Journal of Basra researches for Human Sciences

This study investigates the interplay between implicature and image schemes in a selected of ransom demands as a type of forensic text through a cognitive-pragmatic study. It focuses on how meaning is constructed through image schemas and implicatures based on Wilson and Sperber’s (2004) Relevance Theory and Johnson’s (1987) Image Schema Theory. The analysis reveals that ransom demands often rely on the FORCE image schema, reflecting the coercive nature of the texts. Strongly implicated conclusions are found to dominate these texts, indicating intentions by the writer. The study highlights the role of context in shaping meaning and interpreting underlying threats, demands, and emotional manipulation embedded in the language. The findings aim to support the understanding of forensic texts and contribute to cognitive pragmatic studies.

The present study is conducted discursively on the reflection of the Holy Quran in the philosophy of Imam Ali in regard to the concept of social integration as it is argued in Nahj al balagha. Such a concept has been tackled from different perspectives: literary, linguistic, cultural, historical, rhetorical, philosophical, and political. However, it is still a subject of ongoing polemic debates. It has rarely been analyzed through a linguistic lens of Western theoretical insights. Hence, this study is an attempt to bridge the gap between discursive strategies, from a Western theoretical perspective, and selected texts from Nahj al balagha. Discursive strategies are adopted in this study to spell out how language could shape meaning and social interactions. This study is qualitative in nature describing, interpreting, and explaining a variety of discursive strategies concerning the act of social integration. Selected texts from Imam Ali's Nahj al balagha are the primary data of the current study which employs Wodak’s (2005) taxonomy of discursive strategies to investigate the intricate network of social integration by means of which individuals can be incorporated into a larger community. Via the given discursive strategies, the study has arrived at certain conclusions: a) western theoretical foundations could be helpful enough to deal with non-western philosophical and texts, b) based on various linguistic devices and discursive strategies, Imam Ali endeavors to make individuals feel a sense of belongingness which can elaborate overall well-being, economic stability, social cohesion or inclusion, and cultural exchange, and C) there is interdiscusivity between the Holy Quran and Nahj al belagha, both texts are immersed in a variety of profound themes on all aspects of life.

The relative clue has attracted the attention of both ancient and modern grammarians and interpreters, as it relates to the analysis of the interconnections among individual components of a structure and the linkages between the structures that form the text. This study aims to demonstrate the impact of this clue and its role in constructing meaning inside Al-Fakhr Al-Razi's interpretation. The study indicates that this information is one of the most important semantic markers in Al-Fakhr Al-Razi's interpretation. This demonstrates Al-Fakhr Al-Razi's understanding of this clue and the extent to which he employed it in directing and interpreting meaning. Despite its importance, it cannot perform this function in understanding the relative relationship between two connected terms or between the genitive and its dependent, unless with the integration of numerous supplementary indications

The importance of reasoning lies in its nature as a mental subject that regulates thought, and it comes in two types: linguistic reasoning, which relies on induction and hearsay, and mental reasoning, which depends on mental processes leading to specific conclusions, such as analogy, causality, origin, and others. While linguistic reasoning is closer to the natural instinct of the Arabs and the linguistic material they heard, mental reasoning tests the level and intellectual capacity of linguists. The optimal stage is when reasoning and argumentation coincide, indicating the strength of thought and the robustness of linguistic intuition.

The phenomenon of accumulation is considered one of the prominent stylistic features that is manifested in contemporary poetic experiences, represented in the free verse poem, the traditional (vertical) poem, or the prose poem. Phonetic accumulation relies on the repetitive use of specific sounds in a condensed manner, aiming to achieve musical or rhythmic effects that enhance the aesthetic quality of the text. It also draws attention to particular words or phrases, thereby highlighting their meanings and deepening their impact.

Intertextuality is a critical term that has attracted the interest of researchers. In its simplest sense, it refers to the inclusion or absorption of one literary text from earlier texts—through quotation, allusion, reference, or implication—so that the texts blend together, forming a textual mosaic in which one text is dissolved into another. It can also mean drawing upon inherited traditions within texts and re-voicing them within a new fabric that leads to the creation of new structures. This process requires deep familiarity with prior texts and a broad cultural awareness on the part of the reader.
Keywords

Ecological movements that are socially rooted tend to possess a greater degree of realism and broader popular appeal, as they engage with society, court its concerns, and craft their discourse within a visual framework that aligns with reality. As a result, society quickly responds and becomes receptive to their ideas. Moreover, the language used in producing ecocritical discourse is rich with socially nuanced meanings that both influence and are influenced by society. Every action elicits a corresponding reaction, and in this regard, social ecology-due to the nature of its environmentally shaped discourse, formed within the context of the socio-environmental structure-enjoys significant public engagement.

This study seeks to explore the features of social ecology within visual narrative, and to what extent visual narrative adheres to its environmental standards and criteria, given that it represents one of the most significant schools in ecocriticism.

This research aims to explore the political and social evasion themes within contemporary Basri poetic texts. These themes are manifested through a profusion of poetic transformations and the use of poetic imagery based on the fusion of contradictions, deviations, and various newly formed structures to create an evasive construction in contemporary Basri poetry. The poet often resorts to concealment, ambiguity, and evasion out of fear of authority, oppression, marginalization, and injustice. The study examines the impact of poetic, intellectual, and cultural transformations brought by postmodern concepts on contemporary Basri poetry, particularly in the aftermath of the fall of Baghdad in 2003

Communist women played a prominent role in Iraq’s political life, especially following the success of the July 14, 1958 revolution, which marked a major turning point in modern Iraqi history. The revolution brought about profound changes in the public life of Iraqi society and granted freedoms to democratic mass organizations to openly engage in their activities, including the Iraqi Women’s League, which at the time served as the public front of the Iraqi Communist Party. This research is divided into two main sections. The first section addresses the position of communist women regarding the July 14, 1958 revolution. The second section examines their efforts in securing the official licensing of the Iraqi Women’s League.

This research presents a comprehensive analytical study of the concept of brotherhood from its linguistic and terminological dimensions. It also explores the Qur’anic verses related to this concept, along with references from the Prophet’s biography and the thought of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), as it represents one of the central principles in the construction of the Islamic society.

The Umayyad era is considered one of the most influential periods in Islamic history. The succession of caliphs during this time witnessed both phases of strength and periods of unrest.
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid, an Umayyad ruler, was one of the caliphs who governed during a sensitive and difficult period. He faced significant rebellion and disobedience, with his caliphate being rejected at times by the general public and at other times by members of the Umayyad household—most notably Marwan ibn Muhammad, known as Marwan al-Himar, who opposed his rule, led a revolt, and forced him to abdicate the caliphate. As a result, his reign lasted for a very short period.

The military activity of the Dhofar Liberation Front began in early 1963, two years before it officially declared armed struggle. Its operations primarily targeted the British presence in the Dhofar region, particularly the oil companies operating there. In response, Britain began from the early stages of the movement to fortify its positions and increase its forces in Salalah to confront the uprising. It also laid the groundwork to strengthen the armed forces of Sultan Said bin Taimur and activated intelligence efforts in Salalah to monitor and counter the ambiguous movements of the opposition. Although the movement did not pose a significant threat to Britain in its early operations, Britain began studying ways to eliminate and suppress it.

The Belarus's attitude towards the Russian-Ukrainian conflict 2014-2022 considers an important factor in the current conflict between the Russians and Ukrainians, due to its significant impact on the course of events and repercussions of this conflict. The research dealt with Putin's annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014, and ended in 2022, as it was the year that witnessed the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, and how the Russian Federation used Belarusian territory as a starting point for its approach towards the capital, Kiev, as it is located close to the borders of Belarus. We also discussed Belarus's efforts to mediate in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, and the reasons for its failure.

Japan, a major economic power with broad interests, conducts its foreign policy on four different levels. The first level encompasses its economic, political, and security relations with the United States in particular. The second level encompasses Japan's economic and political relations with the United States and Western Europe, addressing broader global issues related to economic and political cooperation on a multilateral basis.


The third level covers Japan's relations with developing countries, including, primarily, Latin America and the Middle East. Finally, the fourth level concerns Japan's relations with its neighbors in Northeast Asia. This includes China, the Soviet Union, and North and South Korea. This is the region where Japan faces strategic and political developments that directly impact its national security, represented by the growth of Soviet military power in Northeast Asia and relations between North and South Korea. Japan's intervention in Korea is derived from its security relationship with the United States.

This research aims to study the dreams attributed to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), to understand their impact on Islamic thought, and to analyze them from a doctrinal perspective to determine their authenticity. Dreams attributed to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) clearly contradict and intersect with the doctrinal aspect, whether these dreams were attributed to him at the beginning of his mission, or those related to seeing God Almighty in his dreams, in addition to what was attributed to him that he had been bewitched. Despite the conflict between these dreams and the doctrinal principles concerning God Almighty and His Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), we find them occupying a large space in Muslim thought, and some have accepted them with great acceptance, relying on their presence in the Sahih and Musnad books.

Doctrinal differences are among the most prominent factors that contributed to massacres and genocide throughout history, as each doctrine’s belief in itself as the absolute truth leads to the excommunication of dissenters, thereby justifying practices of violence and exclusion. Authority figures and even some extremist groups have exploited this difference as a tool to justify repression.
In Islamic history, the overlap between religion and politics fueled doctrinal conflicts, resulting in bloody wars and destabilization of society, especially during the Umayyad era. Political events and sectarian divisions exacerbated these disputes, making doctrinal difference a key instrument in the struggle for power and the marginalization of opponents.

The United States of America wanted to obtain a concession to extend a railway and extract minerals in a large part of the Ottoman lands to expand its interests in the region, so it sent Admiral chester to Istanbul to negotiate with the Ottoman government and obtain a concession to extend a railway for commercial purposes extending from Diyarbakir to Mosul, Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah, But the Ottoman government delayed approving the concession to the American company owned by the American chester, due to foreign pressure to prevent it from investing in the region because it was considered within its areas of influence. Therefore, the project faltered and faced many obstacles until it was approved after it took up a large space in the discussions of the Ottoman Council of Representatives, in which opinions and proposals were presented to the Iraqi representatives. The chester project is considered one of the important projects because it was one of the first American projects on Ottoman lands.

Abstract
The Lebanese magazine Al-Mashreq covered the political reality of Egypt and the Pharaonic campaigns against neighboring regions, particularly the Phoenician cities, as well as the kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Al-Mashreq also highlighted the Hyksos control of Egypt after a protracted conflict lasting two centuries until Egypt was liberated from the Hyksos.
The Lebanese magazine Al-Mashreq reported on the control of colonial powers over Egypt, especially the Persian and Greek control, and the Pharaohs of the dynasties tried to get rid of the foreign invasion after forming alliances with the kings of Phoenicia and the kings of Judah to restore their rule over the country

This research aims to analyze and critique the claim of narcissism attributed to Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), as presented in the book Unmasking Muhammad by the Indian author Sujit Das. The study focuses on the author’s assertions regarding the impact of early childhood experiences on shaping the Prophet’s personality. Das attempts to link traits of narcissistic personality to the Prophet’s biography by interpreting early childhood events through this lens.
Therefore, the research explores the credibility of such claims by analyzing the psychological criteria for narcissism from a scientific perspective and assessing their compatibility with the well-documented prophetic biography. It also examines the author’s accusations in light of the Holy Qur'an and historical sources that have transmitted the noble life of the Prophet (PBUH). Furthermore, the study evaluates the author’s methodology in approaching the events of the Prophet’s life through the lens of historical psychology.

This research aims to analyze and critique the claim of narcissism attributed to Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), as presented in the book Unmasking Muhammad by the Indian author Sujit Das. The study focuses on the author’s assertions regarding the impact of early childhood experiences on shaping the Prophet’s personality. Das attempts to link traits of narcissistic personality to the Prophet’s biography by interpreting early childhood events through this lens.
Therefore, the research explores the credibility of such claims by analyzing the psychological criteria for narcissism from a scientific perspective and assessing their compatibility with the well-documented prophetic biography. It also examines the author’s accusations in light of the Holy Qur'an and historical sources that have transmitted the noble life of the Prophet (PBUH). Furthermore, the study evaluates the author’s methodology in approaching the events of the Prophet’s life through the lens of historical psychology.