Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts

The current study aims to explore fear of negative social evaluation, willpower capacity, and the statistical significance of the correlation between these two variables among university students. The study adopted a descriptive correlational methodology, and to achieve its objectives, the researchers selected a sample of 600 students (male and female) from Mustansiriya University for the academic year 2023/2024, using stratified random sampling. A sub-sample of 400 students was used for statistical analysis, selected in the same manner.
The researchers adopted Leary’s (1983) scale for measuring fear of negative social evaluation, and Bandura et al.’s (1996) scale for measuring willpower capacity. After verifying the psychometric properties of the instruments and using appropriate statistical techniques.
The researchers concluded that university students exhibit a level of fear of negative social evaluation that is lower than the hypothetical average, while the study sample demonstrated a level of willpower capacity above the hypothetical average. Additionally, the findings revealed a negative (inverse) correlation between fear of negative social evaluation and willpower capacity.
In light of these results, the researchers offered a number of recommendations and proposed several suggestions for future research.

Among the darkness of major transformations penetrating the societies, popular religiosity is viewed as a mirror reflecting the fluctuations of identity and the repercussions of politics. This religiosity, deeply rooted in the heart of popular tensions, carries with it features of simplicity connected to daily life, despite being an open arena for conflicts and struggles. Between elites striving to shape religiosity within the frameworks of modernity and Westernization and a deeply entrenched populism clinging to its religious heritage, the identity struggle emerges as one of the most critical challenges. This struggle is not merely intellectual or cultural but rather a battleground exploited by politicians to steer allegiances, using religious affiliations as tools in the game of influence. Amid this sharp contradiction, the common individual finds themselves torn, perceiving faith as a pure essence maintaining its core amidst ideologies those infiltrate it to exploit its sanctity. Here, shrines and religious occasions, once symbols of spirituality, transform into platforms and markers of popular religiosity. A complex struggle unfolds, where elite religiosity seeks dominance by portraying itself as a more refined and rational version, while popular religiosity is accused of being mere superstition. Yet, elitism and populism, spirituality attempts to free itself from the constraints of political oppression and elite religiosity. Discussing popular religiosity is not merely a discourse on the past; rather, it serves as a window into understanding the future of religious identity, shaped by the very factors that have led to its emergence as a defining characteristic of Islamic societies.

The current study aims to criticize Western philosophy in general, and Western modernity in particular, and tries to establish an Islamic modernity that is not subordinate to anyone (which mean not subordinate to any Western modernity) and his clearest criticism of Western modernity is evident in his two books (The Spirit of Modernity, and The Question of Ethics), as well as he attempts to depart from the Western tradition of material modernity and replace it with an Islamic modernity spiritual, and there is no doubt that his criticism of the Western family system is based in particular on the criticism of Western modernity and its family system based on it, as Taha Abdel Rahman believes that Western modernity has moved away from ethics and religion, and thus the Western family has moved away from religion and consequently from ethics, whose basic reference is religion.

The importance of studying the issue of Japanese Historians and National Legends: The Problematic Aspects of the Age of the Gods and the Emperor 1868-1945 According to historian Tsuda Sokichi, it comes from the importance of that period to the Japanese historians when writing about the roots of the Japanese imperial family, which rules Japan, and its sanctity. The Japanese historians had to resort to the interpretations and historical facts written in their oldest two historical registers, which are the Kojiki, written in 712 ADE, and the Nihon Shoki, written in 720 ADE, about the origin of the imperial family and their lineage and legitimacy. The tales and stories written in those two registers were considered as granted and sacred, which cannot be doubted, as that would be adversative to the orientation of the consecutive governments in Japan.The problematic aspect, which we shall try to clarify in this paper, is the equilibrium that the scholars must maintain in the stipulations of conditioning with the governments and, at the same time, their duties towards society. Why did Meiji’s leaders, and Tokugawa’s leaders before them, choose the principle of reviving the empire? And why was their strategy successful? The hypothesis that we will discuss in this paper is whether Tsuda Sokichi relented and considered what came in are Kojiki and Nihon Shoki as granted and historical facts. Was he convinced by what the Japanese historians wrote in the Tokugawa period about the Age of Gods and the imperial lineage? What was he affected by? And why did Tsuda distance himself from the old formal Japanese historical facts?

The present paper explores the stages of Russian expansion into Central Asia. Political, economic, and military factors converged in Russia's favor to implement its plan. In contrast, the Central Asian khanates suffered from a fragmented social and political structure. Russia's main problem in Central Asia was border defense, which was incomplete. The issue of bridging the gap between the borders and establishing a single line had been raised since 1853, but Russia's circumstances did not allow for this due to its preoccupation with the Crimean War. In 1861, Russia undertook a change in military leadership, paving the way for Russia's resumption of its advance into Central Asia. After Russia succeeded in unifying its borders with Central Asia, it began implementing its colonial plans by expanding towards Kokand, Tashkent, and Bukhara. Russia launched a military attack on Bukhara on May 7, 1866, resulting in the defeat of the Bukhara army in the confrontation with Ardagar. This attack had a significant impact on Muzaffar ad-Din, the emir of Bukhara, who began to make concessions to Russia. Muzaffar al-Din did not lose hope in resisting the Russians. He imposed heavy taxes on merchants to raise the expenses of the war he was planning against Russia. The clergy took the same position. Muzaffar al-Din responded to the request of the clergy and merchants in early 1868 to declare war against Russia. A battle took place between the two sides, and the Bukhari army was defeated on May 1, 1868. As a result, Russia was able to subjugate Bukhari to its authority.

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The concept of ideology represents one of the ambiguous concepts, and despite philosophy’s claims to exclude illusion and the importance of remaining an open question to various possibilities for an answer, its reality indicates that it constantly falls into the trap of dogmatic judgments, and the various sects and followers of philosophers remain undeniable evidence. There is no ambiguity regarding the presence of ideology and its significant impact in shaping the form of philosophy in the end.
These papers discuss two of the most prominent concepts that undermined traditional perceptions, whether about reading the history of science, in the case of Thomas Kuhn, or about the structure of scientific revolutions. The concept of epistemology, according to Michel Foucault, occupies a problematic position that has essentially invaded philosophical studies. To spread in all types of knowledge and studies, whether scientific, linguistic, religious, or political, the concept was developed and invented by Michel Foucault until it became a milestone in contemporary studies in the field of human sciences and pure sciences in the case of Thomas Kuhn.

The issue of divinity and existence is one of the issues that has taken up a large space of interest among theologians and philosophers. We find great interest in this topic, and perhaps this is what prompted us to discuss this idea and review the opinions that Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd presented in this context. This study is based on three sections. In the first section, the researcher discusses the concept of God and existence according to Ibn Sina and the issue of the multiplicity of attributes that Ibn Sina spoke about. In the third section, the researcher addresses the concept of God and the issue of existence according to Ibn Rushd and the most important evidence that Ibn Rushd presented in proving the existence of God. As for the third section, it is based on comparing the points of agreement and difference between the philosophy of Ibn Sina and the philosophy of Ibn Rushd, and preferring one of the two philosophies over the other, in addition to the introduction and conclusion that include the most important results that the researcher reached, and a list of sources and references.

The current study aims to measure the level of possession of knowledge economy skills by graduate students at the College of Arts at the University of Basra, which includes critical thinking, innovation, digital skills, and knowledge management. The descriptive survey method and a research tool consisting of 60 paragraphs were used, distributed over eight main axes of knowledge economy skills. The tool was applied to a sample of graduate students, numbering 162, male and female master's and doctoral students. After analyzing the sample members' responses, the study concluded that it is necessary to update graduate studies curricula to enhance knowledge economy skills, intensify training on modern technologies, and adopt interactive teaching methods. It also recommended the establishment of business incubators to support innovation, periodically evaluate skills, and hold seminars to enhance awareness of the role of the knowledge economy in sustainable development.

The research aims to measure the effect of employing infographics in teaching e-management on academic achievement among students of the Information Department at Mustansiriyah University. The research adopted the experimental approach, and the total sample of the research was 42 male and female students. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: Through the post-achievement test for second-stage students, the effect of teaching using infographics and its role in improving the level of students and their academic achievement became clear. In addition, visual information contributed to simplifying concepts by relying on infographics, and visual information has a fundamental role in the ease of memorization, understanding, and comprehension among the students of the research sample. As for the most important proposals, they are directing the attention of those in charge of the educational process to invest in infographic applications, which play a role in simplifying scientific information. The necessity of urging and developing the skills of faculty members by holding workshops in the field of designing educational infographics of all kinds.

This model aims to collect the various traits within basic categories, where the categories remain whether new traits are added to them or deleted from them, which makes them essential factors that cannot be dispensed with in describing the human personality (meaning that this model seeks to find an organized scientific classification of personality traits). The current research aimed to identify the five major factors of personality among university students and to identify the differences in the five major factors of personality according to gender (males/females) and scientific specialization (humanities). - In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher adopted the Costa and McCrae scale, which consists of 60 items distributed over five areas: neuroticism, extroversion/openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Each sub-factor includes 12 statements, each of which has an answer scale and consists of five alternatives: I strongly agree.I agree, neutral, I disagree, and I strongly disagree. After extracting the psychometric characteristics, the reliability coefficient reached the Big Five personality traits; the reliability coefficients using the test-retest method were as follows. neuroticism (0.75), extraversion (0.73), openness to experience (0.71), agreeableness (0.72), and conscientiousness (0.78). The reliability coefficients calculated using Cronbach's alpha were as follows: neuroticism (0.77), extraversion (0.75), and openness to experience (0.73). agreeableness (0.74) and andonscientiousness (0.79).The researcher applied the scales in their final form to a number of university students. The sample was selected using a stratified random sampling method to ensure representation from a number of university students. The sample was selected using a stratified random sampling method to ensure representation from all colleges included in the study. The application was conducted on (400) students from the University of Baghdad, selected from four colleges: College of Education Ibn Rushd from Humanities, College of Languages, College of Engineering, and College of Science. The data were then Statistically analyzed using the SPSS software, the study came up with the following results:All four traits (extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) are found in the students. As for the first factor, neuroticism, it is not significant, indicating that it exists among the students but to a moderate degree. Female university students show signs of neuroticism. More than males, there is no statistically significant difference in neuroticism based on specialization, nor is there a statistically significant interaction between gender and specialization in neuroticism. As for extaversion, Males have More than females; as for specialization in extraversion, it is statistically significant in favor of the humanities. Compared to the sciences, however, there is no statistically significant interaction between gender and specialization in extraversion. Regarding openness to experience, there are no statistically significant differences based on gender (female/male), nor are there statistically significant differences between specializations (scientific, humanities). Additionally, there are no statistically significant differences based on gender (female). Similarly, there are no statistically significant differences between specializations (scientific, humanities), nor are there statistically significant interactions between gender and specialization in agreeableness. Regarding conscientiousness, there are no statistically significant differences based on gender (male, female). Likewise, there are no statistically significant differences between specializations (scientific, humanities), nor are there statistically significant interactions between gender and specialization in conscientiousness. In light of these results, the researcher reached a number of recommendations and proposals.

likuli mujtamae min almujtamaeat fih alsalbiaat walalafi, wataeish watakhtafi hasab \\'ahwal eamat walwade alsiyasiu wamadaa quat alqanun wahadha yaetamid ealaa quat aldawla earif almujtamae alandilsiu eadat wataqalid minha ma hu mawruth bima fi dhalik ma hu mustahdath wadakhil ealaa almujtamaei, min waqie alhayaat aljadidat walmutaghayirat alhadithat almubtakarat alnaashiat ean aindimaj alaindlus mae almaghrib fi zili hukm muluk altawaayif wa\\'akhiran almurabitin wabaed dhalik najahat dawlat almurabitin min qadayahum ealaa hukaam duaylat altawayif fi alandlus mimaa hayaa jawana min alainfitah ealayna bitaqalidiha waearafiha watabieat mujtamaeiha, wabaed hadha alaikhtirae wujidat fi almujtamae alkathir min alaimirad alaijtimaeiat lasiama eindama shae khalq walaydu kathiran ean waqt tawil mean wawujud altamayuz ashbu bayn alafrad hayaa aikhturieuu fi almahzur mimaa khalaq afat mujtamaeiat sayiyat taghat ealaa alsaaha .

Children's journalism is a type of journalism aimed at children and written by adults. It seeks to guide, instruct, educate, and entertain children, relying primarily on short stories drawn in cartoons. It uses bright colors to attract children's attention and offers those puzzles, quizzes, jokes, and games, both written and illustrated. Children's journalism differs from school journalism, which is published by schools and focuses specifically on school life. It usually adheres to specific journalistic content aimed at enriching school life, guiding, educating, and entertaining students. Teachers and students are generally involved in editing. There are also school newspapers published by educational institutions or teachers and distributed to students. School newspapers, or wall magazines, include news, cartoons, and scientific information for students, in addition to some drawings created by students under the supervision of activity teachers. Pictures can serve as a news feature, adding liveliness and movement to newspaper coverage of events. Images also help develop reading skills through careful observation, as readers seek to discover some aspects of the published images.

The suppressed individuals constantly experience anxiety about their life and future in an environment dominated by violence that is imposed upon them. Suppression and tyranny arise from nature with its disasters, plagues, and diseases, as well as from the human social environment that was shaped by the values, norms, and traditions that dictate the paths of individuals and societies and control their fate. The toughest forms of oppression, repression, and pressure on the individuals often emerge from the social aspect of the environment, which is represented by religion and its values, political authority, and the corrupt political situation in addition to the situation represented by poverty. Any infringement in the behavior made by the individual as he attempts to break the chains of these pressures seeking liberation—even through simple protest or opposition—can expose this individual to serious dangers that threaten his safety and the security of his family and perhaps lead to eliminating him physically. Historical revolutionary events show that injustice, suppression, despotism, and authoritarian tendencies are the main causes and motifs for the outbreak of revolutions. The uprising of the suppressed and aggrieved people requires nothing but a spark or a leader who can utilize the grievances of these enslaved individuals. Thus, this research selected three revolutions from human history that were led by starving and suppressed individuals, namely, the Slaves' Revolt in Rome (73–71 BC), the Zenj Rebellion in Basra (255-270 AH / 869-883 AD) and the Arab Spring revolution (2010-2015), and this was investigated to illustrate the effect of social suppression and injustice on pushing the individuals to revolt and motivating them to sacrifice their lives for the purpose of salvation and change. These individuals find themselves with no options left and with nothing to lose.

yuead alfaqih alsuwfiu 'abu hafs eumar bin muhamad alsahrurdii (t 632hi/1234ma) min alshakhsiaat albarizat fi altaarikh alfikrii walruwhii al'iislamii khilal alqarn alsaabie alhijrii. faqad ajtamae fi shakhsiatih alealm alshareia waliatijah alsuwfiu, fakan min aleulama' aladhin jamaeuu bayn alfiqh waltasawufu, mae hrs ealaa altawfiq bayn alsharieat walhaqiqati. waqad 'asham fi tarsikh maealim altariqat alsahrurdiat alati 'asbahat 'iihdaa 'abraz alturuq alsuwfiat fi almashriq al'iislami, hayth aietamadat manhaj alaietidal walailtizam bial'usul alshareiat beydan ean al'iifrat 'aw altafriti. kama tarak atharan fikriatan waruhiatan khalidatan, yati fi muqadimatiha kitabuh alshahir eawarif almaearifi, aladhi ghadan min 'ahami almasadir fi dirasat alfikr alsuwfii al'iislamii, wa'athar fi al'ajyal allaahiqat min aleulama' walmutasawifati.

The hypothesis is considered an important foundation in quantitative social studies because it is one of the applied foundations that the researcher relies on in his study. Therefore, this study sought to provide a typical methodological vision for formulating and using hypotheses in theses and dissertations in sociology and was able to build a scale that includes these criteria for formulating the hypothesis and verifying it. It was used to analyze a sample of theses and dissertations from the Department of Sociology at the College of Arts at the University of Baghdad. The study found that there were many problems in applying the correct methodology in formulating and using the hypothesis in the department's theses and dissertations and came up with recommendations to address these methodological problems.

This study aims to analyze the developmental role of continuing education in enhancing knowledge management applications within Arab university libraries through a comparative analytical study of Iraqi and Egyptian universities, specifically the universities of Baghdad, Mustansiriyah, Alexandria, and Mansoura. The research seeks to improve knowledge management mechanisms by enhancing the skills, expertise, and capabilities of library personnel through active participation in training courses, workshops, lectures, and specialized seminars. The study adopted the analytical survey method, as it was deemed the most suitable approach to achieve its objectives, while purposive sampling was selected due to its relevance to the nature of the study. The findings revealed a strong correlation between knowledge management applications and continuing education in the examined university libraries, with a correlation coefficient of 0.756, indicating a significant positive relationship between these two variables. Additionally, the study found a notable impact of continuing education on knowledge management applications, with an effect percentage of 57.1%, reflecting the crucial role that training and professional development play in improving knowledge management in university libraries. Based on these findings, the study recommends intensifying training activities and specialized seminars in the field of library and information sciences, ensuring the availability of qualified human resources to enhance the quality of services provided to beneficiaries, and allocating appropriate budgets to meet university library needs, whether in updating resources or offering training opportunities locally and internationally, thus facilitating the acquisition of expertise that aligns with global standards in library services.

Coexistence is a goal sought by diverse societies and those suffering from conflict, aiming for a society capable of engaging in daily life activities without exposure to danger. This study addresses peaceful coexistence and its impact on building a citizenship-based society that relies on commonalities with others, dialogue, tolerance, and shared interests. These elements enable society to drive progress, development, and cohesion despite differences by focusing all efforts on paving the way for a national identity supported by a strong sense of belonging and citizenship. This allows a society diverse in race, religion, or sect to share a common belonging to one nation and a national identity linked by a sense of citizenship. The study aimed to reveal the reality of peaceful coexistence in Iraq and the repercussions of the American occupation, the fall of the regime, and the impact of security chaos and political instability, which negatively affected coexistence in Iraq, shifting it from positive to negative coexistence.

The information revolution in the means of communication made a qualitative leap by moving from its narrow traditional aspect to the new and expanded aspect, and this in turn was reflected in the limits of the influence of these means on many areas, some of which had a very profound impact compared to the traditional means of communication. The most prominent example was the political field. The new means of communication, represented by the Internet, have influenced the world from the limited and controlled to the unlimited, especially in light of the invasion of countries, societies, and individuals by the various means of social communication, so that the new means of communication have contributed to enhancing the levels of culture of all kinds, especially the political culture, as society is more open and willing to accept new cultures into society, which have been strengthened by the new means of communication, such as the culture of participation. Such as the culture of political participation, the culture of democracy, respect for human rights, and others.
At the same level, political development is an integrated process within the comprehensive development process, and one of its important aspects is political education, or what is known as political education, which is performed by well-known education institutions, and the media is considered one of the most important institutions of political education, given the role it plays in shaping and standardizing the political culture of individuals. Its intervention in the development process lies in spreading the appropriate type of political culture that is compatible with the general development orientation at several cognitive, psychological, and behavioral levels. Although development is based on public participation, the greatest contribution of the media lies in activating political participation and playing the role of political cultural reinforcement, especially for media professionals, who are the face of this culture and its basic pillar of society.
Hence, this research comes to identify the role of the media in promoting and developing the political culture of Iraqi media professionals and its reflection on their media performance by identifying their opinions on this matter and knowing the most important sites that play this role and contribute effectively to influencing the strengthening of their culture and political knowledge.

The current research aims at identifying the administrative planning at the National Information Center, as well as highlighting the role and performance of the center's staff through identifying the main tasks and the relationship of planning to modern information technologies. The research has adopted a questionnaire and interview to explore the reality and importance of administrative planning, as well as to collect data and distribute it on the research community, which consists of (70) staff members.
The results of the study show that:
1. The role of the planning process at the center has attained its goals by developing appropriate policies and plans to deal with unexpected expectations, at a percentage of (5.7) to (5.6%) as well as the role of planning in accomplishing other administrative functions, as they complement the administrative process, also has come at a percentage of (4.14%)
2. The item that deals with the existing staff contributing to administrative processes from those who have experience and competence in achieving the center's goals in percentage of 2.7% and also the clarity of various plans for employees, particularly operational, developmental, and training plans in percentage 2%.
3. The majority of the staff has stated the need for intensive training to improve performance through holding workshops, seminars, and courses in cooperation with the center's counterpart institutions in the country's governorates in percentage of 1.7%.
4. Relying on the performance standards to measure employee performance based on their activities, achievements, and their methods in achieving the center's goals comes in a percentage of 1.48% through self-assessment of the employee, measuring the achievement of the set goals, and the rate and time taken to implement plans. In addition to conduct field surveys to measure the rate of satisfaction of the beneficiaries of the planning process this comes in percentage of 1.34%.
The research paper recommends the following point:
1. Work on conducting intensive training courses and continuous training for the center's staff to raise the capabilities and performance of employees in more influential and effective way.
2. Providing material and moral support to all staff by making optimal use of existing capabilities, encouraging them to perform their work, and providing the means to achieve the set goals.
3. Make the workers participate and inform them about the latest and most important and available applications in the fields of administrative planning

Essentially Spinoza’s critical project was not directed against religion as such, but rather against theological interpretations that curtailed the freedom of reason and turned sacred texts into instruments of political and social domination. He maintained the primacy of reason as the sole means of attaining truth, while assigning to revelation a merely moral function addressed to the general populace. In this respect, Spinoza can be seen as contributing to the formation of a new conception of religion within philosophical modernity—one in which religion functions as a medium for the emancipation of reason rather than its constraint, and as a domain for the cultivation of human values rather than the exacerbation of conflict.

The current study aims to identify the most important pillars and basic components that contribute to activating and revitalizing public libraries in Iraq and their impact on providing library services to beneficiaries in light of technological developments and changes. The study community consisted of workers in public libraries in Baghdad Governorate, and their total number was 125, distributed into two categories: The first category was represented by librarians, and their number was (20) librarians, and the questionnaire was answered by (18) of them. The second category was (105) workers in various specializations, and the questionnaire were answered by only (45) out of the total number. The intentional sample was used in distributing the questionnaire, as the researcher aimed to select workers who have a sixth preparatory certificate or above. The research aimed to achieve a set of objectives, the most important of which was to determine the need for public libraries and the roles they rely on to achieve their goals and mission in light of the digital environment, in addition to employing information technology in a manner consistent with the developments and changes brought about by the digital age. The study used the descriptive analytical approach in the axes to measure the role of human, material, financial, and technological resources and the challenges and problems facing public libraries in Iraq. The study came out with a set of results, the most important of which is that there is a deficiency in the budget allocated to public libraries, which is insufficient in light of the digital and information transformation in Iraq, as its arithmetic mean was (1.40) and its standard deviation was equal to (0.70). The study also concluded that there is weak employment and use of digital information technology represented by social networking sites on the Internet in public libraries, which requires paying more attention to this aspect and making it an effective means of reviving public libraries in Baghdad with an arithmetic mean of (1.13) and a standard deviation of (0.46). The researcher proposed a set of recommendations that would contribute to identifying the weaknesses facing libraries and developing precise solutions for them.