Journal of Almaarif University College

Allah created human beings, endowed them with intellect, honored them with knowledge, and appointed them as dignified stewards on His earth. He ingrained within their nature a inclination toward elevation and purity, preparing them to accept the call to truth conveyed by messengers and prophets throughout history—culminating in the message of our Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)—to guide humanity from the darkness of ignorance to the light of faith and the certainty of truth. However, some have deviated from the true creed due to ignorance or distance from sources of guidance, becoming hostile to it without understanding. Thus, God Almighty periodically sends prophets to restore the pure innate nature within souls. Yet, His divine wisdom ordained that the journey of this call include long intervals without new messengers. As a result, people die without hearing the truth, and children grow up in societies straying from the creed. How, then, will such individuals be judged on the Day of Resurrection? How will the light of faith reach those in remote regions like desert depths or isolated islands? This underscores the critical role of spreading the message (da‘wah) and the obligation to propagate the creed. Sadly, many Muslims have neglected this duty, depriving countless people of the chance for guidance. Consequently, the right of many to know the truth has been lost. The decline in propagation efforts has also diminished the global influence of Islam’s message, allowing doubts and deviations to proliferate.

The science of jurisprudence is the knowledge of the lawful and unlawful rulings, and the science of jurisprudence is not known except by knowing the evidence of the rulings, and knowledge of this evidence is only after knowing the science of the principles of jurisprudence; thus, the science of the principles of jurisprudence is the collection of all good. The rules of the principles of jurisprudence are very important, so whoever wants to master any science must memorize the rules that pertain to it, because whoever memorizes the principles of jurisprudence, masters them, and controls them, it will be easy for him to return every subsidiary issue that comes to him to its origin, and among these rules is the rule (the means have the rulings of the ends In this research, I have explained this rule according to Imam Al-Kasani and its importance to man in terms of rulings, whether they are acts of worship or transactions, and the role of this rule in man’s life.

The issue of the relationship of the Messenger (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) with the Christians, before and after the mission, has attracted the attention, of many contemporary researchers, especially Orientalists, Given the attempt of some of them to link the source of the Islamic religion to previous religions, such as Christianity and Judaism, we do not deny that the Messenger saw some Christian figures in and outside Mecca since his childhood, Also, the Messenger did not sever his relations with the Christians after the mission, and he was in constant contact with them. It is important to point out that the first migration of the Muslims was to the land of a Christian state, and they were safe for their souls there, and this is what they did not find among their fellow Arabs. It is known that the migration of Muslims to Medina (Yathrib) changed the balance of power in the Arabian Peninsula year after year, until Muslims became the only power in the Arabian Peninsula, and for this reason the Messenger sent letters to the kings, including kings of the Christian religion, and called them to Islam. The most important incident is the Messenger’s invitation to the Christians of Najran to come to the city. The only delegation that attended was at the invitation of the Messenger, while the rest of the delegations came on their own, and declared submission to the authority of the new state. Through this research, we shed light on the course of these events, and the Messenger’s relationship with the Christians.

Praise be to God and that is enough، and prayers and peace be upon His Prophet، the Chosen One، and upon his family and companions، the people of loyalty. And after: This research was divided into two sections that searched for the change of words and meanings that had significance for the Arabs، but Islam changed its significance and came with other meanings for it that changed its concept for the reader and gave a new dimension to the reader. It was known in the Jahiliyyah، and these terms and meanings carried the spirit and thought of Islam، and we will proceed to a comparison between the meaning in the Jahiliyyah and how its significance changed in the era of early Islam.

This research came to stand at the duality of "ego" and "the other" and highlighted their manifestations in the poetry of Omar ibn Abi Rabia, wondering how the poet expressed these concepts and what are the images and representations of the ego and the other in his poetry, how were the images of the relationship and the persuasive interaction between them, and the values derived from this analysis, through two axes: To introduce the concepts of "ego" and "the other" in language and terminology, while the second axis dealt with the applications of the ego and the other and showed the most prominent manifestations and formations in the poetry of Omar ibn Abi Rabia. The research will present the concepts of "ego" and "other" in his poetry, where the" ego "represents the poet's own and his personal vision of the world around him, while the" other " represents the elements that are different, corresponding and differentiated from that ego. The research raises the question of how the poet embodied these two concepts in his poetry, what are the images and representations of the "other", how he expressed the interaction and relationship between them, revealing the meanings and connotations implied in them related to the ego and the other. The research reveals the multidimensionality and complexity of these two concepts, expressing the emotional and subjective experience of the poet and his then social and cultural interactions.

The research, titled "The Historical Play, Hussein Comes Again - A Reading of the Harmony Between Poetry and Theater," attempts to explore the depths of this text (both literary and theatrical) at the same time. It examines the elements of the theatrical text and its ability to meet the demands of the theater. It also examines whether poetry can rise above the theater without compromising its requirements. It also addresses historical themes and events, and whether the poet has been able to make history a catalyst for the present, filling its scarcity with visions and ideas through universal experiences and events capable of wrestling with time. It also explores how the poet can free himself from excessive lyricism to enter the world of drama, reconciling two arts, each with its own characteristics and requirements.

This research addresses the phenomenon of psychological defeatism in the poetry of the poet Abd Suhaim Abd Bani Al-Hashas, describing him as a marginalized poetic voice that reflects the reality of the enslaved class in pre-Islamic society. The research approaches the psychological dimensions that reveal an inner sense of weakness, brokenness, and self-abasement—features evident in Suhaim's poetry. This research seeks to read his poetry in light of psychoanalytic approaches and defeatist behavior, to uncover the deep emotional dynamics that drive his poetic discourse.

The study addressed the Appropriateness Between Punishment and Criminal Acts, as the criminal legislator, in safeguarding freedoms and interests, must maintain a balance between the requirements of such protection and the rights and freedoms enjoyed by individuals. Similarly, proportionality must exist between this protection and public interests represented by public order, which imposes restrictions on individual freedoms through the definition of crimes and punishments. This balance is achieved when necessitated by social imperatives—specifically, the necessity of protecting society as a public interest that itself holds constitutional significance. The connection between crime and punishment is evident both at the legislative and judicial stages. In modern criminal policy, during the legislative stage, the legislator defines punishments guided by the harm caused by the criminal conduct and the dangerousness of the offender, thereby prescribing penalties proportionate to the gravity of the act and the criminal liability. Similarly, in the judicial stage, criminal justice policy relies on excuses and circumstances outlined by the legislator within the legal framework to determine appropriate penalties. It is widely accepted that suitable punishments are those proportionate to the criminal dangerousness or the material gravity of the criminal act. This dangerousness is inferred from the harm resulting from the criminal act, the degree of the offender’s culpability, and their varying circumstances.

Dual Containment is one of the strategies adopted by the United States to manage influence and conflict in Iraq, avoiding direct confrontation that would consume human, economic, and military resources. Instead, it relies on crafting policies and implementing strategies aimed at containing emerging powers in the international community in the most efficient and cost-effective manner, while avoiding provocation of major powers. The study focuses on Iraq as a focal point of regional and international conflict and influence, being the most fragile and susceptible to internationally designed strategies, among other objective considerations. The research begins by clarifying the concept of dual containment as a policy aimed at maintaining a balance of power in the region by containing two or more opposing actors (such as Iran and Iraq in the 1990s) or through balanced control over internal and regional conflict trajectories. The study illustrates how the U.S. pursued a gradual policy in containing Iraq, starting with sanctions and economic blockades, followed by direct military occupation (2003). The study also highlights the role of regional states within this framework, identifying Iran as the primary strategic challenge, with the U.S. seeking to contain its influence in Iraq. Additionally, it explores the dimensions of containment at the local, regional, and global levels. The research focuses on the tools of containment, including economic sanctions, financial aid, military alliances and bases, diplomatic intervention, and support for non-state actors. It also examines different types of containment: Hard Containment (through military force and economic blockade), Soft Containment (via diplomacy, sanctions, and media), Dual Containment (targeting two or more powers simultaneously to prevent one from dominating). The study concludes that Iraq has moved beyond traditional dual containment policies but remains entangled in the geopolitical struggle between major powers, suffering from the repercussions of this conflict on its political and economic stability.

In recent decades, penal policy has witnessed a notable evolution marked by a shift from a uniform punitive approach to a more flexible and humane methodology that considers the offender’s individuality and the circumstances surrounding the crime. This shift has paved the way for the emergence of the concept of legislative individualization as one of the most prominent modern tools aimed at achieving substantive criminal justice, this concept holds exceptional importance in the field of combating illicit drug trafficking, given the diversity of offender profiles and the varying degrees of risk, motives, and methods involved. Such diversity necessarily requires a flexible legislative response tailored to the nature of each individual case, the significance of this research lies in the grave threat that illicit drug trafficking poses to public safety and health, as well as its links to organized criminal networks. This reality compels legislators to formulate a penal policy that is both effective and adaptable, incorporating sentencing conditions proportionate to the criminal risk involved, The research problem is framed around the following question: To what extent has the Iraqi legislator succeeded in employing aggravating, mitigating, and exempting circumstances within the penal policy concerning illicit drug trafficking in a manner that achieves a balance between deterrence and justice?, To address this issue, we adopted an analytical approach, which allowed us to examine the relevant legal provisions in both the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 and the Narcotics Law No. 50 of 2017. We explored their penal philosophy, legislative intent, and identified strengths and shortcomings, the study yielded several key findings, most notably that Iraqi penal policy combines deterrence with rehabilitation, and that legislative individualization is one of its foundational pillars. This is manifested through statutory provisions for objective circumstances that aggravate or mitigate penalties, enabling judges to tailor sentences in a manner that upholds justice, Among the notable observations is that Iraqi law lacks certain aggravating circumstances with preventive and social value—such as the involvement of minors or family members in the commission of the crime—provisions that, for instance, are present in Egyptian law.

Climate justice has become one of the central issues occupying a prominent position on the international agenda, particularly in the context of addressing the escalating challenges of climate change. The concept of climate justice seeks to establish a fair balance between two interrelated paths: the first involves the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions responsible for global warming, while the second emphasizes the importance of re-evaluating traditional systems related to the extraction, distribution, and transportation of natural resources, as well as the production of goods, energy generation, service provision, patterns of consumption, waste disposal, and climate finance mechanisms. Environmental justice represents a critical intersection between human rights and climate change concerns. Its primary objective is to safeguard the rights of individuals who may be adversely affected by the negative impacts of climate change. In this sense, environmental justice serves as the most effective approach to ensuring the equitable distribution of climate-related burdens and costs between industrialized, developed countries on one hand, and developing nations on the other, taking into account historical responsibilities for emissions and the differing capacities for adaptation and response. The significance of this study lies in the absence of a clear international consensus on how to implement the principle of equitable and fair distribution of the benefits and burdens arising from climate change. Accordingly, there is a pressing need to explore the position of international law with regard to environmental justice, as it constitutes a fundamental entry point for understanding the legal and regulatory frameworks governing this complex issue.

Monetary reforms in Iraq have represented serious attempts to enhance the stability of the Iraqi dinar. However, they have faced structural and political challenges that hindered their full success. Measures such as )exchange rate adjustments and financial inclusion initiatives( have helped mitigate short-term crises, yet they failed to address the root causes of Iraq's economic problems, including near-total dependence on oil and widespread financial corruption.

The current research aims to explore the causes of academic delay among primary school students from the perspective of their teachers, in addition to analyzing the statistical differences in these causes based on the gender variable (males and females). The research sample consisted of (one hundred) male and female teachers from the schools of the Ramadi Education Department affiliated with the Anbar Governorate Education Directorate for the academic year 2024-2025, as they were randomly selected. The researcher relied on Al-Maliki Scale (2023) to measure the causes of academic delay, which consists of (26) paragraphs distributed over five areas: (4) paragraphs related to academic readiness, (6) paragraphs related to the student's personal skills, (5) paragraphs related to family factors, (4) paragraphs related to the school environment, and (7) paragraphs related to mental health. The researcher also used a Likert scale that includes five answer options: (to a very great extent, to a great extent, to a medium extent, to a small extent, to a very small extent). The validity and reliability of the scale items were calculated. To analyze the data, the researcher used a set of statistical methods implemented using the automated computer program (SPSS), which include: Chi-square test, one-sample t-test, two-independent-samples T-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha equation to measure internal consistency, in addition to simple regression analysis. The most prominent results were as follows: The male and female teachers in the sample suffer from academic delay among primary school students to a moderate degree, and there are no statistically significant differences in academic delay based on the gender variable (males and females).

This study seeks to explore the motivations behind audience exposure to local radio programming in the city of Ramadi and to assess the extent of listenership in the context of ongoing technological advancement. The research problem is framed around the core question: What are the attitudes of the Ramadi audience toward local radio stations in light of technological progress? This central inquiry is further developed through a series of subsidiary questions. The study adopts the media survey methodology, specifically employing a field-based approach. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, which served as the primary instrument for gathering information from a purposive sample of 100 individuals who engage with local radio content in Ramadi. The findings indicate that habitual behavior constitutes the primary motive for exposure to local radio programs, accounting for 37% of responses. Furthermore, the results reveal a prevailing negative perception regarding the capacity of local radio stations to keep pace with technological development, with 65% of participants expressing disapproval in their responses.

The research aims to show the effects resulting from traffic accidents in Anbar Governorate, represented by the economic and social effects, whether on the victims or on the perpetrators of this type of accidents. The research relied on the descriptive approach as a written approach, and also followed the analytical approach based on analyzing the phenomenon of traffic accidents and the economic and social effects resulting from them, in addition to the data obtained by the researcher and issued by the relevant authorities and departments. The research concluded, through showing the economic and social effects of traffic accidents in Anbar Governorate, that the economic costs paid for traffic accidents insured by the National Insurance Company in Anbar amounted to (1,364,000,000) million Iraqi dinars, in addition to the social effects that left clear reflections on society in general and the family in particular, as the total number of injuries resulting from traffic accidents in Anbar Governorate, of both types (injured, deceased), reached approximately (6,185) injuries. The number of injured persons reached (5036) injured persons and (1149) deceased persons during the period (2008-2024). The research recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which is spreading awareness and traffic discipline among citizens, and activating their awareness of the importance of adhering to safety and security procedures and the prescribed speed, by adopting the role of the specialized administration in planning and traffic engineering in the governorate, and benefiting from successful international experiences in the field of reducing traffic accidents.

This research aimed to analyze the concentration and diversity of wheat and barley cultivation in the districts of Ramadi and Fallujah in Anbar Governorate. To achieve this goal, the geographical distribution of these two crops was studied and the extent to which each region relies on one or both of these crops in its agricultural activities was determined. The research relied on official statistical data and an analysis of agricultural concentration indicators to determine the degree of concentration and diversity. One of the most important statistical measures was used: the concentration coefficient. It is one of the best measures for measuring the concentration of agricultural crops and, in addition to agricultural specialization, also provides an indicator of economic specialization. The results revealed a difference in the degree of concentration between the two judicial systems. It was found that Ramadi district is characterized by a relative diversity in the cultivation of the two crops, while Fallujah district tends to have a high agricultural concentration on one of the crops, particularly wheat. These differences are due to environmental, economic, and human factors, including soil quality, water availability, and agricultural infrastructure. This analysis contributes to understanding local agricultural dynamics and helps align agricultural policy with promoting diversity and reducing the economic risks associated with monoculture.

The study addressed the change in the nature of the land cover of the Al-Jadriya Twist area for the period from 1976-2024 with an area of (140 km2)and for a period of (48 years) based on satellite images and their analysis using geographic information systems. The main classifications of the area were reached (water cover, residential areas, vegetation cover, in addition to empty, unused areas). The extracted data indicate a decrease in the water cover and the change rate reached (-14.29) and the residential areas increased with a change rate of (28.26), while the vegetation cover rate was recorded from (45 km2) to (66 km2) and the empty areas had a change rate of (-78.57).

Global warming is considered one of the most serious environmental problems due to its long-term effects on global climate change. Iraq appears to be among the most affected countries by climate changes due to its location within the arid and semi-arid zones. Climate data analysis from the Rutba station revealed a clear correlation between the accumulation of greenhouse gases and rising temperatures, reflecting their cumulative effect in exacerbating global warming locally. This places the region at the heart of climate change impact. The data indicates a significant decrease in rainfall amounts since the 1920s, accompanied by an increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts. This is attributed to changes in atmospheric pressure patterns and wind, as well as increased evaporation rates resulting from rising temperatures. The issue is further exacerbated by Iraq’s heavy reliance on rainfall and shared rivers as primary water sources. These changes pose an existential threat to the Iraqi environment, contributing to desertification, degradation of agricultural land and vegetation cover, and a decline in biodiversity. Additionally, they negatively affect vital economic sectors. The western region of Iraq was selected for this study as it is the most affected, being one of the driest areas with highly variable rainfall between seasons. It receives less than 160 mm of rain annually, while temperatures sometimes exceed 45°C. Since Al-Anbar Governorate lies within a dry climate characterized by large thermal variation, high solar radiation, and low and erratic rainfall mostly concentrated in winter, two key climatic elements were adopted in the study. The study covered a full climatic cycle spanning thirty years, from 1993 to 2023, and six meteorological stations distributed across the study area were selected.

This study examined the extent to which climatic factors influence the spread of many diseases in the Fallujah District Center, albeit to varying degrees. Some weather conditions cause certain diseases, while others exacerbate other diseases already present in humans, facilitate their emergence, or reduce the human ability to resist certain diseases. The study also demonstrated that the physiological functions of the human body respond to weather changes, and that physiological processes in the human body change from one season to another throughout the year. There is no climatic environment that does not contain certain types of viral diseases or an environment associated with its thermal conditions. The study also included some recommendations to limit the spread of certain diseases in the study area.

Poverty and unemployment are important economic and social challenges that affect the lives of many people around the world. Poverty is defined as a state of unavailability of basic needs for a decent life, such as food, shelter, education, and health care. Poverty restricts opportunities for growth and personal and professional development for individuals and communities. Unemployment refers to the lack of job opportunities for individuals who are able and willing to work. The research relied on official statistics for unemployment and poverty rates in Iraq for the year 2023, as the data was analyzed at the level of Iraq’s governorates. The results of the research showed that the southern governorates of Iraq witnessed an increase in unemployment and poverty rates compared to other governorates of Iraq. Addressing this phenomenon requires providing appropriate job opportunities and promoting sustainable economic growth. Improving the quality of education and developing skills to enhance employment opportunities. As well as promoting social justice and equal opportunities to reduce discrimination and injustice. As well as strengthening social care and social protection for individuals most affected by poverty and unemployment.

The study area is located within the alluvial plain area with flat land, bounded by two lines of longitude and two circles of latitude, bordered to the north. The study aims to show the climatic elements affecting the diseases that infect fig trees in Al-Kifl District. It was shown through reviewing the climatic elements affecting the fig crop that they vary in their effect. The temperature and humidity are among the most influential climatic elements on the pests that infect fig trees in Al-Kifl District.

Population studies is one of the branches of human geography that is concerned with studying all Population aspects related to demographic variables because they have a significant impact on population growth variables, especially (births, deaths, and migration) because they have a direct impact on the conditions of the population. The possibility of researching many population topics requires the availability Accurate data because it describes the condition of a particular society during a specific period of time. Given the importance of the issue of delaying the age of marriage among residents in Hilla District, the researchers decided to delve into this topic by designing a questionnaire that included a set of questions that were distributed to residents of Hilla District in a random manner to find out the most important reasons. Which led to an increase in this phenomenon, relying on the analysis of tables and statistical methods, as well as the use of GIS for drawing maps to find spatial variation between administrative units. For the study area.

This study explores the issue of textual equivalence in Rickendorf’s Hebrew translation of the Qur’an, with Surah Ash-Shams serving as a case study. The research begins by establishing a theoretical framework around the concept of equivalence in religious translation. It then moves to a detailed analysis of Rickendorf’s rendering of the verses of Surah Ash-Shams, focusing on four key dimensions: lexical, semantic, syntactic, and rhetorical. The findings reveal significant deviations in the translation of lexical items, leading to interpretive omissions, lexical distortions, and disruptions in pronominal and rhetorical structures. These deviations compromise the translation’s rhetorical resonance and Qur’anic miraculous style. Moreover, the study notes inconsistencies in the division of verses compared to the original text, as well as the omission of certain elements that affect the semantic structure. Additionally, typographical errors in the Hebrew text were identified, potentially obscuring the intended meaning for readers. The study concludes by recommending a revised translation approach based on general principles for rendering Qur’anic texts into Hebrew. This approach should balance rhetorical eloquence with semantic accuracy while respecting the cultural and religious specificities of both source and target audiences. The suggested model is grounded in the principles of functional and rhetorical equivalence.

Resistance is a key tenet within the framework of postcolonial literature, particularly in the context of the Palestinian-Zionist(Israeli) conflict. Resistance literature challenges oppression and injustice, highlighting the voices of marginalized populations and exposing their struggles for liberation and identity. It turns the literature into a tool for decolonization and reclamation of identity and history. Palestinian writers use personal experiences and historical events to construct narratives that challenge the dominant structures of colonial powers. This issue has been examined from different perspectives within literature. However, studying Adania Shibli's novel Minor Detail (2020) and Isabella Hammad's novel Enter Ghost (2023) as voices of resistance has not been done in light of postcolonial theory. Thus, the current study explores this gap by examining the selected novels that become voices of resistance against the colonial powers and narratives. Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth (1963) is utilized to examine the anti-colonial narratives in the selected texts through Fanon's Decolonization concept, exploring how the characters resist and challenge colonial discourses and oppressive forces. Through this analysis, the study illustrates how both Shibli and Hammad effectively use their texts to be powerful voices of resistance, highlighting the resilience of the Palestinian society. It concludes that the two selected novels depict the harsh realities of Israeli colonialism, as well as highlight the ongoing resilience and resistance of the Palestinian people through the characters of the Palestinian Researcher in Minor Detail and Sonia and Mariam in Enter Ghost.

Pragmatic markers are essential for structuring speech, regulating interaction, and affecting audience perception in political interviews. That is, misunderstanding pragmatic markers would cause difficulty for the audience in understanding the speaker’s intended meaning. To this end, this qualitative study investigates the functionality of pragmatic markers in Piers Morgan's political interview with Bassim Yousif on the Israel-Gaza War, the Aqsa Flood. This study aimed to explore the types and functions of pragmatic markers used in the selected interview. The classification of the types of pragmatic markers was based on Fraser's (2009) classification, while their pragmatic functions were analyzed using Brinton's (1996) classification. The study thoroughly explains how these markers contribute to effective communication by examining both aspects. The research examines pragmatic markers, such as discourse and position markers, to tackle sensitive topics, maintain credibility, and strengthen relationships used by the interviewer and interviewees. The selected political interview utilized more pragmatic markers at the discourse level than others at the sentence level. These markers would contribute to our understanding of how pragmatic markers connect their speeches and organize their talks to maintain coherence. This indicates that pragmatic markers of the discourse performed more functions than other types of pragmatic markers. The study’s findings would enhance a comprehensive understanding of media discourse and political communication strategies.

This study is an attempt to investigate how critical discourse analysis (CDA) can be employed as the primary analytical framework. Shakespeare has been under intense artistic and crucial examination for the past few years; this study places his dramatic heritage in a variety of historical and cultural contexts, going well beyond its original Elizabethan context. The focus has been on Romeo and Juliet as a global love tale that is referred to as unique due to its timeless nature and applicability to all ages, societies, and circumstances. So, Romeo and Juliet in Baghdad by Munadhil Dawood AL-Bayati is selected to reflect the Iraqi people's suffering during the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led international coalition. The purposeful use of this work is to insist on the Iraqi identity which appears clear through the characters' use of language and many linguistic items. The study depends on the objectives of the study which are: To investigate how the textual strategies are employed by the playwright in his play Romeo and Juliet in Baghdad to represent the Iraqi identity, examine the discursive strategies utilized by the playwright to reflect the Iraqi identity and identify the social strategies used to represent Iraqi identity. This study examines the main linked topics that address the study's methodological elements in order to demonstrate how the researcher employs a variety of effective strategies using the present analysis; it adopted Fairclough's (2003) three-dimensional approach, which provided qualitative answers to the research questions .The study identifies the interconnected scope of the enormous sectarian experience that Iraqis faced in the years following 2003 and the focus will be on certain extracts(ten extracts) that show the representation of Iraqi identity vividly.

This study explores the pragmatic functions of personification in Iraqi Digital Arabic (henceforth IDA), focusing on how human attributes are assigned to non-human entities in everyday speech. While personification has been widely examined in literary contexts, its role in localized Iraqi digital Arabic discourse remains underexplored. Drawing on Searle’s (1969) Speech Act Theory, The study design involves qualitative content analysis of natural Iraqi conversations on Facebook. The analysis reveals that assertive and expressive speech acts each constitute 35% of the data, reflecting how personification is used to describe socio-economic conditions and convey emotions. Directive speech acts account for 20%, functioning as indirect advice or warnings, while commissives, comprising 10%, reinforce cultural identity and social cohesion. The findings demonstrate that personification in Iraqi Digital Arabic serves not merely as a stylistic feature but as a communicative tool for expressing frustration, voicing indirect complaints, and strengthening interpersonal interaction. This study contributes to the field of Arabic pragmatics by highlighting the interplay between figurative language and everyday discourse.

This paper investigates the cohesive devices used in Donald Trump’s second-term inaugural speech, delivered on January 20, 2025, through the framework of Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) model of cohesion. The study examines both grammatical cohesion—such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction—and lexical cohesion, which involves the use of repeated words, synonyms, and related vocabulary to reinforce key themes and create textual unity. The research addresses a gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of how both grammatical and lexical cohesive devices contribute to the coherence, clarity, and persuasiveness of political speeches, a topic that has received limited attention in previous studies. A qualitative discourse analysis is conducted, systematically identifying and categorizing cohesive devices throughout the speech. The findings reveal that Trump’s speech relies heavily on personal references (e.g., "we," "our") to foster a sense of collective identity, while the repetition of key terms such as "greatness," "strength," and "freedom" serves to emphasize central messages and rally the audience. Substitution and ellipsis are used to streamline the speech and avoid redundancy, and conjunctions help to maintain logical flow. The study concludes that cohesive devices are not only essential for the structural integrity of political speeches but also function as powerful rhetorical tools that enhance emotional appeal and persuasive impact. By applying Halliday and Hasan’s model to a contemporary political address, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of cohesion in effective political communication.

The present study aims at exploring the morphological variations in British English throughout formal and informal contexts, with an emphasis on how linguistic forms adapt to varying ranges of formality. Morphology, as a main part of language structure, performs a vital role in expressing social magnificence and communication style. The study looks at the ways in which social class, audience, and context affect morphological choices, focusing especially on the distinction between formal and informal registers. Data were collected from a variety of sources, including British newspapers, casual conversations, social media posts, and formal broadcasts. The results show notable variations in morphological patterns: formal situations and contexts stick to the use of full forms, politeness markers, and adherence to standard grammatical rules, whereas informal contexts demonstrate much more use of contractions, colloquial expressions, and regional dialectal influences. The study also examines the social and contextual factors that participate in shaping these variations, providing better understanding into how speakers adapt their language to conform to perceived levels of formality. The findings help to a great extent in understanding how English morphology is flexible across various registers and highlight the significance of social context in influencing language use. This research provides a deeper knowledge of how morphological variety might improve communication in different social and professional contexts such as, sociolinguistics, language teaching, and natural language processing.

This study is a quantitative, descriptive-correlational investigation that aims at exploring the impact of ministerial exams on teachers' pedagogical practices in sixth-grade preparatory schools in Iraq, students’ ability to engage in critical thinking and develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter. It seeks to argue for or against the effectiveness of those practices on the English language education system. A structured questionnaire consisting of 30 items was administered to a random sample of 73 English teachers working in preparatory schools within Ramadi city in Anbar Governorate. The reliability and validity of the instrument were confirmed using Spearman correlation, Cronbach’s Alpha, and split-half reliability methods. The analysis of the research results was guided by the theoretical framework of washback, which examines the influence of testing on teaching and learning practices. Findings indicate that the predictable nature of ministerial tests significantly shapes both instructional content and teaching methods. However, an overemphasis on test preparation leads to superficial learning outcomes, diminishes student motivation, and overlooks learners' developmental potential. Furthermore, it restricts teacher autonomy and stifles classroom creativity.