Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research

Solar collectors are currently widely used to harness solar energy
in various applications to achieve sustainable development goals.
Solar collectors suffer from persistent corrosion of copper and
aluminium tubes due to exposure to air and oxidation. Also the
increasing of the thermal conductivity of the fluids using highly
conductive nanomaterials. This investigation examined the effect
of the utilization of magnetic fluids on the corrosion of flat plate
collectors made of aluminium and copper. The outcomes of
thermal conductivity tests indicated that the thermal
conductivity of graphene-based nano fluids was 23.1% greater
than the thermal conductivity of water (concentrated of 0.1%vol.,
temperature 50 °C). The thermal conductivity of the nanofluids
containing carbon nanotubes was also increased by 33.44%
compared to the water thermal conductivity (0.1% vol.
temperature 50 °C). The outcomes of the solar collector's tube
corrosion experiments demonstrated that the corrosion
potentials of aluminium samples in base fluid, G+Fe3O4 nanofluid
and CNT+ Fe3O4 nanofluid were all negative, which were: 0.95,
0.85 and 0.84, respectively. This demonstrates that the corrosion
resistance of aluminium tubes in solar collectors in G+ Fe3O4 and
CNT+ Fe3O4 fluid samples was enhanced by 14.32% and 15.03%,
respectively, compared to water. The corrosion potentials of
copper samples in base fluid, G+ Fe3O4 nanofluid and CNT+ Fe3O4
nanofluid are -0.82679, 0.77224 and 0.77058, respectively. This
implies that the corrosion resistance of solar collectors made of
copper in G+ Fe3O4 and CNT+ Fe3O4 is increased by 6.598% and
6.799%, respectively, compared to water.

This research investigates architectural historicism as a framework
for reconciling cultural identity with the individuality of the present
in shaping future-oriented architecture. It emphasizes the concepts of
holism, individuality, and development, and explores two key
mechanisms: interpretive reproduction and integration/contrast.
These are demonstrated through two case studies. The King Fahd
National Library in Riyadh exemplifies a high level of holism by
reinterpreting the Arab tent in a contemporary form and integrating
the existing historic structure within a new architectural envelope.
The project reflects rooted identity through modern materials and
technologies, achieving harmony between past and present. In
contrast, the Haas Haus in Vienna employs a reflective façade that
visually engages with its historical surroundings without mimicking
them. It expresses individuality by asserting postmodern character
while integrating symbolically with the context through
reinterpretation of Roman curves. Both examples illustrate that
architectural historicism is not a mere imitation of the past, but
rather a dynamic process of reinterpretation that enables the
creation of culturally grounded, innovative forms. The study
concludes that historicism offers a productive design approach for
generating authentic architecture that connects historical memory
with contemporary needs.

In addition to destroying buildings and lives, wars also leave
behind tons of debris that make life difficult to rebuild. Thus, on
the second day following a conflict, it is absolutely necessary to
use this debris for reconstruction. This goes beyond simply
turning debris into a new resource; it also includes the sense of
significance that comes with reconstructing their homelands from
their ruins. In order to highlight encouraging experiences with
using rubble from destroyed buildings, this study reviews a
variety of research. Additionally, it highlights research on
recycling rubble, examining the characteristics of recycled rubble
and emerging technologies in this area. It also looks at the
difficulties in making use of the findings of this study and the
possibility of putting them into practice. For those looking to
provide aid to regions affected by natural disasters and conflicts,
the combined efforts of scientific research and their application
may be a winning card. Therefore, in order to recover rapidly,
reconstruction efforts must start with the findings of scientific
research.

This study investigates the use of guar gum, a biopolymer, as an
environmentally friendly soil stabilizer to improve the durability of
sandy soil. Three types of sandy soils (SP, SW, and SP-SM) were
treated with different amounts of guar gum (1%, 2%, and 3%) and
were tested through several wetting and drying cycles (2, 4, and 5
cycles). Experimental results revealed a significant reduction in the
collapse potential (Cp) from 50% to 71% and an increase in the
liquid limit. The collapse rate decreased from 45% to 67% after the
second and fifth cycles, respectively at the highest addition rate of
3%. The resistance to environmental changes was also improved.
These results highlight the potential of guar gum as a sustainable
sand stabilization solution for geotechnical practices and this work
offers fresh perspectives on the application of guar gum to stabilise
sand in situations involving periodic soaking and drying.