Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

This study explores the significance of numbers in prose poetry, highlighting the diverse meanings these numbers can convey, as they often carry numerous hidden layers within contemporary poetic texts. The meaning of a number can varies depending on its context—where the same number might hold a religious connotation in one poem and a philosophical or psychological one in another. The research reviews previous studies that have addressed the use of numbers in poetic texts dating back to the mid-20th century, noting the differences between those texts and contemporary ones in terms of the poets’ surrounding circumstances, cultural backgrounds, and their varying approaches to employing numbers in their poetry—factors which naturally influence the outcomes of such studies. This research adopts the semiotic method in analyzing the symbolism of numbers, as this approach is particularly effective in uncovering the relational connection between numbers and the text. Through their presence in the poem, numbers generate meanings and images that allow the poet to express thoughts and emotions indirectly, utilizing the symbolic richness of numbers in place of more explicit expressions.

In the later Islamic periods, scholarly writing took a new direction aimed at presenting classical Arab heritage in a contemporary form. This gave rise to explanatory commentaries, marginal notes, addenda, abridgments, and educational versifications. While certain disciplines such as jurisprudence, Hadith, Qur’anic exegesis, and grammar received exceptional attention, other fields like philosophy, logic, astronomy, medicine, and literature did not enjoy the same level of interest.
The trend of book abridgment intensified over time, reaching its peak during the Mamluk era, especially as students increasingly relied on religious abridgments. In contrast, abridged works in philosophy, logic, medicine, and literature failed to find a place in formal education institutions and schools.
However, the book Al-Aghani by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani stands as an exception, having received significant scholarly attention. It was abridged fifteen times, with two of the most notable abridgments being Tajrid al-Aghani by Ibn Wasil al-Hamawi and Mukhtar al-Aghani by Ibn Manzur. Each author employed a distinct method in condensing the book’s content and addressing the biographies and poetry of the poets. The Tajrid adopts a more religiously and morally conservative approach, while the Mukhtar is more open and closer in spirit to the original Al-Aghani.

Since storytelling is an engaging cognitive method, the Morisco tale adopted this captivating style—especially the story of Ibn al-Sarraj and the Beautiful Sharifa—which positively portrayed the image of the Arab Muslim in the Spanish imagination. This imaginary space was at times based on historical facts and at other times on dramatic fiction. The story also reflects a spirit of cooperation between the noble Christian and the Muslim knight, despite the cultural divide and the ongoing religious and nationalistic conflict, as Spain sought to unify the Iberian Peninsula under one religion and one nationality.
The story features historical characters, reflecting the influence of history on narrative texts. These dramatic tales were found among the lines of heritage literature and belong to the period of the Reconquista. This particular story is part of the romantic legendary tales, telling of a Muslim knight who falls in love with a beautiful woman named Sharifa. This takes place amidst the conflicts between Christians and Muslims, with the narrator describing the Muslim character in terms that imply wealth—through his clothing and appearance—signifying his belonging to the Banu al-Sarraj family, a lineage surrounded by many legends.
The story includes numerous adventures and concludes with the Muslim knight honoring his promise to his beloved by marrying her.

Jean-François Lyotard, the French sociologist and philosopher, is considered one of the foremost theorists of postmodernism. He introduced the theory of grand narratives, emphasizing the role of language in shaping power structures within society. In this context, Lyotard employs Wittgenstein’s theory of language games to demonstrate how grand narratives are transformed through their own linguistic mechanisms into dominant discourses in society. Conversely, he also shows how petit narratives (minor or local narratives) oppose these grand narratives through their own language games.
On the other hand, in the field of poetry, Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī expressed his philosophical and social views through complex language and nuanced meanings. Therefore, the present study aims to answer the following question: How can we extract the types of grand and minor narratives, as well as their associated language games, in al-Maʿarrī’s poetry using Lyotard’s theory of narratives, thereby offering a postmodern reading of his work?
Using a descriptive and analytical approach, the research concludes that the most prominent grand narrative in al-Maʿarrī’s Luzūmiyyāt is tradition, under which other narratives such as history and knowledge also fall. The minor narrative he presents in opposition to these grand narratives is reason. Al-Maʿarrī also employs the element of antithesis in his language game in various forms. Regarding the language game of religion, he argues that personal interpretations and impressions of religion should not serve as a standard for societal conduct; instead, understanding religion should rely on verified sources and rationality.

This research focuses on a critical issue afflicting most political discourses, including the discourse of the Muslim Brotherhood during Mohamed Morsi’s presidency after the group seized power. Notably, there were inconsistencies in the timing and structure of the dominant discourse, particularly at the level of the head of state throughout the controversial "foundational phase." This period stirred partisan, sectarian, and ideological biases, provoking sensitivities among various segments of society, rival forces, opposition groups, and intellectuals—those who sacrificed everything, including their lives and the lives of their children, to build a free and dignified life, aspiring for policies and governance rooted in democracy unshackled by narrow religious or secular priorities.
Accordingly, the study selected Egypt—specifically the period of the Brotherhood's ascension to the presidency with their representative Mohamed Morsi after the events of 2011—for a critical analysis based on the dialectic of bias and compromise. This was done through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and the Functional Grammar Theory, which posits that individuals use grammar in a motivated manner, with the type of motivation dependent on context and personal or ideological interests.
According to this critical framework, any written or spoken text is shaped on two levels:
1. The horizontal, grammatical level – where the structure of the text and the narration of political, social, syndical, and partisan events follow argumentative strategies intended to fulfill the needs of authoritarian power.
2. The vertical, ideological level – where the writer selects ideologically and intellectually charged vocabulary.
Given the constant dialectic between reality and language, the holder of power and will manipulates thoughts and events through various rhetorical strategies in interaction with textual transcendence, political events, and practices.
The study concludes that the Muslim Brotherhood lacked objective political experience to manage the affairs of the controversial foundational phase. Their attempt to "Brotherhoodize" the constitution and state institutions increased doubts about their legitimacy regarding constitutional governance during this sensitive period. Moreover, the group failed to provide any innovative solutions to improve living and economic conditions, eliminate corruption networks, or challenge the deep state—major causes of the January Revolution. Instead, the Brotherhood sought to lay a foundation for applying their interpretation of revolutionary demands through their specific reading of political Islam, framing everything as stemming from their efforts since the 1920s. This was clearly reflected in Mohamed Morsi's rhetoric.
All these factors contributed to the failure of the democratic experiment and the collapse of efforts by all political groups in Egypt, eventually leading to the return of military rule with Abdel Fattah al-Sisi seizing power once again.

The research addresses “The Style of Metaphor in the Prayers of Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) in Al-Sahifa Al-Sadiqa.” It aims to elucidate the rhetorical aspects of metaphor as a figurative device that expresses spiritual values. The study relied on an analytical rhetorical method. It demonstrated that Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) employed implicit (concealed) metaphor more than explicit metaphor due to its deeper connotations. This helps the reader use imagination to analyze the texts and uncover the aesthetic and rhetorical imagery within them.
The study also showed that the metaphor usage by Imam Al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) is unique because he dealt with metaphor in a literal and profound manner, producing rhetorical meanings and expressions that differ from others. He demonstrated his rhetorical skill in formulating meanings and ideas through the condensation of meanings and also managed to embody and personify semantic connotations to achieve an impact on the audience. Furthermore, metaphor is one of the rhetorical techniques through which the speaker communicates with the listener.
The metaphorical use of words by the Imam (peace be upon him) in the prayers aimed to connect people with the act of supplication, to concentrate meanings in the mind by using words in new meanings not previously known, and to emphasize self-criticism as a communicative and suggestive issue to achieve desired goals, through precise imagery and beautiful expression.

The idea of this research revolves around the term “al-qalīl” (the little/few) as a quantitative judgment within the scattered grammatical evaluations found in many places throughout the rich linguistic heritage, where features of grammatical thought are manifested. The term “al-qalīl” has received considerable attention from researchers and scholars in the field of linguistic studies; it is a judgment applied to linguistic or dialectal phenomena that fall below the level of abundance or linguistic eloquence. Such phenomena may be proposed or excluded and are not used as a standard of comparison, due to their contradiction with the many attested examples heard from eloquent Bedouins, in contrast to what was frequent or common in classical Arabic.

This research aims to study the representations of passions and emotions through a semiotic approach, in order to uncover the emotional dimension in Andalusian poetry of captivity and exile. The study focuses on the themes of lament and reproach as exemplified in the works of Andalusian poets during their periods of imprisonment and banishment. These emotional expressions arise from the poet’s unstable condition and psychological fluctuations due to life’s upheavals, necessitating the presence of genuine, uncontrived emotions in this poetic genre.
The element of pain and authentic emotion is essential in such poetry and must not be overshadowed by rhetorical artifice or ulterior motives, to preserve the integrity of emotional expression. The goal is not to mirror reality in its entirety, but rather to convey an artistic truth grounded in the heart’s acceptance and emotional resonance. Any work of art that successfully touches our emotions and compels us with its truths can be deemed artistically sincere.
The researcher seeks to highlight the emotional dimensions and evaluate the authenticity with which poets portrayed their feelings, as well as to classify the identity-based aspects within their tragic experiences. The study affirms that the semiotics of passions provides an effective methodology for understanding the poetry of Andalusian captivity and exile. It contributes to revealing the deep dimensions of emotional states and their entanglement with poetic discourse, opening new horizons in literary and semiotic studies.

The novel Bahār addresses the phenomenon of violence against the Iraqi individual in the year 2014, during the period of the extremist group's control over western Iraqi territories. It presents various scenes of violence rooted in a distorted religious ideology. The central focus of this violence is takfir (excommunication), which dragged society back to a form of pre-Islamic ignorance—this time, however, veiled in the guise of religion. As a result, religion shifted from being a source of safety to a tool for instilling fear, violating sanctities, and suppressing freedoms, turning into a burden and a means of destruction.
Undeniably, the novel is both contemporary and a documented reflection of the life of the Iraqi individual. The author blends reality with literature, crafting a literary masterpiece by powerfully re-enacting events—from within the human experience to within the text itself—conveying the imposed atmosphere of aggression.

In this paper, the researcher explores the intersections of historical, social, cultural, and political discourses in the novels under study: The Forty Rules of Love by Turkish-American author Elif Shafak, The Guardian of Divine Love by Egyptian author Adham El-Aboudy, and A Small Death by Saudi author Mohammed Hasan Alwan. The study aims to reveal the intertextual patterns of the Sufi image through the concept of metatextuality, which stems from intentional deviations and the layered meanings embedded by the novelists in their narrative texts. This has led the researcher to classify these works within the framework of postmodern discourses, from which the novels draw elements of postmodern philosophy.
The analysis is grounded in post-historical narrative theory and the method of analytical intertextuality. The researcher analyzes the novels through a postmodern lens that encourages a harmonious blend of innovation and tradition, as well as past and present, by examining the dynamics of influence and the lens of intertextuality. The study investigates how the narrators integrate history into fiction, and the techniques they use to shape the metahistorical nature of the text by blending diverse texts and discourses to create a unique and multi-layered meaning within a single narrative.
This intertextual integration of historical and postmodern narrative in the novels plays a crucial role in uncovering the multiple layered meanings, beliefs, and ideologies embedded in the texts, thereby contributing to the creation of new meanings through multiplicity and the extraction of the ideological discourses that underlie the core structures of the novels.

The concept of identity is a multifaceted notion that intersects with numerous fields within the humanities-anthropology, politics, sociology, psychology and others.
This interdisciplinary nature naturally gives rise to varying definitions and interpretation, each shaped by dithering intellectual perspectives.
From this standpoint, the present study seeks to explore the notion of identity and examine its representation in the poetry of prominent Iraqi Poet, Shaker Laiby. Under the title" The Identity formation in poems of shaker Laiby" this research endeavors to approach the essence of identity as reflected in his poetics works.
This significance of this study lies in its focus on identity as manifested in the cultural output of an influential Iraqi poets and academic-one whose contributions to the realms of art and knowledge are substantial, and who belongs to the distinguished generation of 1970s poets

The research aims to study illusion (al-īhām), which is one of the important foundations underlying the structural function of the literary text. Its goal is to attempt to uncover the depths of the text and explore the hidden latent meanings within it. The illusion function is considered one of the most crucial components that play a primary role in highlighting the writer’s ability in his text and clarifying events with hidden inner potentials that are not immediately apparent to the casual reader; it requires a knowledgeable examiner who possesses the capacity to reveal what is immersed in the text and the purpose behind those events.
The writer may rely on the illusory character and multiply it to employ it in expressing his idea, making it the tool in which he empties his purposeful latent meanings in various directions—social, intellectual, psychological, and more. This will become evident through the well-known narrative plot patterns, whether comedic or the opposite tragic direction.
The study will demonstrate the illusory approach in post-2003 Iraqi novels and the different patterns it has taken. The research confirms, through the presentation of selected narrative texts as models, that illusion is an effective means upon which the novelist relies in his text. It contributes to strengthening deep structures and their interplay with the novel’s purpose, opening new horizons for various readings of the text.

This research addresses the concept of distant opinion in grammatical theory and explores the phenomena of ellipsis (omission) and estimation within the framework of grammatical criticism. The study includes several key issues, outlined as follows:
Section One: Estimating a verb in the context of exhortation (al-ighrā’).
Section Two: Estimating the preposition (fī) in positions of accusative or genitive case.
Section Three: Estimating a verb following (idh).
In the conclusion, the most significant findings of the research are presented.

The use of precise philosophical language to communicate philosophical ideas, as well as symbols to communicate philosophical ideas and examples that illustrate the ideas he aims to convey to the recipient, aims to persuade the reader through the use of linguistic argumentative terms and the clarification of complex philosophical concepts to arrive at conclusions. This demonstrates the effectiveness of argumentation in the story of Hayy ibn Yaqzan in convincing the recipient of the validity of philosophical ideas and the importance of philosophical language, which plays a significant role in communicating philosophical ideas.

This research aims to clarify the theoretical and philosophical premises in the study of place by Yassin Al-Nassir. The importance of this research lies in the fact that Yassin Al-Nassir is one of the most prominent critics who integrates philosophy and literary criticism in his works and writings. He relies on profound theoretical foundations to understand the relationship between humans and place. Through this research، we have drawn several conclusions: ontology is considered the science of existence، studying the nature of existence and its relationship to beings، making it an essential part of metaphysics. Yassin Al-Nassir links place to existence، viewing places as an extension of the existence of priests. The ontological dimension of place in Yassin Al-Nassir also reflects a profound vision of existence. In the existential dimension، Al-Nassir indicates that existence is the living، lived reality، which enables the understanding of place to transcend material description to encompass psychological and cultural dimensions. He also considers place not merely a physical space، but rather an existential entity carrying profound connotations and meanings that transcend its physical function. It is also a vital part of human existence، as it influences individual identity and experience. The subjective dimension of place is a concept that refers to the personal experiences and individual impressions people form about different places. Al-Nassir also points out that places speak and write their texts without their inhabitants composing texts about them. Rather، the inhabitants compose their own texts through the subjective text of the place.

This research examines the relation between the reading span capacity of working memory and the strategy of taking a perspective when reading a text, and then recalling its information. The study was conducted on a group of 36 native Arabic speakers, who were divided into three equal groups. Two tests were administered: Daneman and Carpenter\\'s (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980) The Reading Capacity Test, and Pichert and Anderson’s (Pichert & Anderson, 1977) The Perspective-based Reading Test, which were administered to measure the participants\\' reading span and how reading perspective triggers specific cognitive strategies that cause reading span capacity to recall text information better. The results prove that purposeful reading with particular guiding perspectives enhances participants’ working memory by directing attention to aspects more connected to the reader’s purpose, considering that reading with a repeated perspective encodes more information relevant to that assigned perspective. Also, the two tests have confirmed that cognitive capacity and strategies, such as attentional focus, schematic representations, and schema activation, can maintain and enhance working memory span and retrieval.

The novel \\"I Remember Fallujah\\" by Furat Alani is part of a fictional autobiographical approach in which the author explores the connections between memory, exile, and identity. Through a narrative that blends real facts with fictional elements, Alani questions the transmission of familial and collective memory, while depicting the tensions arising from dual cultural belonging. This study aims to analyze how autobiographical narration becomes a tool for reconstructing the past, how symbols shape the narrator’s journey of identity, and how contemporary Iraqi history influences the individual. By examining the relationship between space, memory, and identity, we seek to understand how literature can interpret the complex experience of exile.
Keywords: Autobiographical fiction – Inherited memory – Exile – Dual identity – Literary symbols.
Résumé
Le roman de Feurat Al-Ani, Je me souviens de Falloujah, s’inscrit dans une démarche autofictionnelle dans laquelle l’auteur explore les liens entre la mémoire, l’exil et l’identité. À travers un récit mêlant faits réels et éléments fictionnels, Alani aborde la question de la transmission de la mémoire familiale et collective, tout en dépeignant les tensions nées de la double appartenance culturelle. Cette étude vise à analyser comment le récit autobiographique devient un outil de reconstruction du passé, comment les symboles façonnent le parcours identitaire du narrateur et comment l\\'histoire irakienne contemporaine façonne l\\'individu. En examinant le rapport entre l’espace, la mémoire et l’identité, nous cherchons à comprendre comment la littérature peut expliquer l’expérience complexe de l’exil.

Le vingtième siècle est marqué par émergence du Surréalisme, alors des conflits littéraires, avec des conflits philosophiques de manière évidente, notamment pendant la période entre les deux guerres mondiales, qui joue un rôle majeur dans la création des révolutions intellectuelles et philosophiques fondées en France et répandues en Europe, puis dans le monde comme une traînée de poudre. L\\'auteur, Louis Aragon, aborde le concept de merveilleux dans son roman : Le Paysan de Paris selon sa philosophie et sa perspective surréaliste propre. Il est nécessaire de noter qu\\'il appartient au même mouvement surréaliste, alors il existe certaines différences dans sa définition du merveilleux. Cela crée la nécessité de mener une étude analytique pour montrer les différences entre le concept de merveilleux chez les surréalistes et le concept du merveilleux chez Aragon, malgré son appartenance au même mouvement surréaliste.
L\\'auteur a donc concentré dans son roman Le Paysan de Paris les contradictions de la réalité, en essayant de souligner la beauté de la vie quotidienne à Paris et de nous inviter à en profiter, car elle est éphémère. Il tente également de dépeindre la réalité avec des détails précis et parfois de manière satirique afin de critiquer les conditions politiques, économiques, plus sociales que la France a traversées à cette époque, le tout dans un contexte purement surréaliste. De plus, l\\'amour et les femmes jouent un rôle central dans la création de merveilleux chez l\\'auteur, qui déambule dans un espace réaliste, alors se rencontre à un point où rêve et la réalité se confondent.
Mots clés : merveilleux, fantastique, surréalisme, quotidien, flânerie.
Abstract
The twentieth century is marked by the emergence of surrealism and prominent literary and philosophical conflicts, particularly during the interwar period, which played a key role in sparking intellectual and philosophical revolutions that originated in France and spread across Europe and the world like wildfire. The author, Louis Aragon, explores the concept of the marvelous in his novel according to his unique surrealist philosophy and perspective. Although he belongs to the same surrealist movement, there are some differences in how he defines the marvelous, which calls for an analytical study to highlight the distinctions between the surrealists’ general concept of the marvelous and Aragon’s individual interpretation, despite their shared affiliation.
In his novel Paris Peasant, Aragon focuses on the contradictions of reality, attempting to highlight the beauty of daily life in Paris and inviting readers to enjoy it because of its fleeting nature. He also seeks to portray reality in fine detail and at times with irony, in order to criticize the political, economic, and social conditions France experienced during that period—all within a purely surrealist context. Moreover, love and women play a central role in shaping the marvelous for the author, who wanders through a realistic space that meets at a point where dream and reality merge.

Negotiation is more than a transactional process—it is a complex communicative practice influenced by cultural norms, psychological factors, and social dynamics. This paper explores how language is strategically used as a tool of influence in negotiation settings. Through the analysis of real-life negotiation transcripts, the study examines how specific linguistic features such as word choice, rhetorical structure, politeness strategies, and various speech acts contribute to the success or failure of negotiation outcomes. The findings suggest that negotiators who skillfully utilize indirect communication, figurative language, and culturally appropriate expressions tend to achieve more favorable and cooperative results. Ultimately, this research highlights the critical role of language in negotiation, positioning communication not merely as a medium, but as a central mechanism in shaping agreements and resolving conflicts.

This paper examines some syntactic features of English legal texts, and the changes that may be reflected on these features when they are translated into Arabic. For example, passivization, nominalization, complex sentences and modality. The researcher tries to demonstrate why it is difficult to suggest a specific translation of each syntactic feature, especially the modal verbs. The researcher also attempts to provide translations for some legal sentences written in some charters and international organizations. The descriptive methodology is used to identify the characteristics of these syntactic features in order to provide a proper translation of each legal sentence. It has been concluded that the translator has to be aware of the precise meaning of the legislator before deciding the translation, and that the meaning of any specific modal verb is translated differently from English into Arabic according to the linguistic system and organizations in which it is used.

Demonstration is a style of briefness used to refer to somebody or something through specific nouns in Arabic (SL) or pronouns in English (TL). ‘Thalik’ and its forms (with suffixes) are demonstrative nouns that occur more than 300 times in the Glorious Quran, so studying their translation is required among the studies of Quranic rendition. A.Y. Ali and T. B. Irving’s translations of the Glorious Quran are chosen to be studied concerning ‘thalik’.
The study is a descriptive quantitative one concerning ‘thalik’ and its morphological forms, ‘thalikum’,‘thalikun’,‘kathalik’, ‘kathaliki’, & ‘kathalikum’. It presents demonstrative nouns/pronouns in Arabic & English, investigates ‘thalik’ & its forms’ translations, and explains Catford’s Shift Theory of translation. Then, Shift Theory is applied on ‘thalik’& its forms’ renderings with discussion. Eight aayas (verses) are chosen to evaluate semantically ‘thalik’s rendering since Catford’s theory doesn’t have any evaluation to translation.
It is concluded that ‘thalik’ and its forms express much more meanings in Arabic than their limited equivalents in English. Depending on the sign of no-shift, it is drawn out that Irving’s translating of ‘thalik’& its forms are more acceptable than Ali’s, and the same is true in translating them semantically.

This study has conducted to investigate pro-environmental behavior and the theory\'s relevance to social contexts from the standpoint of social cognition theory. Social cognitive theory holds that a person\'s behavior, environment, and thinking all play equal roles in shaping their development. The problem is that social cognitive theory holds that a person\'s behavior, environment, and thinking all play equal roles in shaping their development but social context lacked developing person’s behavior.The findings showed that the perspective of social-cognitive theory, ecologically conscious behavior. The triadic reciprocity model is used by social cognitive theory to explain human behavior. A two-way relationship exists between the three components of this triadic model of causation: overt action, external environmental consequences, and cognitive and other personal characteristics like emotional moods and physical qualities.

This study explores the pressing issues of climate change, environmental degradation, and the search for sustainable futures through the lens of Valeria Luiselli\'s novel Lost Children Archive. Luiselli\'s work blends fiction and nonfiction to raise awareness about the environmental crisis, examine the human impact on the planet, and envision potential pathways towards a more sustainable future. The novel\'s vivid depictions of landscapes altered by climate change, its nuanced portrayal of the psychological and emotional dimensions of ecological anxiety, and its incisive critique of the systemic forces that perpetuate environmental destruction all illuminate the scale and complexity of the crisis we face. Simultaneously, the novel\'s fragmentary structure, incorporation of multiple voices and perspectives, and moments of lyrical beauty and resilience suggest alternative ways of relating to the world around us. Lost Children Archive\'s formal and aesthetic innovations, including its blurring of boundaries between fiction and nonfiction and its self-reflexive exploration of storytelling, reflect the emergence of new modes of cultural production in the Anthropocene. This study argues that Luiselli\'s novel makes a significant contribution to an emerging body of literature that bears witness to the realities of the Anthropocene while imagining alternative futures and forms of collective action. Ultimately, Lost Children Archive demonstrates the vital role of literature in confronting environmental challenges, offering a powerful model for how storytelling can help navigate the complex terrain of the ecological crisis and inspire a more just and sustainable future.

Cette étude met en lumière la représentation de la femme dans le mouvement surréaliste. Elle apparaît souvent comme une muse idéale incarnant la beauté et le désir, tout en étant en même temps enfermée dans une image stéréotypée, davantage liée au corps et au mythe qu’à la pensée et à l’esprit. Les œuvres surréalistes présentent parfois la femme comme un être soumis aux regards masculins, ce qui fait d’elle un objet plutôt qu’un sujet. Elle est représentée selon l’imagination des artistes.
Bien que les surréalistes tentent de donner à la femme une nouvelle place en redéfinissant son identité en réalité, sa représentation surréaliste oscille entre inspiration, soumission et tentatives d’émancipation; cela nous reflète la pensée surréaliste contradictoire sur la femme.