Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

This research aims to analyze the state of Iraqi journalism in the 21st century, focusing on historical transformations, current challenges, and prospects. It seeks to examine developments in journalism after 2003, identifying challenges such as security threats, political pressures, and infrastructure deficiencies, while exploring opportunities for digital transformation, enhancing independence, and professionalization. The study also provides practical recommendations for policymakers and media institutions, contributing to the academic literature on Iraqi media. The research relies on a historical and analytical approach to trace the development of Iraqi journalism, while analyzing the influential political, social, and technological factors. The research is divided into an introduction and two chapters: the first covering historical developments up to the 21st century, and the second focuses on contemporary challenges and future opportunities. The results show that Iraqi journalism has a rich yet complex history. While experiencing unprecedented media expansion post-2003, political parties' dominance, security concerns, and financial constraints have negatively impacted their independence. Furthermore, the press lacks the necessary technical infrastructure, limiting its ability to compete. Furthermore, Iraqi laws lack adequate protection for journalists, increasing the risks they face. Based on these findings, the study recommends: conducting further research on digital transformation's impact; examining independent journalism's role in democratic development; evaluating media education programs; developing sustainable funding models for media institutions; and analyzing how legislation affects press freedom. These recommendations aim to enhance scholarly understanding of Iraqi journalism and develop effective strategies to address current and future challenges.

Authenticity in Islamic economics represents a fundamental methodology based on deriving its principles, rules, and objectives from the primary sources of Islamic legislation, namely the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah, while being guided by the efforts of Muslim jurists and scholars throughout the ages. This authenticity aims to establish an economic system that achieves justice, efficiency, and sustainable development while upholding Islamic values and morals. Modern Islamic economics is a fundamental methodology based on deriving its principles, rules, and objectives from the primary sources of Islamic legislation, namely the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah, while being guided by the efforts of Muslim jurists and scholars throughout the ages.

Bank credits play a vital role in financing foreign trade, ensuring that import and export transactions are carried out securely through bank mediation, enhancing the confidence of commercial parties. The exporter knows that he will receive the value of his goods once if the terms of the credit are met, while importer knows that payment will not be made until these conditions are met. Bank credits are important in international trade, as they represent an ideal means of settling transactions between sellers and buyers and help reduce the financial risks arising from direct transactions between parties. With the development of trade, bank credits have become a key tool for guaranteeing the rights of both parties and achieving economic balance. The research raises many questions, including the concept of the bank credit contract, its various forms, and its resulting effects. This needs for a comparative study of commercial legislation in Iraq, Egypt, Jordan, and Algeria. The research also adopts a descriptive approach to clarify the nature and characteristics of bank credits. This research is divided into two sections: the first addresses the nature of bank credits, and the second examines the legal provisions and effects resulting from them. The research seeks to provide a clear vision of the role of bank credits in enhancing the stability of international trade and protecting the economic interests of the transacting parties in accordance with the legislation of various countries

The study of topic of academic promotion obstacles in Iraqi law reveals some things that affect the research path of the University Service Employee, and helps to understand the obstacles that may hinder academic promotion, and through the analysis of these obstacles, it becomes clear that achieving scientific promotion requires compliance with specific criteria such as meeting the conditions of academic publication and completing the minimum required points, as well as that disciplinary punishment may lead to delaying promotion or depriving the University Service Employee of it for a certain period, and the decisive role played by the quality of scientific research in promotion through its originality and not derived from previous theses and dissertations, as well as the length of time that spent by the University Service Employee in the current scientific rank before applying for promotion with the possibility of early application under certain conditions.

The unmanned aircraft is a remote-controlled aircraft, as it is considered a modern means of aggression. It is characterized by continuous development because it is closely and organically linked to the issue of the development of the means of warfare in the present and the future. It has undoubtedly become one of the means used in crime, but the most prominent among people and some countries to kill with premeditation, surveillance, property damage, illicit trade, drug crimes, assassinations, spy against both countries and individuals, and the violation of privacy. There are modern technologies that have been developed so that the unmanned aircraft can deliberately and brutally attack and spy on individuals or their money in the presence of a weak organization governing its possession and operation. This is what we have searched and what raises the criminal challenge to curb these crimes. Legal issues related to the legal regulation of the operation of these unmanned aircraft must be considered, and this system ensures that the current and accelerating developments are confronted with the scientific progress in the present and the future.

The primary purpose of law in the modern state is to serve and protect the interests of individuals, based on the concept of social justice that the state has guaranteed in various fields. Therefore, it has become essential to protect the stability of the individual's legal position when faced with the increasing influence of authorities. This has led to the emergence of the idea of protecting rights and freedoms, making it the state's duty to provide individuals with adequate means to achieve such stability. This can be realized through the law’s ability to keep pace with the evolving nature of life on the one hand, and the respect for and stability of legal rules on the other. Thus, when the authority undertakes certain actions, it must be based on a genuine interest to ensure the stability of legal norms and legal positions, which ultimately means guaranteeing the principle of legal security for individuals.

Al-Aitha area is located south of Al-Muqdadiyah city in Diyala governorate. It consists of two agricultural districts with an area of (55,034) acres, equivalent to (141.5 km2), surrounded by a group of agricultural districts, all of which are affiliated with Al-Muqdadiyah city, with the exception of Mubarak district, which borders it from the south and is affiliated with Baladruz city. This study is important because soil is an important natural resource in agricultural production, and because it suffers from some problems that have led to its deterioration. Five samples of this soil were taken and analyzed in the laboratory in order to identify the amount of salinity present in the body of this soil. Some spectral indicators were also used to analyze and evaluate the extent of deterioration. The results of laboratory analysis confirmed that the soil suffers from a significant increase in salinity. High values were recorded in the results of laboratory analysis for three samples out of five, namely (C-A-E), reaching values of (82.4 - 60.2 - 45.8) millimos. It also suffers from wind erosion, which is active during the dry season, causing sand to move towards this soil and cover its surface. This is exacerbated by some incorrect methods practiced by farmers, such as plowing the land during this season and overgrazing. This is also exacerbated by the scarcity of natural vegetation. The NDSI salinity index indicates that the (high salinity soil type) recorded in the year (2010) a value of (81.1) km2 and a percentage of (57.4%), to increase in the year (2022) to reach (112.9%) and a percentage of (79.8%), which is a very large percentage compared to what it was in the year (2010). As for the sand dune index (NDI), it indicated that the (high sand dune soil type) recorded in the year (2010) a value of (74.4) km2 and a percentage of (52.6%), to decrease in the year (2022) to reach (56.9%) and a percentage of (40.3%), and that this type occupied the largest part of the region for the years studied (2010 - 2022). The soil degradation index (LDI) indicates that (moderate degradation) was recorded in July at (62.7) km2, at a rate of (45.4%), and in December it was recorded at (75.1) km2, at a rate of (53.9%), which is the highest among other types. What is striking in this type is that the December, which is considered humid, recorded a higher value than July, which is considered dry.

The current research aims to study the doctrinal and ethical effects of modernity in Islamic thought by analyzing the extent to which modernist thought has influenced Islamic doctrine and moral values. The research discusses how modernity has sought to reinterpret religious texts, weaken their doctrinal impact, glorify esoteric sects, and replace religious values with secular ones, leading to the disintegration of Islamic ethics and the spread of individualism and materialism. The researcher adopted the analytical and critical approach to study modernist concepts and their impact on Islamic doctrine, comparing them with authentic Islamic perspectives. Additionally, the historical approach was employed to trace the origins of modernity in the West, its transmission to the Islamic world, and its influence on Islamic thought. The study concluded that modernity is not limited to cultural and philosophical dimensions but also penetrates the doctrinal sphere, seeking to reshape religious concepts based on a materialist rationalist vision that contradicts established Islamic principles. Through this process, modernity works to dismantle traditional religious frameworks and introduce new interpretations that override fundamental religious constants. This, in turn, leads to the weakening of doctrinal structures and the reformation of faith-based perceptions according to intellectual methodologies that are incompatible with the essence of Islamic doctrine.

This research studies how stereotypes and biases affect judgments and interactions between individuals and the community as a whole. Stereotypes represent basic generalizations about people according to race, gender and nationality, as well as other factors, and they can provoke discriminatory behavior when they remain unchecked. The study investigates the changing nature of stereotyping biases by examining historical elements and psychological as well as social factors that change when individuals acquire new knowledge or experience different social interactions. By analyzing established literature and surveying 76 instructors who teach international students abroad, the study found that stereotyping originates primarily from media portrayals and limited interaction with diverse communities. The research demonstrates that preconceived notions exert a substantial negative effect on relationship dynamics and social unity, which impacts marginalized communities the most. Preconceptions create substantial obstacles to both relationships and social unity across various groups, but exert the most harm on marginalized communities. The research examines potential solutions, including education programs alongside intergroup contact and media representation, to combat Bias. By examining the roots and outcomes of stereotyping and Bias, we can establish inclusive spaces and support actions that eliminate bias between different cultural and social groups. The deep-rooted nature of stereotypes in our cognitive patterns and social systems means that educational programs and legal reforms can mitigate their negative effects and build diverse and harmonious communities.

This study explores the significant impact of Modernism on modern English poetry. It investigates how the topics, methods, and aesthetic frameworks developed by Modernist writers still shape the works of poets in the twenty-first century. The study compares early 20th-century Modernist poets, including T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and W.B. Yeats, with contemporary poets such as Seamus Heaney, Paul Muldoon, and Derek Mahon. By investigating key characteristics of Modernist poetry such as fragmentation, alienation, the collapse of traditional forms, and the use of internal monologue ,this paper identifies how these themes persist in modern verse. The study underlines that even if modern poets have varied their approach and included postmodernism, multiculturalism, and digital media, they still deeply respect Modernist ideas. This study shows via a thematic and stylistic survey how modern poets still interact with problems, including disillusionment, social critique, and the search for meaning in a society more defined by uncertainty and complexity. Among innovative poetic devices are free verse, changing narrative voices, and sophisticated imagery. That connects contemporary poetry to its Modernist roots while redefining the boundaries of poetic expression. The paper draws on qualitative and quantitative methodologies to examine how these modern poets engage with and adapt and reinterpret Modernist techniques. This shows that these innovations are not merely a revival of old forms but a dynamic conversation between past and present poetics. Through an analysis of selected poems, the study illustrates how modern poetry retains the Modernist impulse to question and redefine cultural norms, artistic boundaries, and the poet's role in a rapidly changing world. The study emphasizes that although modern poetry is characterized by a widening thematic scope and a greater exploration of many cultural points of view, its interaction with Modernist issues remains a defining feature, indicating Modernism's ongoing relevance in comprehending the complexity of human life. Ultimately, this study shows how stylistic heritage and ongoing ideological debate define Modernism's impact on modern English poetry. Modernist ideas, especially those on the individual's alienation, the fragmentation of reality, and the investigation of subjective experience, still influence modern poetry's organization and subject matter. Modern poets, however, also innovate upon Modernist ideas as they increasingly confront and reflect modern society's fractured, pluralistic character by addressing new social and political issues.

This study examines Raja Rao's book “Kanthapura” as a literary ethnography. It shows the everyday life of ordinary people in a tiny South Indian hamlet to demonstrate how the caste system influences all spheres of life. The caste system defines people into rigid categories based on their birth, therefore affecting their daily lives and sense of identity. Inspired by the young man's life, enthralled with Gandhi's beliefs, the book examines the accepted caste system and related injustices. The book also connects the caste system to broader political and social events, including British colonization and the beginning of reform movements. It explains how the upper castes used religion and culture to subjugate the lower castes, therefore limiting their access to rights, power, and education. Moorthy's attempts to bring about change draw attention to the challenge of facing the firmly rooted systems of discrimination, even with upper caste resistance. Though this is a small rural hamlet, this conflict provides a window into the problems many underprivileged Indian communities face. Although it is a small rural hamlet, its plight helps one grasp the issues many impoverished Indian villages deal with. This study examined how the hamlet is physically divided along caste lines, with members from higher castes living in better conditions. Sometimes referred to as untouchable, the Dalits live in poverty concurrently. The way the book portrays gender through Achakka, the female narrator, adds another degree of intricacy to the work. Particularly from lower castes, women endure unfairness on multiple levels; caste and gender are interwoven, and this is abundantly evident. Rao’s Kanthapura transcends historical documentation by functioning as literary historiography of India. Examining these themes shows how reading could help us grasp the nuances of caste discrimination and the continuous struggle for equality.

The research aims to study the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on enhancing profitability in commercial banks. AI is defined through three dimensions: improving banking operational efficiency, customizing services and customer experiences, and analyzing big data. Profitability will be examined through three dimensions: increasing revenues, reducing costs, and improving customer satisfaction. The research used a descriptive analytical approach, relying on a questionnaire to gather information from a sample of 200 individuals. A total of 236 questionnaires were distributed to achieve the required number, resulting in 217 returned questionnaires, of which 17 were excluded due to incomplete responses or similar answers. The research seeks to provide pathways for improvements in the use of AI in commercial banks, which can contribute to enhancing profitability and improving customer experiences. Significant results indicate that the use of AI positively impacts profitability in commercial banks. Enhancing operational efficiency, customizing services, and analyzing big data significantly boost revenue growth, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction. The researcher recommended strengthening the use of AI technologies that support banking operations and contribute to improving customer experience and reducing costs.

The right to life is one of the main principles advocated by international standards governing the right Individuals in life, which is considered one of the most important political rights that guarantee the right of members of society to life, therefore, the majority of societies, regardless of their political and economic systems, seek to preserve this right and its guarantee to all members of society. Hence, the doctor’s responsibility for his professional error has become extremely sensitive, perhaps because he does not receive sufficient attention in terms of application on the ground in reality, or because doctors are ignorant of the limits of the responsibilities that result from their work, they suffer pain and discomfort when they fall into them unintentionally. Medical errors have been a concern for ancient legislators, but with the passage of time, the approach to dealing with doctors has changed, and the rules of criminal and civil liability have been neglected on the basis that illness occurs only by fate. In contrast, Islamic law did not adopt this harmful philosophy. There is no doubt that Allah is the one who heals the sick, but when a doctor works and then commits an unforgivable mistake, it is he who has done wrong and must bear the responsibility for his work, not place it on others. The amazing medical progress has had some disadvantages that are practically inevitable. The number of doctors has increased greatly in some countries, medicine has moved from the stage of family medicine to the stage of group medicine, which makes patients hesitate to go to court when they are harmed due to the doctor’s error. This has led to the emergence of a reality that must be taken into consideration when determining the criminal liability resulting from medical error. For this reason, states have tended to guarantee this right and consider it one of the basic rights in constitutions, and global conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, and other agreements that addressed this right have followed in the same direction.

Since the emergence of human beings on this earth، the story of creation and formation has been an obsession for man and a big question mark that he has struggled to explain as much as his reflections on the events of his life have allowed him to make sense of them، and the idea of human creation and the reason for his existence in this world has occupied a wide area of religious thought in ancient societies. It seems that the association of human birth and coming to life with the female made the ancient man believe that she is the main element in the existence and perpetuation of life, and therefore sanctifying her means for him the continuity of life and the lavishness of goodness on society. This belief made him consider the mother as one of the influential and controlling forces in his life, which made him worship and honor her in the person of what is known as the "Mother Goddess". Ancient man embodied his reverence for motherhood in the statues of the mother goddess that depict the woman in the state of pregnancy, which symbolizes their glorification of the idea of production embodied by the female in the state of pregnancy, which in turn is linked to the idea of fertility and growth, and thus the mother received a high position in the religious thought of ancient Iraq. We also find an echo of this importance in the sanctity of the mother in literature and artistic scenes reflected by the ancient Iraqi in the arts of literature and the art of anthropomorphic sculpture. The importance of the research came in shedding light on the general view of the mother in the culture of ancient Iraq، especially the aspect of religious thought on the one hand and the literary and artistic aspect on the other hand, as the mother received special sanctity among the ancient man، although the ancient Iraqi society was a patriarchal society, the sanctity of the mother remained part of the beliefs of the Mesopotamian population during that period. The research problem was as follows: What is the position of the mother goddess in the religious thought of ancient Iraq? Is there a clear presence in the ancient Iraqi thought of the mother goddess in the creation of man? What is the role of the mother in literature and mythology from the world of gods and humans? The study followed the descriptive and analytical method based on the presentation of historical material, classification and then simplification to the historical truth.

The problem of leading society towards change and progress requires the existence of leadership and elites that have the ability to achieve those goals. The existence of leadership capable of leading society’s institutions will lead to the creation of many elites that those institutions will use to achieve the desired goals from the political, social and economic perspectives. This study aims to shed light on the relationship between leadership, elites, and management.

The problem of leading society towards change and progress requires the existence of leadership and elites that have the ability to achieve those goals. The existence of leadership capable of leading society’s institutions will lead to the creation of many elites that those institutions will use to achieve the desired goals from the political, social and economic perspectives. This study aims to shed light on the relationship between leadership, elites, and management.

This research studies how stereotypes and biases affect judgments and interactions between individuals
and the community as a whole. Stereotypes represent basic generalizations about people according to
race, gender and nationality, as well as other factors, and they can provoke discriminatory behavior
when they remain unchecked. The study investigates the changing nature of stereotyping biases by
examining historical elements and psychological as well as social factors that change when individuals
acquire new knowledge or experience different social interactions. By analyzing established literature
and surveying 76 instructors who teach international students abroad, the study found that stereotyping
originates primarily from media portrayals and limited interaction with diverse communities. The
research demonstrates that preconceived notions exert a substantial negative effect on relationship
dynamics and social unity, which impacts marginalized communities the most. Preconceptions create
substantial obstacles to both relationships and social unity across various groups, but exert the most
harm on marginalized communities. The research examines potential solutions, including education
programs alongside intergroup contact and media representation, to combat Bias. By examining the
roots and outcomes of stereotyping and Bias, we can establish inclusive spaces and support actions that
eliminate bias between different cultural and social groups. The deep-rooted nature of stereotypes in
our cognitive patterns and social systems means that educational programs and legal reforms can
mitigate their negative effects and build diverse and harmonious communities.

This study explores the significant impact of Modernism on modern English poetry. It investigates how the topics, methods, and aesthetic frameworks developed by Modernist writers still shape the works of poets in the twenty-first century. The study compares early 20th-century Modernist poets, including T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and W.B. Yeats, with contemporary poets such as Seamus Heaney, Paul Muldoon, and Derek Mahon. By investigating key characteristics of Modernist poetry such as fragmentation, alienation, the collapse of traditional forms, and the use of internal monologue ,this paper identifies how these themes persist in modern verse. The study underlines that even if modern poets have varied their approach and included postmodernism, multiculturalism, and digital media, they still deeply respect Modernist ideas. This study shows via a thematic and stylistic survey how modern poets still interact with problems, including disillusionment, social critique, and the search for meaning in a society more defined by uncertainty and complexity. Among innovative poetic devices are free verse, changing narrative voices, and sophisticated imagery. That connects contemporary poetry to its Modernist roots while redefining the boundaries of poetic expression. The paper draws on qualitative and quantitative methodologies to examine how these modern poets engage with and adapt and reinterpret Modernist techniques. This shows that these innovations are not merely a revival of old forms but a dynamic conversation between past and present poetics. Through an analysis of selected poems, the study illustrates how modern poetry retains the Modernist impulse to question and redefine cultural norms, artistic boundaries, and the poet's role in a rapidly changing world. The study emphasizes that although modern poetry is characterized by a widening thematic scope and a greater exploration of many cultural points of view, its interaction with Modernist issues remains a defining feature, indicating Modernism's ongoing relevance in comprehending the complexity of human life. Ultimately, this study shows how stylistic heritage and ongoing ideological debate define Modernism's impact on modern English poetry. Modernist ideas, especially those on the individual's alienation, the fragmentation of reality, and the investigation of subjective experience, still influence modern poetry's organization and subject matter. Modern poets, however, also innovate upon Modernist ideas as they increasingly confront and reflect modern society's fractured, pluralistic character by addressing new social and political issues.

This study examines Raja Rao's book “Kanthapura” as a literary ethnography. It shows the everyday life of ordinary people in a tiny South Indian hamlet to demonstrate how the caste system influences all spheres of life. The caste system defines people into rigid categories based on their birth, therefore affecting their daily lives and sense of identity. Inspired by the young man's life, enthralled with Gandhi's beliefs, the book examines the accepted caste system and related injustices. The book also connects the caste system to broader political and social events, including British colonization and the beginning of reform movements. It explains how the upper castes used religion and culture to subjugate the lower castes, therefore limiting their access to rights, power, and education. Moorthy's attempts to bring about change draw attention to the challenge of facing the firmly rooted systems of discrimination, even with upper caste resistance. Though this is a small rural hamlet, this conflict provides a window into the problems many underprivileged Indian communities face. Although it is a small rural hamlet, its plight helps one grasp the issues many impoverished Indian villages deal with. This study examined how the hamlet is physically divided along caste lines, with members from higher castes living in better conditions. Sometimes referred to as untouchable, the Dalits live in poverty concurrently. The way the book portrays gender through Achakka, the female narrator, adds another degree of intricacy to the work. Particularly from lower castes, women endure unfairness on multiple levels; caste and gender are interwoven, and this is abundantly evident. Rao’s Kanthapura transcends historical documentation by functioning as literary historiography of India. Examining these themes shows how reading could help us grasp the nuances of caste discrimination and the continuous struggle for equality.

The poetry of the metaphysical and Cavalier poets has been a source of controversy and interest over the past three centuries due to the imagery, language, and themes it presents, such as death and life, that differ from those of previous and subsequent poems. Thus, researchers, interested parties, and experts in literary critical studies must approach it within the limits that accord it its due research and academic merit. It is necessary to employ Jacques Derrida’s theory to deconstruct the texts they wrote, although it (deconstruction) is closer to linguistic studies than to literary studies. However, reading their poems forces the reader and literary critic to analyze them from a purely literary-critical perspective. Therefore, this study argues that the binary oppositions of death and life in the poetry of John Donne and Robert Herrick yield numerous interpretations, meanings, and themes through an exploration of différance, trace, absence, and presence in a deconstructive framework, applicable to the analysis of poetry. It aims to examine and deconstruct the binary of life-death in selected poems by the metaphysical poets and Cavalier poets. The study analyzes two poems by the metaphysical poet John Donne and two poems by Robert Herrick, a Cavalier poet, who represent different approaches to presenting themes in their work. It serves as a research sample for a deconstructive analysis of the binary oppositions of life and death, focusing on the binary oppositions and interpretive distinctions within the texts. The study concluded that the contrasting and deferential hermeneutical interpretation (différance) of the binary of death and life in the poems of John Donne and Robert Herrick cannot be limited to the meanings, interpretations, and readings presented in this article, but will continue to deconstruct indefinitely