aim of the research was to determine the "effect of the creative Williams model on flexible thinking among fifth-grade scientific students in the subject of biology." In line with the research objectives, the researcher used an experimental approach with a design involving two equivalent samples in some variables. The total sample consisted of 70 students, with 35 students in the experimental group and 35 students in the control group. The experimental group was taught using the creative Williams strategy, while the control group was taught using the conventional method. A flexible thinking test, consisting of 40 items, was then constructed and administered to both groups. The results showed the experimental group outperforming the control group. The SPSS statistical software was used to extract the data, and all data were valid

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an enrichment program based on the Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) model on mathematics achievement among fifth-grade advanced science students in gifted secondary schools.
The study was conducted on a sample of (61) male students from the Gifted Secondary School for Boys in Basmaya, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Al-Rusafa Second, for the academic year 2024-2025. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group of (30) students who were taught using the enrichment program based on the CBL model, and a control group of (31) students who did not receive the enrichment program. The two groups were equivalent in several variables prior to the experiment, including age, prior academic achievement, intelligence, and previous mathematical knowledge.
The researcher developed an achievement test consisting of (30) multiple-choice items, each with four response options. The test's psychometric properties were verified, including validity, reliability, item difficulty, discrimination index, and the effectiveness of distractors.
The data were analyzed using the independent samples t-test. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the enrichment program in improving students’ academic achievement.
The study recommends expanding the application of the enrichment program to other grade levels and academic subjects to confirm its effectiveness and enhance its impact on students' learning.

The research aims to identify the impact of an instruction technique based on transformative learning theory on the educational performance of fourth-grade female students studying science in mathematics. To validate the research objectives, the null hypothesis was set: (There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the experimental group students\' mean scores who studied 1 the prescribed material from the math book according to the recommended teaching strategy and the scores of the control group students who studied the same aterial using the conventional technique). A purposive sample was selected from fourth-grade scientific female students of Al-Amiriya Preparatory School for Girls, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education Baghdad / Al-Karkh First for the academic year (2024-2025). Two sections (A and B) were taken randomly with (42) students in the experimental group who studied under the recommended teaching methodology on the basis of transformative learning theory and (40) students in the control group who studied under the conventional method. Students of both the groups were matched on the basis of (prior mathematics achievement test, prior knowledge test of mathematics, intelligence test). The requirements of the research that were needed were also prepared, such as the identification of the scientific content, preparation of the behavioral objectives of the provided content, and preparation of the instructional plans for teaching both the experimental and control groups according to the proposed instructional strategy based on transformative learning theory and the conventional approach. Based on this, a math achievement test for the first four chapters taught during the experiment period was constructed, administered in the first semester, and included (36) questions distributed between objective and short-answer essay questions. Its validity and reliability were determined, and appropriate statistical analyses such as difficulty and discrimination coefficients and the effectiveness of distractors were conducted. The experiment was conducted from 10/9/2024 to 12/31/2024. The achievement test was administered to both research sample groups (experimental and control) at the conclusion of the experiment, and the SPSS statistical program was used in the analysis of the research results. The results showed a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the experimental and control 2 groups\' mean scores on the achievement test in favor of the experimental group students. According to these results, several recommendations were given, including following the proposed approach of transformative learning theory in the teaching of mathematics due to its effectiveness in enhancing their academic level, and giving several future suggestions for complementary studies, for instance, conducting a similar study with this approach in other variables, such as altering misconceptions.

The current study aims to examine the effectiveness of a proposed teaching strategy based on the Renzulli model in improving mathematics achievement among fourth-year secondary school female students (scientific). In alignment with the study's objectives, the researchers adopted the quasi-experimental approach, using a pre/post-test design for two equivalent groups in terms of relevant variables. The sample included 60 female students, evenly split into: Experimental group (30 students): instructed using the suggested teaching technique based on the Renzulli model. Control group (30 students): instructed with conventional pedagogical techniques.
A mathematics achievement test including 36 items was developed and administered to both groups after the instructional intervention. The findings demonstrated a statistically significant difference favoring the experimental group, suggesting the efficacy of the suggested teaching technique.

This research dealt with: The effect of the masterminds strategy in developing somsoft skills among fifth-grade primary school students in science. The current study aimed to the effect of the masterminds strategy in developing some soft skills among fifth-grade primary school students in science. The researcher adopted the experimental approach in terms of procedures in order to achieve the research goal. The study sample consisted of (66) female students out of (13495) female students from primary schools in Basra Governorate Center. They were selected by the intentional sample method from the original research community. The researcher built a test for some soft skills. The test included (6) soft skills as a tool for collecting data. The test was presented in its initial form to a group of specialized arbitrators. The arbitrators were asked to express their opinion on the test skills to study the accuracy of the formulation of its phrases and the degree of their suitability for the study objectives. The test was distributed to the sample. After collecting the data and processing it statistically using the statistical package (SPSS), the researcher reached the following results:
1- There is a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied science according to the masterminds strategy and the average scores of the control group students who studied according to the traditional method in developing some soft skills.
In light of this, the researcher came up with a set of proposals and recommendations.

The employment of artificial intelligence in higher education is considered an important step towards making a qualitative shift in the educational system to become more modern and in line with the developments of the current era. However, there are still obstacles preventing professors from applying artificial intelligence techniques in Iraqi universities to improve the quality of education. Whereas Artificial intelligence is the endeavor of machines or computers to approach the capabilities and potentials of the human mind and sometimes Outperform them.
Therefore, this research addresses the difficulties in applying artificial intelligence techniques in Iraqi universities from the perspective of their professors. The study aimed to identify the difficulties in applying artificial intelligence techniques in Iraqi universities from the viewpoint of their professors. The study relied on a descriptive approach to collect and analyze information in order to achieve the study\'s objectives. The researcher developed a questionnaire as a tool for data collection, consisting of 45 items distributed across six domains in its preliminary form. It was presented to a group of specialized referees, who were asked to provide their opinions regarding the validity or invalidity of each item or to suggest modifications if necessary to make the item more suitable for achieving its objectives.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of a teaching strategy based on the constructivist Wittrock model in achievement and analytical thinking in mathematics for secondary school female students. In order to verify this, the researcher formulated the following two null hypotheses:
There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who will be taught using the teaching strategy based on the constructivist model and the scores of the control group students who will be taught using the traditional method in the achievement.
There is no statistically significant difference at the significanct level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who will be taught using the teaching strategy based on the constructive Wittrock model and the scores of the control group students who will be taught using the traditional method.The research sample consisted of (62) female students from Al-Muhammarah Intermediate School for Girls in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad/Al-Karkh III, with (32) female students in the experimental group and (30) female students in the control group. The two groups were equal in (chronological age calculated in months, previous knowledge, intelligence, previous achievement). The researcher taught the two groups herself for the three chapters (second, third, fourth) of the mathematics book for the first intermediate grade during the experimental period, which was in the first semester. An achievement test was prepared consisting of (36) objective multiple-choice paragraphs, and an analytical thinking test consisting of (30) objective multiple-choice paragraphs were applied to the two groups after passing through the construction stages of validity, reliability, and psychometric properties. The results were analyzed and it appeared that there was a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who studied using the strategy based on the (Wittrock) model and the average scores of the students of the control group who studied using the method The normal performance in the achievement test and the analytical thinking test prepared for this purpose and for the benefit of the experimental group.

The aim of the current research is to determine the effectiveness of a studying strategy based on the Thelen Group Inquiry Model on the achievement of Fourth-Scientific Grade Students in mathematics. To achieve the research objective, the researcher has intentionally selected two sections from Al-Suyuti Intermediate School for Boys, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad/ Karkh II, for the academic year 2024/2025. Section (A) represented the experimental group and included 30 students using the instructional strategy based on the Thelen Group Inquiry Model and section (B) represented as the control group including 30 students who studied using the traditional method. Equivalence has been achieved between the two groups (experimental and control) in the variables of previous achievement, prior mathematical knowledge test, and intelligence test. The researcher has constructed a measurement tool consisting of a mathematics achievement test, which included 29 multiple-choice objective items and 6 essay items. The validity, reliability, and psychometric properties of the tool have been verified, and the results have been analyzed using statistical methods. The researcher has applied the research tool to both groups after the experimental period ended. The statistical results have showed that students in the experimental group outperformed their peers in the control group on the mathematics achievement test.

The current study aims to identify the level of critical awareness among fourth-year students in the subject of modern literary criticism. The researcher employed the descriptive method, and to achieve the research objective, a test was designed to measure critical awareness. The test consisted of 36 items distributed across seven main skills and seven sub-skills. Of these, 29 were multiple-choice questions and 7 were essay questions.
The study population included students from the Colleges of Education in the Al-Furat Al-Awsat region, and the sample consisted of 300 male and female students selected randomly. The validity and reliability of the test were verified, and it was administered at the end of the course.
The results revealed that critical awareness was present among students but at a moderate level. This indicates a need for specialized programs to develop and enhance critical awareness skills through targeted training.

The research aims to identify a proposed strategic effectiveness according to the skills of analytical intelligence among the fifth -grade literary students in the subject of history, where the researcher used the experimental curriculum in the research to build the research tools. As for the research community, the researcher chose a secondary intention of loyalty to the Diwaniya girls for girls to represent the research community among the affiliated schools.
The Diwaniya Governorate Center has the number of research sample (48) students, (24) of them, such as the control group, which is taught in the usual way and (23) of them such as the experimental group that is taught by the proposed strategy step Modern and contemporary for the fifth literary grade, the researcher has prepared the steps of the proposed strategy in accordance with the skills of analytical intelligence, and in light of the content of the study material specified in the experiment, the researcher formulated the behavioral goals that numbered (148), and the researcher prepared an teaching plan for the experimental group according to the proposed strategy and an teaching plan for the control group According to the normal way, the researcher presented these tools to a group of experts to express their opinion on their validity.

The effectiveness of the "Search for the Other Half" strategy in achieving physics and
There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental
group students who will study physics using the "Search for the Other Half" strategy and the average scores of the control group students who studied the same subject using the traditional method in the physics achievement test
There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who will study physics using the “search for the other half” strategy and the average scores of the control group students who studied using the traditional method on the achievement gap scale.
The researchers adopted the experimental method using the experimental design with two equivalent groups of students with a post-test to achieve physics and the achievement gap scale, which consists of the experimental group and the control group. The number of female students in the research sample reached (65)
The experimental group consisted of (32) female students, while the control group consisted of (33) female students. Then the female students of the two research groups were rewarded for the variables (chronological age calculated in months, Raven’s Intelligence Test.
To achieve the research hypotheses, the researchers used the t-test for two independent samples and reached the following results
Achievement Gap Scale, and the previous information test for the subject of Physics). Then the researchers built a toolThe achievement test, which includes (40) objective paragraphs, and the calculation of its statistical properties (validity, reliability, difficulty coefficient, discrimination coefficient, and effectiveness of false alternatives) for the test. After that, the achievement gap scale was built, which includes three dimensions, which are: (Performance, mastery of work, avoiding difficulties), each dimension includes (12) items, thus the total number of items in the total scale is (36) items.

The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Root Cause Analysis strategy in the achievement of fourth-grade scientific students in the subject of physics. The researchers adopted the experimental method with a two-group experimental design. They randomly selected Al-Ayat Secondary School for Girls, which consists of two classes (A and B). Class (A) was randomly chosen to represent the control group, while class (B) was selected to represent the experimental group in the same manner. The researchers statistically matched the two groups on the following variables: chronological age (expressed in months), previous academic achievement level, and intelligence as measured by the Otis-Lennon test.
The study material was determined from the physics textbook for the fourth preparatory grade. The researchers formulated (205) behavioral objectives representing the six cognitive levels of Bloom's taxonomy in the cognitive domain. Regarding the research instrument, the researchers constructed an achievement test consisting of (45) test items. The validity, discrimination index, and difficulty level of the test items were verified, and the test reliability was confirmed using the split-half method.
Appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group over the control group. Based on these findings, the researchers formulated several recommendations and suggestions presented in Chapter Four.

In this research, I seek to explore the effect of employing the magnetic poles strategy in raising the level of academic achievement among the individuals of the sample used. The researcher adopted the experimental method with partial control of the two equivalent groups, by introducing the independent variable to the experimental group and keeping the remaining group The control was carried out in the traditional style and then the effect of the independent variable was known through applying the research tool at the end of the experiment, which is represented by the achievement test of physics. The experiment was carried out on the sample members in Al-Khulud Secondary School for Girls and they were chosen in an unorganized manner from the total of middle and secondary schools affiliated with the Babylon Education Department. It consisted of (67) A student, distributed into two groups, and the two groups were equal. To verify the research hypothesis, the study’s researcher prepared a test tool consisting of (40 paragraphs) and verified the validity and reliability of its tool and its application. After applying the tool and analyzing the results statistically using the t-test for an independent sample, the results revealed the presence of a statistically significant difference in favor of the group Which was studied according to the modern strategy, and the researcher concluded that employing this strategy contributes to improving academic achievement among the experimental group.

The aim of the current research is to identify:
• Thought Errors about drug abuse among high school students.
The research sample consisted of 500 male and female high school students from Al-Qadisiyyah Governorate, distributed across 32 high schools, selected using stratified random sampling with a proportional approach for the academic year 2024–2025.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a " Thought Errors about drug abuse " scale based on John Tag's theory (2003). The scale consisted of 27 items, and three components of misconceptions were identified: overgeneralization, jumping to conclusions, and emotional reasoning.
The psychometric properties of the scale were established:
• Validity was determined through face validity and construct validity.
• Reliability was assessed using the test-retest method, with a reliability coefficient of 0.77, and Cronbach’s alpha, which yielded a coefficient of 0.75.
The main findings were:
• There are Thought Errors about drug abuse about drug use among high school students.
In light of these findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the S.N.I.P.S strategy in enhancing achievement in physics among fourth-grade science female students. To achieve this objective, the researcher formulated a null hypothesis stating: "There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group students who study physics using the S.N.I.P.S strategy and those of the control group who study the same material using the conventional method in the achievement test."
The researcher adopted the experimental approach with an equivalent groups design while controlling relevant variables. Al-Zahraa Secondary School for Girls was randomly selected, and two sections were assigned: Section (A) as the experimental group (28 students), and Section (D) as the control group (29 students), making a total sample of 57 students. The two groups were statistically equalized in terms of chronological age, intelligence, and prior achievement.
The instructional content covered four chapters from the physics textbook for the fourth scientific grade. A total of 198 behavioral objectives were formulated, representing the six cognitive levels of Bloom’s taxonomy. The research tool was an achievement test consisting of 40 multiple-choice items constructed according to a specification table. The test’s validity, reliability, discrimination indices, and difficulty levels were verified through appropriate psychometric analyses.
The results indicated a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group, suggesting the effectiveness of the SNIPS strategy in improving students’ academic achievement in physics.

This study addresses the evaluation of the teacher preparation program in colleges of education in light of the dimensions of sustainable development from the perspective of faculty members. The study aimed to determine the extent to which the teacher preparation program in colleges of education considers sustainable development. The importance of colleges of education lies in their vital role in creating an ideal environment for the educational process. They are cultural beacons and centers of intellectual and cultural influence. They play a fundamental role in promoting culture and aim to prepare competent teachers capable of fulfilling their educational, professional, and national mission.
The current research community is defined as all faculty members in the colleges of education at the University of Basra, totaling (629) teachers distributed across four colleges, (304) males and (325) females.
The researcher selected this group, representing 20% of the population, using a stratified random sampling method to ensure it represents the true population, with the sample totaling (126) male and female teachers. To achieve these objectives, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to faculty members. The questionnaire consisted of 36 items distributed across six axes: the political dimension, the social dimension, the environmental dimension, the economic dimension, the professional dimension, and the self-learning and lifelong learning dimension.
The researcher adopted a five-point Likert scale, with the alternatives being (highly available, available, somewhat available, not available, not available to a large extent).
The researcher reached several conclusions, including:
1- The evaluation of the teacher preparation program according to the dimensions of sustainable development was very weak.
2- There are statistically significant differences in the evaluation of the teacher preparation program according to the specialization variable.

The escalating development in the world of technology and its software applications has driven designers in the fashion industry to take advantage of these applications in a way that facilitates the processes of education and design. This applies particularly to the field of art, especially in theatrical costume design. The philosophy of this research lies in presenting one of the applications and building a model for a theatrical costume that will serve as the focal point for a workshop for students at the College of Fine Arts, aimed at enhancing the concept of integrating modern technology with the teaching of costume design in the College of Fine Arts. Thus, the researcher divided the study into four chapters: the first chapter (the methodological framework), which included the research problem and the need for it, defined by the question: What is the mechanism for designing a theatrical costume using modern applications, and what capabilities does the application provide in the design process that the designer can adopt as a good approach for optimal design, away from traditional design? The need for this integration of technology with education, especially in the field of theatrical costume design, arose from the novelty of the topic. This chapter included the importance of the study, its objectives, limitations, and the definitions of the terms included in the research title. The second chapter included the theoretical framework, with the first section defining modern applications and their history, while the second section covered the design of theatrical costumes and its fundamentals. The third chapter contained the practical aspect, which involved conducting a field study to derive a set of results based on a questionnaire prepared by the researcher and distributed to the sample community to reach a set of results and conclusions, which were included in the fourth chapter of the research.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of an educational program based on Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) in the achievement of fourth scientific grade students and in developing their productive struggle. The researcher adopted the experimental method to implement the RME-based educational program on the research sample. The research population consisted of preparatory schools in Salah Al-Din Governorate. The sample included 60 fourth-year science students, with 30 students in each of the experimental and control groups. An academic achievement test and a productive struggle scale were constructed and presented to a group of experts to ensure their validity. Afterward, the two tools were applied to the research sample. Upon conducting statistical analysis using appropriate methods, the results revealed the effectiveness of the educational program.

The current research aims to identify teaching efficiency and its relationship to communication skills among primary school teachers, It included shedding light on how primary school teachers' use of teaching efficiency and its relationship to communication skills affects their teaching performance and the extent of its impact on improving the effectiveness of the educational process. The descriptive approach was adopted in terms of procedures and analysis to achieve the research objective. The current research sample consisted of (100) male and female teachers in primary schools in Al-Zubair District in Basra Governorate, with (39) male teachers and (71) female teachers. They were selected by random sampling, and a questionnaire was prepared to measure teaching efficiency containing (30) behavioral procedural paragraphs as a tool for collecting data for the purpose of analyzing and interpreting it. Then the questionnaire was presented to a group of specialized arbitrators to express their opinions on the questionnaire paragraphs to indicate the accuracy of the formulation of its phrases and the degree of its suitability for the current research objective. Thus, the results will appear if they are completed, analyzed and interpreted.

The research aims to identify a training program based on the mathematical enlightenment approach in the teaching performance of male and female mathematics teachers in the preparatory stage. The experimental approach was used to reveal the impact of a training program designed on the basis of mathematical enlightenment approach in the teaching performance of mathematics teachers in the preparatory stage. The research community consisted of male and female mathematics teachers for the preparatory stage in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al-Rusafa II. The research sample consisted of (30) male and female teachers. The experimental design with partial control was chosen for one experimental sample (before and after). The researchers prepared the research tool, which is an observation card to evaluate the teaching performance of mathematics teachers. It consisted of (46) paragraphs distributed over three areas: (planning (14) paragraphs, implementation (22) paragraphs, evaluation (10) paragraphs). Its validity and stability were verified. The experiment was applied by training the research group by the researchers themselves. The scores of mathematics teachers were calculated before and after the experiment in the observation card for teaching performance, and their treatment Statistically using the t-test for two related samples, which confirms the effectiveness of the training program and the superiority of mathematics teachers in the preparatory stage who were trained in the training program according to mathematical enlightenment in the post-application of their teaching performance observation card, and in completion of the results reached by the research, the researchers recommended a number of recommendations and proposals.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of an educational program based on the diversification of teaching in the achievement of 4th scientific students in mathematics. To achieve the aim of the research, the researchers adopted the use of the experimental approach to apply the research experiment, with the design of the two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research sample consisted of (76) students from Al-Aqeeda secondary school for girls in Tikrit city that relates to the General Directorate of Education in Salah al-Din selected in a random way. The two groups were equalized according to some variables. The researchers constructed the study tool, an achievement test consisting of (30) items and was confirmed its validity and stability and the power of differentiation and internal consistency, and to complement that, the researchers applied the test dimensionally to see the extent of its impact on the research sample. After collecting data and processing them statistically using T-test for two independent samples and with the help of the statistical bag (SPSS). The results of the research reached that there are statistically significant differences between the two groups in the achievement test and in favor of the experimental group and this confirms the effectiveness of the educational program and what is the most important positive impact on the achievement of 4th students in mathematics. Based on the results of the research, the researchers recommended several recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of using the intermediate teaching strategy (MIT) in achieving physics. Mindfulness Within second-grade students at the middle school level aiming to achieve the research objective, the experiment was conducted on second-grade intermediate female students at Al-Dhariyat Intermediate School for Girls as a sample for the research, which was randomly selected from among (29) intermediate and Secondary schools affiliated with the Qadisiyah Education Directorate. The research sample consisted of (71) students (35) students in the experimental group and , (36) students in the control group, and the two groups were equal. To verify the research hypothesis, the researcher prepared an
achievement test in physics (40) paragraphs) and their validity, reliability, and application were verified after the end of the experiment. The results showed statistically significant differences between the average scores of the achievement test in physics between the students of the experimental group and the students of the control group, in favor of the students of the experimental group. In light of the results, the researcher concluded the effectiveness of using the intermediate teaching strategy (MIT) in achieving physics and mindfulness among second-grade intermediate female students.

The aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of the "Find the Mistake" strategy on physics achievement and objective thinking among fourth-year scientific students, To achieve this goal, the experiment was conducted on fourth-year scientific students at Qutayba Secondary School for Boys, selected randomly from among 31 secondary and preparatory schools affiliated with the Diwaniya Education Directorate. The research sample consisted of 73 students, with 36 students in group (A) and (37) in group (C) were equated for the study.
To test the research hypothesis, the researcher developed a physics achievement test consisting of 40 questions. The validity and reliability of the test were confirmed, and it was applied after the experiment. The results showed statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the achievement test in physics between the experimental group and the control group, favoring the experimental group, In light of the results, the researcher concluded that the "Find the Mistake" strategy is effective in improving physics achievement among fourth-year scientific students.

This study aims to identify the learning styles according and their relationship with academic excellence skills among students of the Department of Art Education at the College of Fine Arts for the academic year 2024-2025. The study adopted the descriptive-correlational approach to determine the levels of learning styles and academic excellence skills and to measure the relationship between them.
The research sample consisted of 90 students, and two main instruments were used: the VARK Learning Styles Scale and the Academic Excellence Skills Scale, each comprising 40 items rated on a five-point Likert scale. The validity and reliability of the instruments were verified prior to application.
The results indicated that students tend to utilize multiple learning styles, with a preference for visual and kinesthetic styles, and that their academic excellence skills were relatively high compared to the hypothetical mean. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between learning styles and academic excellence skills, suggesting that students’ awareness of their preferred learning styles enhances their academic performance and study skills.
Based on these findings, the study recommended guiding students to recognize and effectively use their learning styles, integrating diverse learning strategies, developing programs to enhance academic excellence skills, and encouraging faculty members to adopt flexible, multi-modal teaching methods.

The research aims to identify the percentage of food ethics included in the first-year middle school biology textbook.
The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach as the research methodology. The research community was represented by the first-year middle school biology textbook for the academic year (2024-2025(
To achieve the research objective, the researcher developed the research tool, which was the analysis criterion "Food Ethics Standard." The researcher prepared the criterion in its final form, consisting of (7) domains (food culture, food security, healthy food, nutritional supplements, eating habits, genetically modified foods, and food waste) and (52) indicators. The criterion was then presented to a group of arbitrators in the field of life sciences teaching methods to verify the validity of the arbitrators or apparent validity. The necessary statistical analysis was also conducted.
After the researcher conducted the analysis, tabulated the data, and processed it statistically, she extracted the results of her research, which demonstrated a weakness in the inclusion of food ethics in the first-year middle school biology textbook.

The research aims to identify (hypothetical grumbling and personal differentiation among sixth-grade students) in the schools of Diwaniyah Governorate/Diwaniyah Education Directorate. The research sample amounted to (400) male and female students distributed across the governorate's central schools. To achieve the research objectives, a hypothetical grumbling scale was constructed, which in its final form consisted of (30) items after extracting its psychometric properties. The final form of the personal differentiation scale consisted of (38) items. After applying the two scales, teachers' responses were collected and analyzed using a set of statistical methods using the Social Statistical Package (S.P.S.S).
The results showed that secondary school teachers are characterized by imaginary grumbling and personal differentiation with statistical significance, and there are statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between students in both imaginary grumbling and personal differentiation according to the gender variable, in favor of males, with a direct correlation relationship, with statistical significance, between imaginary grumbling and personal differentiation, and based on the results reached by the research, the researchers put forward a set of recommendations and proposals.

The research aims to explain the nature of inclusive education and how it was reached through the international agreement. And Law No. (11) of 2024. But before that, we must know what the international agreement stipulates, which it stipulated in Article 19 through independent living and integration into society. As for Law No. 11 of 2024, integration was stated in Article 1-Sixth - Integration: Policies that aim to achieve full participation of people with disabilities and special needs in all areas of life within society without any form of discrimination.
Inclusive education is the education of people with disabilities in regular schools with their regular peers and preparing them to function in society, in a thoughtful manner in all educational, curricular, social, behavioral, functional, developmental and communication dimensions.

The current study aimed to identify the negative cognitive style among early adolescents and reveal the significance of differences in the negative cognitive style according to (gender and grade). The study sample consisted of (310) individuals from the early adolescent group, representing of the research population, with (140) males and (170) females, aged between (12-15). They were selected using a stratified random method. The researcher used the descriptive approach in her study, adopting the (Abramson & Alloy, 2000) scale for the academic year 2024-2025. After collecting and statistically processing the data using statistical methods, the following results indicated: The early adolescent group suffers from a negative cognitive style, and there is a statistically significant difference in the negative cognitive style according to gender, in favor of males. There were also no differences in terms of grade.
The research concluded by discussing the results and presenting some recommendations and suggestions.

Art, in one of its aesthetic theories, is an expression... a medium through which the artist conveys his aesthetic emotions, whether what he observes in nature or sees in his imagination through the eye of thought, in order to communicate them to others.
The research comprises four chapters:
Chapter One: It includes the research procedures, which are: The research problem: This is summarized in answering the following question: Is the unconscious a phenomenon in the works of Abstract Expressionist artists? The importance and need for the research: The importance and need for the current research are evident in the following: The aim of the research is to: Identify the unconscious among Abstract Expressionist artists. The research limits:
Chapter Two includes: Section One: Psychoanalytic theory and its applications in the artistic field. Section Two: The intellectual structure of Abstract Expressionist artists.
Chapter Three includes the research procedures.
Chapter Four includes a presentation and discussion of the results.

The current research aims to analyze the content of the mathematics book for the first intermediate grade (Islamic) according to the international standards (NCTM, 2000). The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach because it is appropriate for the nature of the study objectives, as he analyzed the content of the book according to the international standards (NCTM, 2000). Using repetition and percentages, and the (Holsti) equation to calculate the stability of the analysis between the researcher and himself over time, and between other researchers. The research found that the content of the mathematics book for the first intermediate grade (Islamic) included the field of numbers and operations with a repetition of (453) and a percentage of (81.9%), followed by the field of algebra with a repetition of (100) and a percentage of (18.1%), while the field of geometry, measurement, data and probability showed a repetition of (0) and a percentage of (0%), which indicates that there is a clear deficiency in the mathematics book for the first intermediate grade Islamic. Therefore, it is necessary to review the mathematics book and add the fields that did not include the NCTM2000 standards.

The current research aims to build a program to develop scientific imagination among high school students and utilize the program (Movie Maker) to apply scientific imagination skills. The researcher developed an experimental processing tool consisting of the proposed training program and a measurement tool consisting of a scientific imagination test consisting of (40) items distributed among five skills, with eight items for each skill according to Abu Seif’s classification (2005) of scientific imagination skills, which he classified into (awareness - flexibility - daydreaming - visualization - direction retention). The researcher used the experimental method and verified the validity and reliability of the study tool through appropriate methods.
There was no statistically difference at the reference level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who will study using a training program to develop scientific imagination and the mean scores of the control group students who will study in the conventional way. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control). Two classes of fourth-grade scientific students at Amna Al-Sadr Girls’ Preparatory School, one of the schools affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Babylon, were selected.
The two groups were matched in variables (age in months, intelligence), and the (t-test) was calculated for two independent samples, where the results were not statistically significant. The research sample consisted of (58) students, (29) students in each of the two groups. The researcher reached the most prominent results, which showed the superiority of the experimental group students who studied using a training program to develop scientific imagination over the control group students who studied in the conventional way.

The presented research aims to investigate the mental well-being of university students., and identify the differences through the type of study and the human type. To identify this current goal, the researcher applied the mental well-being scale to the research sample of (400) male and female students, (248) in the scientific specialization, at a rate of about (62%), and (152) in the humanities specialization, at a rate of (38%) of university students. The researcher built a scale that is appropriate for the current research sample, relying on literature and previous studies, in conjunction with the opinions of the exploratory sample, which consisted of (20) behavioral procedural paragraphs. The researcher used the descriptive research approach, and the research results reached the presence of a statistically significant difference between the sample members, indicating that the research sample has a good degree of mental well-being, and there is no statistically significant difference in psychological well-being according to the variables of gender and specialization. Through these results reached by the researcher, a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals were presented

the effect of the SPAWN strategy on the achievement of first-year middle school students in biology. The current research seeks to answer the following hypothesis:
- Are there statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who study according to the SPAWN strategy and the scores of the control group who study using the traditional method of achievement test?
To answer this question, a sample of (61) female students from the first-year middle school was used and they were randomly divided into an experimental group that studied using the SPAWN strategy, consisting of (32) students. The second group was the control group, which was taught using the traditional method and consisted of (29) female students. After applying the research procedures on the sample members, the arithmetic means, standard deviations, and the t-test were extracted for two unequal independent samples for the total scores of the sample members. When analyzing the data, it was concluded that: There are statistically significant differences in the achievement of first-grade intermediate female students attributed to the use of the SPAWN strategy in favor of the experimental group. In light of the results reached by the current research, the researcher recommended the following: 1. The necessity of using the SPAWN strategy in teaching biology at different educational levels due to its clear effectiveness in the achievement test and also on other variables such as the development of different thinking skills and life skills. 2. Training biology teachers, especially male and female, on how to use the SPAWN strategy in teaching. 3. Paying attention and emphasizing the authors and developers of scientific materials to design some study units to develop achievement. The researcher also proposed some proposals to complete and develop the current research, including: 1. Conducting more studies using the SPAWN strategy SPAWN on other variables, other subjects, and different educational levels. 2. Conduct comparative studies between the SPAWN strategy and other active learning strategies such as (hot seat, circle debate, Frayer,...).

The current research aims to study the effect of the flipped classroom strategy on the acquisition and retention of information among first-year intermediate students in physics. To verify the research objectives, a partially controlled experimental design was chosen, comprising two equivalent groups: an experimental group and a control group, with a post-test in physics. The research was limited to first-year intermediate students in a school affiliated with the Babil Education Directorate. A random sample of 70 first-year intermediate students from Ibn al-Baytar Secondary School for Boys was selected for the 2024-2025 academic year. The students were divided into two groups: the experimental group included 35 students who studied physics using the flipped classroom strategy, while the control group included 35 students who studied the subject using the traditional method. Equivalence was achieved between the two research groups on some variables that might affect the independent variable: (parents' academic achievement, chronological age calculated in months, intelligence test, and students' achievement in physics at the end of the first semester of the current year). Other variables were controlled to ensure the integrity of the research. It should be noted that the researcher taught both research groups himself, and the subject matter was limited to the last three chapters of the physics textbook. The researcher also prepared an achievement test in physics for both research groups, consisting of 50 multiple-choice items.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of using the flexible grouping strategy in physics achievement among fourth-grade science students.
To achieve the research objective, the experiment was conducted on fourth-grade intermediate school students at Al-Yaqzah Intermediate School for Girls and boys. The research sample was randomly selected from the total number of intermediate and secondary schools in the Babylon Governorate Education Department, totaling (34). The research sample consisted of (68) female students, distributed among the two groups, and the two groups were equal. To verify the research hypothesis, the researcher prepared a research instrument consisting of (40 items). The validity and reliability of the instrument and its application were verified after the experiment was implemented. The research results showed a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the achievement test between the students in the first (experimental) group and the students in the second (control) group, as well as the students in the experimental group. Through what he reached, the researcher concluded the effectiveness of using the flexible groups strategy in achieving physics achievement among fourth-year science students.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the "Power of Thinking" strategy on associative thinking among second-grade intermediate female students. To achieve the research objective, the following null hypothesis was formulated: "There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who study according to the Power of Thinking strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who study according to the traditional method in the associative thinking test. ”The research population consisted of second-grade intermediate female students in public intermediate and secondary day schools in the center of Al-Qadisiya Governorate, excluding gifted and distinguished schools for the academic year 2024–2025.The researcher used an experimental design. Based on this design, Al-Ishaa Intermediate School for Girls was randomly selected to represent the research sample. Two sections were selected by lottery to form the research groups. Section (B) represented the experimental group, which included (21) students who were taught according to the Power of Thinking strategy, while section (C) represented the control group, which included (23) students taught using the traditional method. The two research groups were equivalent in variables such as (age in months, intelligence, and associative thinking test scores). The experiment was conducted during the second semester of the 2024–2025 academic year after the researcher had prepared the necessary materials. At the end of the experiment, the associative thinking test—developed by the researcher and consisting of (24) items—was administered to both groups. The test’s validity and reliability were confirmed, as well as its difficulty index, discrimination index, the effectiveness of the distractors, and the correlation between each item and the total score. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS, Microsoft Excel, and appropriate statistical methods. The findings indicated that the experimental group students, who were taught using the Power of Thinking strategy, significantly outperformed the control group students, who were taught using the traditional method, in the associative thinking test. In light of these results, the researcher recommended providing an active classroom environment characterized by interaction, dialogue, and the exchange of opinions and ideas among students due to its positive impact on learners' personal development. To complement this study, the researcher proposed several suggestions, including conducting further research to analyze intermediate-level biology textbooks in light of associative thinking skills and to assess the extent to which teachers possess these skills