Hammurabi journal for studies

This study analyzes the post-2014 transformations in the military doctrine and strategic objectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran amid escalating regional and international threats. The research adopts an analytical-strategic approach to examine how Iran has restructured its power in response to escalating threats, particularly those related to the conflict with Israel and the United States. It argues that Iran has adopted a hybrid doctrine combining conventional and asymmetric deterrence tools, guided by expansionist visions rooted in \"forward defense\" and \"strategic depth.\"

The research summarizes the role played by the new political leadership in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in bringing about a qualitative shift in the nature of public policies in Saudi Arabia، which affects all sectors، by modernizing the political، economic، and social structures through a package of decisions and measures that reflect a more realistic understanding and simulation of contemporary transformations، while not compromising the conservative behavior that has always distinguished the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia at the level of the general political structure، in the nature of internal political behavior and external political behavior throughout the rule of the sons of the founding King Abdul-Aziz Al Saud in this country. For example، but not limited to.

Turkish-Indian relations have witnessed remarkable development since 2002، influenced by a range of economic and political variables at both the regional and international levels. Economically، bilateral trade relations have gradually flourished، with trade volume growing significantly—from less than one billion USD in the early 2000s to over eight billion USD by the third decade of the 21st century. Both sides have also expressed increasing interest in investment، particularly in infrastructure، energy، technology، and transportation sectors.
Despite this economic convergence، political tensions have occasionally surfaced.

Regional and international powers often seek legitimate pretexts to justify their external presence and expansion. In this context, Iran has adopted ideological religious power as a cornerstone of its strategy for regional and global outreach. This ideologically framed moral power is operationalized through both conventional and unconventional tools, enabling Iran to project effective strategic influence across regional and global arenas. It promotes, from its perspective, the values of true and just Islam, aiming to inspire the oppressed and mobilize them against global hegemonic powers that have intruded into the regional system.

This study examines the Palestinian-Israeli conflict through the lens of Hamas’s evolving role as a central and legitimate stakeholder. It critically analyzes the movement’s transformation from an ideologically driven Islamic organization into a key actor in national liberation, and its impact on shaping contemporary political discourse. The research explores the complex and often contentious interactions between Hamas and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), assessing how these inter-organizational dynamics have influenced the trajectory of the conflict and the prospects for peace. By investigating the structural and ideological challenges facing Hamas within the broader framework of peace-building, the study seeks to offer a nuanced understanding of the political and social dynamics that condition conflict resolution efforts in the region.

In recent years, Iraqi foreign policy has become active in the field of good offices, seeking to bridge the rift and reduce competition between two major regional powers in the area: the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran. This role assigned to Iraq did not emerge from a vacuum, as it stems from a set of characteristics it possesses that qualify it to perform such a role, foremost among them the geographic and sectarian interconnectedness of Iraq as a link between the two regional powers.

In the context of the growing importance of soft power in international relations, popular culture has become one of the key instruments through which states enhance their external presence and improve their image within the global system. Japan, in particular, stands out as a unique model for employing elements of its cultural identity—especially manga and anime—as unconventional diplomatic tools that contribute to reinforcing its global position and achieving strategic objectives.
This study examines how manga and anime evolved from domestic artistic expressions into influential tools of Japan’s foreign policy.

Political awareness occupies a high position in society، as it is a criterion for the degree of sophistication of political ideas in society، and identifies political values and trends، analyzes them، and clarifies their directions in order to maintain the status quo or demand correcting the course of the political process by taking advantage of the space of freedom available to him within the limits of constitutional texts and legal rules set within a democratic framework. Individuals\' work is not right when demanding more rights and freedoms without an effective and productive political awareness that works as an intellectual approach through which the individual determines the political paths that enable him to seize his rights in a way that enhances the value of citizenship and establishes the pillars of the rule of law. Accordingly، the Iraqi people faced a radical political change after 2005 AD, which required the emergence of a political awareness in which the values of democracy are rooted as a natural practice that protects the freedom of individuals and their political rights.

This study focuses on the concept of cybersecurity and the impact of technological advancement on U.S. national security. It examines the influence of technology on various forms of power and underscores the significance of smart power as a tool for developing cybersecurity and enhancing state power. The research also highlights the importance of strategic and tactical thinking in implementing cybersecurity strategies aimed at protecting critical infrastructure by countering the various types of cyber threats and risks. This necessitates international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity and the strengthening of collective security to confront shared challenges.
Cybersecurity has become a central issue that the United States prioritizes in the current digital era. The previous administration, led by President Joseph Biden, has sought to develop a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy designed to bolster the protection of critical infrastructure by supporting the cyber workforce, enhancing information security awareness, reporting cyber incidents, and consolidating cooperation and partnerships with both the private sector and international partners to combat cyber threats and improve overall U.S. cybersecurity.

Terrorism and ideological extremism are inherently intertwined phenomena، each reinforcing the other and driven by a multitude of factors that facilitate their proliferation within societies. States and communities where individuals or groups espouse extremist ideologies without being subject to legal oversight are particularly vulnerable to terrorist activities. The threat of terrorism transcends national boundaries، representing a global challenge that affects both developed and developing nations alike. It obstructs the implementation of national policies and impedes the advancement of political، economic، and social agendas. Given the transnational nature of terrorism، it is imperative for the international community to engage in coordinated and comprehensive efforts across various domains to confront this threat. Achieving this objective requires states to adopt a core set of prerequisites and strategic measures at both the international and domestic levels، aimed at curbing the spread of terrorism and extremist ideologies and ultimatelyeradicatingthem