Journal of Almaarif University College

We pass through our Arab literature paradoxes that need pauses and deductions when we find that the
Arab poet has given them special attention, so we realize the great literary value of them, and one of the
most important poetic paradoxes is the symbolism of fire in it، or need, and so on, in addition to its
important employment without its names, but in our research we adopted its explicit name for
clarification and constancy, By examining this idea among the Abbasids, we learned that they were not
an innovation of poets, but rather they were an extension of an ancient generation of poetry and its
improvisation. Ideas became more clear, developed, and expanded, thus occupying more space for the
growth of cultures, the multiplication of religions, and the birth of various forms of sects and bees. The
symbolism of fire expressed the culture of every sect, and therefore it is a need. It is an inherent value
for people of different walks, so we defined it and employed it, then explained its symbolism in a second
axis and concluded by defining the most prominent results of the study, and all of this is a favor from my
Lord, and He is a good helper

Practical behavior and international practice have led to the emergence of “new approaches to the use of
force within the scope of international relations,” citing various arguments, despite the serious
international attempts made to limit “the phenomenon of the use of force in the field of international
relations,” which the League of Nations began. After World War I, the United Nations ended in the wake
of World War II by trying to create a legal system that the United Nations was keen to implement by
resorting to the use of force in accordance with the provisions of “Chapter Seven of the Charter” in order
to achieve international peace and security. With the establishment of the International Committee on
Intervention and State Sovereignty, which works to find some kind of consensus between the duties of
the international community to intervene in the face of widespread violations of international
humanitarian rules, and the necessity of respecting the principle of state sovereignty, and in December
2001 the committee concluded by making a report whose main topic was the endorsement of the principle
of the responsibility to protect internationally, which was a new concept and advanced idea for the
principle of international humanitarian intervention.

It goes without saying that the crime of drugs use has many and varied causes that differ from one
country to another according to the nature and circumstances of society. These reasons are nothing
more than psychological, economic, institutional, technological, or other reasons. Consequently, the
crime of drug abuse has become apparent recently, with its dangerous catastrophic effects that threaten
countries of the entire world, threaten society and individuals, undermine its security and stability, and
threaten state sovereignty in an indescribable manner. Therefore, it was necessary for us to address the
causes of this crime on the one hand, and shed light on the mechanisms to reduce it on the other hand.
Whether they are private mechanisms in accordance with what was stipulated in the effective Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law No. (50) of 2017 AD, or general mechanisms that emerged
from Arab and foreign studies, research, and articles, in order to find effective solutions to protect
humanity and societies from their effects, disasters, and dangers, and provide the greatest possible
degrees of The protection that should be provided for by the legislation in force, including deterrent,
preventive and remedial measures for this abhorrent phenomenon

The development of countries is measured by the amount of investments made on their land, and actual
productive investment is only achieved through a safe and productive environment. This safe
environment does not only include security, tranquility and the absence of physical attacks on the
investor, but also includes the extent of his confidence in the national judiciary and its procedures.
However, investors often resort to arbitration away from the judiciary of the invested country due to their
lack of confidence in it or the lack of objectivity of the judiciary towards the investor and its bias towards
his home country. The foreign investor may be exposed to unilateral procedures carried out by the host
country for investment based on its sovereignty, and these procedures cause serious harm to the investor,
which requires searching for mechanisms to protect the investor in the rules of international law. There
is objective protection represented by bilateral and collective agreements, and there is procedural
protection represented by diplomatic protection and arbitration. From this standpoint, countries have
developed several means through which the foreign investor can be protected, and all countries must
enact a law that suits these means and works to implement them properly

The aim of the research is to: Identify the level of knowledge of middle school students about the
principles of green chemistry and the nature of their attitudes towards it. Identify the correlation between
middle school students' knowledge of the principles of green chemistry and their attitudes towards the
principles. The descriptive research method was followed and a questionnaire was prepared with two
areas, the first related to the principles of green chemistry consisting of 20 paragraphs and the second
about the attitude towards the principles of green chemistry consisting of 20 paragraphs. They were valid
and reliable, and were applied to a sample of (362) male and female students, (219) male and (143)
female students. The results of the research showed that the level of knowledge of middle school students
about the principles of green chemistry was average. The degree of attitude of middle school students
towards the principles of green chemistry was high.

The Kummel valley basin is characterized by a river drainage network that distinguishes it from other
neighboring water basins in northern Iraq. It is geographically located between Dohuk Governorate and
Nineveh Governorate, and astronomically between two latitudes (37º0'0 - 36º30'0) north, and two
longitudes (43º35'0 - 43º5'0) East. The digital elevation model (DEM) was adopted in order to extract
the morphometric characteristics of the valley basin, and to use morphometric analysis, which is one of
the most important scientific methods used in geomorphological and hydrological studies at the present
time. This method gives a clear vision of the research topic through quantitative measurements and
reliable results in order to determine its natural characteristics, and understand the conditions affecting
the shape of the basin, its geomorphological characteristics and their relationship to other variables. The
river basin will be studied using traditional and modern methods using geographic information systems
software and Then a comparison was made between the two methods. The research showed that there
were differences in the morphometric characteristics taken by measurements and derived from the water
basin and the river level.

The objective of this study is to investigate the discursive strategies employed in Kamila Shamsie’s Home
Fire that explores how marginalized female voices are represented. To explore the discursive strategies
used to either amplify or silence these voices within the novel's discourse, Critical Discourse Analysis is
employed. The current study utilized Van Dijk's model of Critical Discourse Analysis and Manipulation
(2006) due to its relevance as it deals with the ways in which discourse can manipulate public perception
and reinforce social inequalities. Ten extracts are collected purposively using a documentation instrument
from Kamila Shamsie's Home Fire following exploratory qualitative approach. Content analysis is
utilized to perform the analysis of the representation of Muslim women due to concerning the text of the
novel. The findings show how Shamsie employs certain narrative techniques to reinforce Muslim female
voices. It also shows how the societal and political contexts within the novel reflect the real-world issues
of manipulation and marginalization of Muslim women. The present study implies that understanding
these discursive strategies can shed light on the broader societal mechanisms that silence or empower
marginalized groups. It can contribute to the discourse on Muslim women's representation in literature,
offering a nuanced view of their struggles and agency

The study examines the learning strategies used by the Iraqi EFL university students needed to learn
English language for the study in English Language Department of University of Anbar (UOA), Ramadi,
Iraq. The aim of the study is to fill the gap in knowledge on how various EFL students manage to deal
with the challenges that face them as they learn English in a foreign context for academic purposes. Only
52 students from the sample size were selected through a random sampling technique and will be used
throughout the study. The data was collected using the Oxford (1990) Strategy Inventory of Language
Learning (SILL). From experience and research, the study outlines the challenges faced by learners in an
attempt to learn English in a non-native environment, and the way forward towards successful acquisition
of English as a foreign language. The study's results showed that, for the most part, the students employed
all six of Oxford's (1990) categories of language learning strategies. Memorization, cognitive,
compensatory, metacognitive, affective, and social strategies are among them. These strategies appear to
be directly related to the study participants' developments in English proficiency. Most importantly, the
study suggests that for Iraqi EFL students to learn English and participate within society in academic
contexts, they must acquire academic language skills in reading English texts.

In the context of meaningful contact, adjacency pairs are spoken or written statements that are clearly
and tightly tied to the intended meaning and intention of the interlocutors. It is impossible to fully
comprehend each pair's unique intended meaning, purpose, and function without considering the
interview's background and the actors' intentions at the time the adjacency pairs arise. It seems
challenging to pinpoint the communicative functions which are found in the interviews of scoops because
it is expected that such forms of interactions don’t follow the expected norms of adjacency pairs usage.
The present study tries to fill the gap in the knowledge of researching adjacency patterns of interviewing
Hollywood actors in scoops and finding how they are different from other regular interviews. The present
study aims at examining the Adjacency pairs included in the exchanges between the TV interviewers as
well as the actors, and finding out the maxims violated as well as the communicative functions behind
the Adjacency pairs usage that the interlocutors wish to convey when being interviewed. The model
adapted is an eclectic one including; Cook (1989) model of Adjacency Pairs, Van Dijk's (2006) model
of Context, Grice's (1975) model of Cooperative Principle and Yule's (1996) communicative functions.
The current study employs a mixed method; the qualitative analysis examines the content of the
utterances descriptively and the quantitative analysis relies on frequencies and percentages appeared. The
results show that the highest frequencies are allotted to assessment-agreement, quantity maxim and
informing function. This is essentially due to the actor’s desire to create a positive media sensation.

Modern poetry is identified as obscure and unconventional. It mirrors the complexity of modern life
and reflects the problems of modern man. Modernization and the World War I caused drastic changes in
many European countries. Many people suffer from great losses, which create shock in their political and
religious beliefs, and in many aspects of their lives. Thus, modern poetry dramatizes the modern age
problems, which makes modern poets seek to grasp the split in modern man in order to depict it in a
modern way. Thus, the present study is concerned with the theme of the modern man's image and the
way it has been depicted in T.S. Eliot's selected poems. T.S. Eliot is considered one of the most influential
modernist poets in the literary canon of the twentieth century. He depicts the image of the modern man
in his poetry to highlight the Great War problems in the whole world. Eliot is considered one of the major
poets who uses his poetry artistically and metaphysically to reflect these problems of the modern man in
his poetry. T. S. Eliot's period of activity covers over forty- five years. He was very productive during
this period. He uses powerful language with startling images linked with many literary devices to create
new images of the modern man. Thus, this study aims to investigate Eliot's depiction of modern man in
his three poems: The ''Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock'', ''Gerontion'', and ''The Waste Land''. The study
uses the textual analysis to explore the image of the modern man in these three poems. The study
concludes that the images of modern man, which are used by Eliot in these poems, are used as a mirror
to reflect all the social, political, and religious changes, which caused devastating results and
disillusionment among people.

House of Leaves (2000) by Mark Z. Danielewski and The Sense of an Ending (2011) by Julian Barnes
challenge the structure of the traditional narrative and go deeply into a complicated realm of memory.
This results in the deconstruction of the understood actualities manifesting a complex overlap between
memory, narration, and the construction of realities within the narratives. The problem being addressed
is how the complexity of memory subverts conventional structures and ideas of reality. This will help to
illustrate the different forms in which narratives are shaped by memory. Thus, the present study examines
how complex the narrative realities through analyzing memories in these two novels. However, the study
contrasts narrative techniques, characters' memories, and the theme of frequent memories in these two
novels. This concludes that memory serves as a transforming power in creating narratives.

Nomadic culture is a new way to express reality of non-settled type of people who continuously moves
and changes geographically and metaphorically. This paper aims to explore the politics of the Dominican
nomads and how they are deterritorialized in light of Deleuze and Guattaris' philosophy in their book A
Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. The significance of this paper is to highlight the
ways those nomads coexist in this changeable life over time. The main objective of this study is to offer
new psychological social solutions for the multiplicities the contemporary man suffers. The methodology
of the study is summarizing the story and textually analyzing it accordingly. The theoretical framework
is to apply the concepts of nomadism and deterritorialization of Deleuze and Guattari on selected short
stories of Junot Diaz's collection of Short Stories Drown 1996. This paper concludes that a nomad is an
interchangeable character continuously and the deterritorialization he adopts builds world multiplicities.

Evil will always exist on Earth as long as there are humans since humanity is unable to become
completely pure. Religious narratives typically center on the concept of good against evil, illustrating the
conflict between virtues and vices, heroism and betrayal, light and darkness. Lord of the Flies by William
Golding examines human nature in great depth in the absence of social structures by concentrating on
the connection between religion and ideas of good and evil using physiological approach and Freud’s
theory of personality. The aim of the study is to investigate how religious symbols and moral frameworks
are used to represent the fight between the forces of good and evil in the novel's plot. A qualitative literary
analysis method is employed in the study, emphasizing the struggle between right and wrong as well as
the application of religious symbols. Data was collected from reading the novel itself, highlighting
character actions, thematic components, symbols, and narrative aspects. The study concludes that
Golding's story reflects biblical ideas of original sin and the fall from grace, with characters like Simon
and the "Lord of the Flies" representing Christ and demonic power respectively. The novel highlights the
struggle between good and evil, highlighting the fragility of moral accountability and the innate capacity
for evil in humans.

Cultural erasure and land dispossession form the core of the settler colonization of Turtle Island (Canada),
a colonization that seeks the production of colonial space through processes such as colonial naming
which aims at erasing the presence of the Indigenous peoples, invalidating their cultures and claiming
ownership over their lands. In their resistance to their cultural and physical eradication and the occupation
of their land by the settler colonizers, the Indigenous writers adopt the revitalization of their languages
as an anticolonial discourse of Indigenous cultural preservation. Many past studies investigated the
decolonization processes in Indigenous Canadian poetry. However, renaming as a decolonizing act of
Indigenous cultural revitalization is not approached in the selected poems. Thus, this article examines
the renaming practices in Duncan Mercredi’s “mahikan” (1991), Marilyn Dumont’s “nomenclature”
(2007)* and extracts from Louise Bernice Halfe’s book-length poem, Blue Marrow (1998). The article
applies the ideas on naming expressed in Linda Tuhiwai Smith’s Decolonizing Methodologies: Research
and Indigenous Peoples (2012), as well as the concept of ‘generative refusal’ which is conceptualized by
Leanne Betasamosake Simpson in her book As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom through
Radical Resistance (2017). The article concludes that renaming as it is adopted by the selected poets
serves as a counter-narrative that unsettles the colonial discourse of Indigenous cultural erasure and land
dispossession by reasserting the presence of the Indigenous peoples and their spiritual connections to
their land and culture.

Byron in some of his poems utilizes darkness as an image. This image is significant because it bears a
hidden political, social and personal meaning. The use of the image of darkness is to express some of
Byron's ideas like the sense of the end of the world, the social collapse in relation to its order or hierarchy
and the consequences of all these on mankind and the species on earth. It might be a way to show the
poet's future view of the universe. In some of those poems he tries to show his view about certain theme
in life like nature, spiritual love, and beauty or even political ideas. Byron, in those poems and through
utilizing darkness, was after presenting a political, personal as well as ecological views of the world.
Consequently, darkness becomes a way to envision and shape the universe in a special image