Journal of University of Babylon

The term personification is considered one of the modern critical concepts that has attracted significant attention from poets and critics alike. Addressing this concept requires a careful examination of all its poetic implications. Many poets have adopted diverse stylistic techniques such as ambiguity, symbolism, and rhetorical devices with deep meanings to subtly express their intended messages. Consequently, personification has become a prominent feature in their poetry, through attributing human qualities to non-human entities, thereby embodying human emotions such as sorrow, joy, and hope within the poetic text.
This study explores the phenomenon of personification in the poetry of Bushra Al-Bustani, specifically through the use of the descriptive-analytical method, and highlights the figurative structures in her poetic texts. Al-Bustani is regarded as one of the contemporary poets who has fully embraced poetic modernism with all its artistic forms and literary concepts. In her poetry, especially in relation to nature, the concept of personification emerges as a striking phenomenon. Its aesthetic value, however, cannot be assessed without first defining the term and identifying its manifestations within the poetic text. The personification of nature in Al-Bustani’s poetry reflects profound meanings and deep-seated emotions that the poet experienced at the time.

According to the model of communication, the communicative process consists of three main elements: the speaker, the message, and the addressee. The message contains meaning, the speaker is the producer of the (intended) meaning, and the addressee is to understand and/or interpret the (intended) meaning.
In this model, the speaker may choose to explicitly or implicitly produce the meaning, which leads to the probability of having an explicit and/or implicit message. The addressee has to retrieve the implicit meaning by observing the context.
Thus, meaning and intention remain the concern of modern linguistic studies, in terms of their production, reception, and interpretation. Numerous linguistic theories have emerged to investigate these key elements along with the immediate context and code and the impact they have on the speaker's inclusion of meanings and intentions as well as the addressee’s ability to interpret and infer them. These theories have focused on the speaker's intention and the types of meanings, in terms of the explicit and implicit, or the speaker's interpretation.
However, there is a spoken phenomenon to which many studies have paid great attention that we did not find in other theories of discourse analysis, which is the phenomenon of (communicative implicitness) or (implicit addressee), which I can call (discourse orientation) or (discourse orientation technique), a phenomenon that the ancient Arab rhetoricians and fundamentalists paid attention to, and included it within their rhetorical research called “implicitness”. However, the ancient Arabs did not escape from misdiagnosing this phenomenon, necessitating the need to discuss and correct their opinions.
Hence, the research identifies its problem by investigating the method of rhetorical orientation and by defining its concept in addition to differentiating it from other methods that are related to meaning. Our starting point in all this is to analyse the uses of the ancient rhetoricians and what modern ones have checked, on one hand, and what modern linguists have stated, from the other hand.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether students who received face-to-face instruction and those who receive blended learning differed significantly in their writing accuracy. Seventy Iraqi EFL learners with an intermediate proficiency level took part in the study for this reason. According to their Oxford Placement Test (OPT) results, they were between 18 to 32 years old, shared an L1 (Arabic), and were equally proficient in English. A control group (n = 35) and an experimental group (n = 35) were randomly allocated to them. Using a blended learning approach, the experimental group learned how to write a one-paragraph essay, whereas the control group received the same instruction in-person using a traditional teacher-centered method. Pre-test and post-test data were gathered, and paired sample t-tests and independent analysis were used to do the statistics. The outcomes demonstrated that, following the implementation of the blended learning technique, the mixed group did significantly better than the control group. Additionally, the results showed that students in the control group, who were taught via the traditional face-to-face teacher-centered method, made a slight improvement. The results have some ramifications for policymakers, EFL instructors, and content creators

The aim of the current research is to identify the level of health awareness regarding some infectious external parasites among students of the second cycle of basic education. The educational classes followed descriptive and analytical classes. The research tool was determined from a written questionnaire of (9) items. It was designed on the basis of a three-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was applied to a group of (400) students who learned it from basic educational schools in the city of Aleppo. The results showed that the level of health awareness regarding some infectious external parasites among second year students is generally lower than average. They also showed that there are statistically significant differences in the level of health awareness of infectious diseases (lice and scabies) according to the gender variable in favor of males. There are no statistically significant differences in the level of health awareness of infectious diseases (lice and scabies) according to the variables of academic year and area of residence. These results indicate the need to improve health awareness of infectious diseases (lice and scabies) among second year students, especially females. The researcher recommends implementing health awareness and education programs in schools, in cooperation with public health authorities, to enhance awareness of the importance of prevention and recognition of symptoms and methods of treating infectious diseases such as lice and scabies. Awareness lectures, interactive workshops, and distribution of educational publications can be included to achieve this goal. The needs of different genders and age groups must also be taken into account in designing programs to ensure that the message is conveyed effectively.

This research deals, through presentation, study, and analysis, with the neglect of the contribution of the Arabic linguistic heritage in discovering much of linguistic modernity, without claiming that it is a systematic modernity; for two reasons: it deals with it in its specific historical context, and because it deals with it within the framework of acculturation, far from the duality of originality and influence. The research proved many of its hypotheses imposed by the research problem and question. The research sees the importance of chronicling our heritage in the context of the general history of linguistics after it was neglected for a long time. The study confirms that it does not include attributing to our linguistic heritage what it did not say.

This research is an attempt to explore and study semiotics in the poem of Al-Akhtal Al-Taghlibi, considering it as one of the most important approaches that has occupied a large space in literary and critical studies. Poets have resorted to the use of semiotics and to incorporating it into their poetic compositions due to the cognitive richness and semantic openness it carries, through which the poet reflects his intellectual visions and inner inclinations in an allusive language that enriches the poetic text and expands its semantic horizons. Thus, the poet found in semiotics an expressive tool that grants him the ability and freedom to express himself and his poetic experience.
As for the method followed in this study, it is the semiotic approach, as it constitutes a coherent theory that focuses greatly on the dimensions of textual structures, their hidden significations, and their Implicit patterns beyond the text, in addition to demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in analyzing and interpreting the various symbols and meanings in their multiple connotations

factors influencing them, such as innate readiness, continuous learning, the impact of physical and psychological growth, and the social environment, which work together to achieve proper language acquisition. The research also highlights the relationship between brain development and language acquisition throughout different stages of life. The problem of the study revolves around understanding the mechanism that enables a child to acquire language naturally, and whether language acquisition depends solely on biological readiness or if the environment plays a role as well. The study also addresses the issue of varying interpretations of the language acquisition process, starting with the behavioral theory that links language acquisition to external stimuli, followed by the innatist theory that emphasizes the existence of an internal device for language acquisition, and finally, the cognitive theory, which views acquisition as a mental generative process.
The study relies on a descriptive methodology, where the stages of linguistic development in children are explained, and the most important linguistic theories that explain how language acquisition occurs are reviewed. Previous studies were also utilized to provide a comprehensive picture of the factors affecting this process.
The study concluded that language acquisition is a process that requires the integration of both innate and environmental factors. The utterance of the first word is an important indicator of the child's understanding of the relationship between the signifier and the signified. Furthermore, the study emphasized a positive correlation between language development and brain growth, with the brain structure becoming more complex as the child acquires more linguistic inputs.

The study aims to determine the status of meaning and its pictorial representation at the level of conceptual structure, and to demonstrate how images are organized in the mind based on mental mapping or image mapping, as it is the basis for understanding the world around us. The mental image represents concepts in a mental representation based on sensory inputs (visual, auditory, or tactile perception). As a result, the neural structure is transformed into a pictorial structure. The mental image can represent the basis for the creation of a map, as it is considered the thing that the mind perceives with the aid of the external senses. As a result, it is responsible for maintaining the sensation in the soul after the absence of the external influence and recalling it to the mind in new forms. The image is a rich representation of its subject, and the map is a fixed, poor form. The two concepts have been combined into one concept, which is what is called (image mapping).
The nature of the research required it to be structured around three axes: the first included the concept of conceptual structure and its working mechanism; the second addressed the concept of script and its types; and the third addressed the manifestations of conceptual scripts in popular proverbs.

This research aims to elucidate the attention given by the philosopher and logician Zaki Najib Mahmoud in his various philosophical works and research to the philosophy of language and meaning. Undoubtedly, language and meaning constitute the cornerstone of analytic philosophy, a fact that became evident with the onset of the linguistic turn in the twentieth century. The initial introduction of the philosophy of language and meaning into Arab culture was spearheaded by philosophers, notably prominent figures of logical positivism, particularly Zaki Najib Mahmoud. While his diverse philosophical writings demonstrate significant engagement with the problem of the philosophy of language, none of his works are specifically dedicated to this purpose. Rather, his ideas on this topic are disseminated throughout his philosophical corpus in the form of paragraphs or allusions. Furthermore, the verification theory of meaning, a central tenet of logical positivism, along with formal theories of meaning espoused by logical positivists, received considerable importance and attention in his writings."

The study of the impact of children's use of social media on upbringing is one of the contemporary studies whose effects on the new generation have been observed, but its psychological, social and health effects on children have not received sufficient study. Therefore, this study came to reveal the psychological, social, health and educational effects of social media on their upbringing from the point of view of parents. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach. The questionnaire was used as a research tool, and it consisted of four dimensions: the social, psychological, educational, and health aspects. The scale was applied to a simple random sample of 138 parents, and the results showed that the degree of influence of social media on the child was average from the parents’ point of view. There are differences in the impact of social media on children’s upbringing according to the variable of the educational qualification of the guardian in favor of the higher qualification, while there are no statistically significant differences according to the family’s standard of living. The study recommended the following:

-Design an electronic program to help children deal with the problems they face on social media, enabling them to distinguish between fake and real posts and videos in the age of artificial intelligence.
-Enable privacy settings to prevent children from sharing personal information they don’t intend to share on social media
-Enable parent control and monitoring of their children social media accounts.
-Conduct awareness programs about the dangers of excessive social media use.

The world is witnessing an accelerated digital transformation that has directly affected the way information services are provided in university libraries. This transformation, which includes the widespread adoption of digital technologies, requires university libraries to develop their infrastructure, train their staff, and improve access tools. This research aims to study the impact of digital transformation on information services in university libraries, focusing on the Central Library of the University of Babylon as a case study. A descriptive and analytical research approach was used, where a questionnaire was designed for 23 library staff. The results of the research showed that digital transformation has contributed significantly to improving the quality of services provided to beneficiaries in terms of access to and efficiency of information, but there are challenges such as lack of training and poor infrastructure in some cases. The research recommends the need to enhance investments in the digital infrastructure of libraries and intensify the continuous training of staff to keep pace with technological developments.

Ahmad Bahmanyar is one of the most prominent educational and political figures in Iranian history during the period (1884-1955). The research problem was represented by the scarcity of studies that comprehensively addressed his educational and political role. Therefore, the research aimed to shed light on his contributions to spreading the principles of justice and freedom and his participation in the Constitutional Revolution. We therefore followed his contributions to the Constitutional Revolution, his role in the General Democratic Party, and his role in modernizing education and political activity in Iran. The research relied on a descriptive-analytical approach, through studying historical documents and journalistic sources such as the newspapers "Dehghan" and "Feker Azad," in addition to analyzing Ahmad Bahmanyar's activities In the General Democratic Party and In the field of education. The researcher used available historical and documentary tools to present an accurate picture of his activities. The research reached several important conclusions, most notably that Ahmad Bahmanyar was an influential figure in the fields of education and politics in Iran. He worked to modernize and manage schools in the cities of Bam and Kerman, and contributed to spreading the principles of justice and freedom. The results also showed that his political activity within the General Democratic Party played a prominent role in supporting the constitution and calling for important social reforms such as the separation of religious and political authority, the prohibition of hoarding, and the distribution of property. The study concluded that Ahmad Bahmanyar represented a model of a struggling intellectual who combined educational and political work In order to achieve reform and advance Iranian society. The study recommends conducting further studies on similar figures to examine their profound influence on the development of intellectual and political life in Iran.