Journal of Kufa legal and political science

The phenomenon of the spread of drugs and their use is one of the serious plagues facing our society at the present time. It is a phenomenon that faces human societies with their different cultures, levels of technological progress, and development of aspects of life, especially economic and social. It has become at the present time a hidden weapon used in wars between countries to target the youth category in society by transforming them from a productive and effective national force into a destructive force that paralyzes the movement of society, hinders its progress, and dissipates its wealth.

In light of recent developments in work environments, health and safety issues have become a top priority to ensure the performance of employees and the effectiveness of the organization. Among the most prominent challenges that employers face is drug abuse by employees, which may lead to decreased productivity and increased risks to work safety. To confront this Challenge: Many legislations have granted specific powers to the employer to subject employees to drug abuse tests, However, this procedure raises questions about the extent of its legality with regard to protecting personal privacy and confidentiality of information related to the worker. This article aims to study the legal framework that regulates the powers of the employer, and to analyze the balance between his right to maintain a safe work environment and the worker’s rights to protect his private life. And confidentiality of information.

The world in the modern era has not witnessed a technological development that has penetrated the depths of society and carried with it signs of social influence, civilizational development, and cultural invasion like the Internet. Nor has any means of transmitting and disseminating information in human history achieved the speed of spread and acceptance among people, the depth of influence on people of different races and orientations, and the diversity of the nature of the information it provides and can be accessed without spatial or temporal obstacles. Thus, drug production is no longer limited to traditional methods, but has extended to the production of digital drugs, which are based on feeding the brain with specific sound waves, using headphones to transmit signals of single-mode sound waves to the ear, which work to cause specific changes in the brain, in a way that helps the recipient reach the stage of ecstasy at its peak, which is similar to taking a dose of traditional drugs. We aim to shed light on this phenomenon from two main perspectives: the framework and the legal implications. This research aims to trace the emergence and development of digital drugs over time, provide an accurate definition of them, and then review the different types of digital drugs and how to use them, in addition to the serious health risks associated with their use. The current legal position towards these new narcotic substances was analyzed, and the focus was on how to confront this phenomenon through legislative and legal efforts. The research concluded with a set of results that recommend the need to intensify efforts to confront the challenge of digital drugs at the legal and health levels. By enhancing public awareness and updating legal legislation to keep pace with this emerging phenomenon.

The adoption of a series of conventions by the United Nations against illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, most recently the 1988 Convention, represents an important step by the international community towards effective law enforcement measures against international drug traffickers. The illicit trade in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances has grown to the point where no country or culture is immune to the scourge of rampant drug abuse; experience has proven that the existing domestic laws in many countries, and the international enforcement system established by multilateral treaties, are insufficient to control, let alone suppress, this vicious trade. While states collectively remain largely united in addressing this challenge, the world around them is changing, and the risk is that they cling to the same old ways of doing things, raising the question of whether the international community has learned anything from the past years that included a host of flawed drug policy responses. The phenomenon of economic openness for trade, finance, travel and communications that accompanied the concept of globalization has led to the development of a way for economic growth and at the same time increasing opportunities for drug trafficking and facilitating the transfer of expertise related to their manufacture and smuggling; Iraq has not escaped the impact of this phenomenon, especially after the political change that occurred in 2003, as international reports indicate that the Iraqi market has become a promising market for illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, and an international decline has been observed in implementing commitments under international treaties on combating drugs and mental substances through states' attempts to regulate the market of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. We will adopt the analytical approach when studying the research topic.

The topic of drug promotion through social media has become an important topic in recent years, especially with the widespread use of these media among young people. Many users may promote drugs indirectly through photos, videos, or messages. There are also groups or hashtags specialized in discussing and selling drugs, which makes it easier for people to access information or even drug deals. Young people may be exposed to content that encourages them to deal with the black market for drugs, which exposes them to great legal risks. Governments also face challenges in monitoring drug-related content through social media, and there are increasing efforts to develop tools and techniques to detect this type of content and ban accounts that promote it. The latest Iraqi legislation in the framework of combating drugs is Law No. 50 of 2017, which is in force to combat the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which includes penalties imposed on perpetrators of this crime that vary according to the criminal behavior and the circumstances surrounding the criminal incident. As for our research, we will examine the extent to which the criminal law in Iraq can confront the promotion of the phenomenon of drugs through electronic means. This matter requires us to research the concept of promotion through social media and distinguish it from other crimes, in addition to stating the elements of this crime and the penalties imposed by the Iraqi legislator.

The phenomenon of drug abuse is a very dangerous global issue that poses a real threat to individuals and society because it affects social and religious values and the basic interests of society. Therefore, all laws related to drugs, including Iraqi legislation, have been criminalized, as it constitutes an attack on an interest protected by law. Drug abuse may be due to reasons that differ from one society to another according to its circumstances and nature, but they do not exceed psychological or social reasons. In addition, it may be committed for economic reasons, and technological development may contribute to being one of the reasons for committing this crime because technological development has affected the lives of individuals and was a factor in committing some crimes. Whatever the reasons that lead to drug abuse, it has serious effects that negatively affect the individuals who abuse and society. These effects are represented by personal, social and economic damages This is what prompted us to conduct this research with the aim of identifying the causes of drug abuse and its effects in two sections: the first section deals with the causes of drug abuse, while the second section deals with the effects resulting from drug abuse and then makes recommendations and proposals that help confront this phenomenon.

Many societies suffer from many social ills, and among the most important of these ills is drug abuse, which is considered among the most dangerous to the health of the individual and the cohesion of the family. Many social upbringing institutions are fighting this scourge, and among these institutions we find the media institutions, as the media has a role in fighting this scourge.

It is not strange for the Iraqi society to be aware of the phenomenon of drug abuse and addiction and the degree of danger resulting from poisoning with these chemicals and the effects that result from their abuse. We find that it is still making many efforts and endeavors at the international, local and regional levels to limit the phenomenon of the spread of drugs of all kinds, which represents the deadliest danger to Islamic countries and societies in particular, as the spread of this toxic phenomenon is devastating the human race and distancing it from the path of progress, reform and building an integrated society in a sound and healthy manner. Therefore, we find that Iraq has witnessed some major and tangible changes in recent times, including the spread of these toxins among the youth of both genders. This is done by creating criminal networks to lure young people by brainwashing them with addiction to these drugs. Therefore, we will discuss the concept of the legal framework for combating drugs and its impact on Iraqi society.

The phenomenon of drug proliferation is one of the most complex and dangerous issues facing society. It can cost the state substantial amounts, weakening the economy and having serious repercussions on social, economic, health, psychological, and security aspects. Due to the numerous crises in Najaf province and the deteriorating security situation, the administrative borders with neighboring provinces have become less secure, allowing drug traffickers to devise criminal methods for smuggling and distributing these substances throughout most areas of the province. Drugs have a severe impact on the Najafi community, especially targeting the crucial youth demographic, who are the most likely to abuse drugs. Instead of becoming tools for building society, they have turned into instruments for its destruction and disintegration. This research aims to understand the spatial distribution of drug phenomena, their temporal and spatial variations, their causes, and the means to combat them in Najaf province from 2020 to 2024. The researchers adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on data collection and information related to the research topic, followed by statistical analysis.

Definition of the research topic - The current labor law regulates the affairs of the worker, and clarifies his rights and obligations that he must perform. It also prohibits some actions and behaviors, especially during working hours, with the aim of protecting the worker on the one hand and the employer on the other hand, as well as in order to create a suitable work environment for workers. Among those duties that are prohibited, especially during working hours, is the worker’s abstention from taking drugs during working hours, due to the negative effects and harm that this has on the employer, his employees, and others as well. There is no doubt that this harm constitutes a legal responsibility against the worker, which may be disciplinary, and this is what the current labor law stipulates, and it may constitute a civil responsibility against the worker, and the labor law does not explicitly stipulate this, whenever it causes harm to others or the employer and is liable for compensation.

The phenomenon of drug abuse is a very dangerous global issue that poses a real threat to individuals and society because it affects social and religious values and the basic interests of society. Therefore, all laws related to drugs, including Iraqi legislation, have been criminalized, as it constitutes an attack on an interest protected by law. Drug abuse may be due to reasons that differ from one society to another according to its circumstances and nature, but they do not exceed psychological or social reasons. In addition, it may be committed for economic reasons, and technological development may contribute to being one of the reasons for committing this crime because technological development has affected the lives of individuals and was a factor in committing some crimes. Whatever the reasons that lead to drug abuse, it has serious effects that negatively affect the individuals who abuse and society. These effects are represented by personal, social and economic damages This is what prompted us to conduct this research with the aim of identifying the causes of drug abuse and its effects in two sections: the first section deals with the causes of drug abuse, while the second section deals with the effects resulting from drug abuse and then makes recommendations and proposals that help confront this phenomenon.

The research sheds light on drug addiction and its philosophical, social and jurisprudential dimensions and jurisprudential treatments for this negative social phenomenon. The research begins by explaining the meaning of addiction and drugs, then examines its jurisprudential and philosophical concept, its causes and effects, then shows the opinions of Islamic jurisprudence on it, the reasons for its prohibition and jurisprudential treatments through the opinions of jurists in this regard.

This research aims to examine the legal and social measures implemented to reduce drug abuse within Iraqi society, given the increasing prevalence of this phenomenon and its negative impact on public health, social stability, and individual well-being. The study reviews Iraqi legislation related to drug control, with emphasis on the effectiveness of legal sanctions stipulated in the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50 of 2017, as well as the role of judiciary and security institutions in combating drug trafficking and abuse. The research also highlights the importance of social measures, including the role of families, educational institutions, religious authorities, and media outlets in raising awareness of drug dangers and promoting moral values. In addition, the study explores rehabilitation programs designed to support addicts and facilitate their reintegration into society.The research concludes that countering drug abuse requires an integrated legal and social approach, enhanced national and international cooperation, increased awareness campaigns, and the establishment of competent rehabilitation centers. It also provides several recommendations, including updating legislation, strengthening institutional frameworks, and implementing preventive and therapeutic social programs.

Humans have known about natural drugs since ancient times, using and extracting them from readily available plants to alleviate the pain caused by illnesses and injuries. These drugs had a clear effect on the nervous system, inducing numbness, drowsiness, or sleep, depending on the quantity and type used. As time progressed and human life advanced, the variety and quantity of these drugs increased, becoming a refuge from reality for many people, later termed "drug users." These users employed various types of medications that had a psychoactive effect on both the individual and society, thus negatively impacting both and even threatening the security and stability of entire nations.

The study, titled "Ways to Combat Drugs Through Social Media," aims to highlight the most effective methods for combating the drug phenomenon through social media and to reveal the impact of drug use on society. The study is divided into two sections. The first section addresses the concept of drug control and the nature of social media platforms. The second section addresses the most prominent possible ways to reduce drug use and to understand the harm caused by drugs to individuals and society in general. The importance of social media platforms, their role, and their significant impact on society are undeniable. Based on this importance, society must be motivated to combat this dangerous phenomenon, which is considered a negative phenomenon with a significant impact on the health and safety of society. Drug use is a fundamental pillar of crime in all its forms, especially since this phenomenon has become noticeably widespread in Arab societies, and in our society in particular. It is imperative to combat it and limit its spread due to the aforementioned significant harm to society and the individual. Hence, the reason for addressing this specific topic in this study becomes clear.

Drug policy is a contentious and complex issue that has been debated globally for decades. Nations worldwide have adopted a wide range of legislative approaches to address the production, distribution, and consumption of illicit and controlled substances. At the center of the global discourse is the debate over the prohibitionist model, which has long dominated international drug policy. This framework, rooted in the criminalization of drug use and aggressive supply-side interdiction efforts, has been the primary focus of the United Nations drug control conventions. However, the limited success of this approach in curbing the global drug trade, as well as its negative societal impacts, have led some nations to explore alternative policy frameworks. In contrast, a growing number of countries have moved towards a more public health-focused model, emphasizing harm reduction strategies and the decriminalization of personal drug possession. Similarly, several jurisdictions have taken the further step of legalizing and regulating the production and sale of certain substances, particularly cannabis, to undermine the influence of organized criminal groups, generate tax revenue, and provide more effective public health monitoring and harm reduction interventions. The comparative analysis provides insights into the tradeoffs and complexities inherent in drug policy, informing the development of more effective, evidence-based, and equitable solutions to the global challenges posed by the production, distribution, and consumption of illicit and controlled substances.

Due to the severe and pervasive negative impacts of drugs on all human levels, which continue to worsen, no program or treatment has proven fully effective. However, this does not mean surrendering to the problem without planning a counter-strategy. Countries are actively working to combat drugs on all fronts—legislative, executive, and judicial—while simultaneously educating the public through various religious, social, health, and psychological programs. Additionally, efforts are being unified with other nations to confront this global enemy. From this context, the research problem emerges, highlighting the need to consider new methods in the fight against drugs and the importance of taking unanticipated actions against those involved in drug trafficking, who have become skilled at evading both local and international criminal laws and penalties. The research question is thus summarized as follows: What is the appropriate legislation capable of involving society in confronting and eradicating drugs? The research hypothesis is based on the idea that the “drug army,” consisting of individuals and tools, inevitably stems from within the same society, necessitating serious efforts to neutralize this threat and turn it against the enemy through special legislation that goes beyond harsh criminal laws and penalties. The research employs a descriptive and analytical approach to achieve its goal of outlining general guidelines for a legislative policy that revitalizes societal power and influence in combating drugs and addressing their effects. The study concludes with several findings, the most significant of which is the need to base new legislation and amendments addressing contemporary challenges, including the drug issue, on the Quranic principle as a divine and humanitarian standard prohibiting wrongdoing. It emphasizes the effectiveness of utilizing the comprehensive concept of tort liability, obliging anyone aware of drug-related activities to report them, as a powerful social legal tool to prevent any actual or potential harm. Accordingly, the study recommends incorporating the concept of tort liability into the Iraqi Constitution and the preambles of legal statutes as a strong complement to criminal liability in eradicating drugs, based on the principle of preventing public harm.

The offence of the provision of narcotic substances or psychotropic substances for use in military or civilian educational institutions is a serious offence that has recently begun to emerge and is most common among young people. Due to the significant prevalence of this crime in Iraq, the Iraqi legislator has followed the scientific and legislative development to combat the domestic and international proliferation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in the latter law and has punished the offence of providing narcotic substances or psychotropic substances for substance abuse. (28/II) of the Act with life or temporary imprisonment and a fine not less than (10000000) 10 million dinars, not exceeding (3000000) 30 million dinars; However, in article 29 (V) of the same Act, he set forth an aggravating circumstance for a number of offences, which he decided required in order to achieve public and private deterrence because of their seriousness, including the fact that such narcotic substances or psychotropic substances were supplied for use in military or civilian educational institutions because of the specificity of the places where the crime was committed.

The philosophy of criminalization and punishment, and the fundamentals of the policy followed by the legislator, aiming to criminalize illegal acts that affect specific interests, indicate that increasing punishment is the most important way to eliminate drugs. Despite the existence of severe penalties in the Iraqi drug law, drug crimes are still widespread. In this research, we divide into two sections. The first section examines the increasing penalties, especially for the crime of drug trafficking, smuggling, and trafficking with the use or possession of weapons. The penalty is death, as the trafficker kills people's livelihoods and all the elements of a stable life. Criminalization is the most important means to eliminate the spread of drugs, and the punishment here is commensurate with the extent of the harm caused by drugs. As for the second section, it is about facilitating treatment for drug users and those who genuinely want to be treated for drug addiction and get rid of toxins. Treatment centers and facilities must have the necessary elements for treatment, including a suitable and appropriate environment, good management by those known for their integrity, the necessity of psychological rehabilitation, providing vocational training opportunities, and serious, not merely superficial, religious and moral guidance so that the individual can return to being a good member of society. This is one of the important ways to eliminate drugs.

Brain-destroying substances (drugs) are one of the most serious psychological and health problems in addition to the negative impact on society in all its aspects, and it can be said that this problem is a spiritual or religious problem, meaning that the addicted person is in disobedience, so he needs to return to God Almighty Walter Keys on the faith side and then the deterrent legal side, so it is necessary to stand at this concept and try to indicate the most important types used according to the seriousness of each type, It is also important to know the negative effects arising from drug abuse and what are the factors that lead to the increase in the spread and use of these substances, down to knowing the controls treated to reduce the spread of this phenomenon from a legal point of view and from a legal and social point of view and how to identify the addicted person to indicate ways to deal with him and reduce his actions, as taking effective measures on the addicted person is what limits the spread of this phenomenon on the one hand and treating the addicted person on the other hand.

There is no doubt that the phenomenon of drugs has become one of the most important and dangerous complex phenomena that are dangerous to the individual and society in the current era, and it has occupied the attention of researchers and thinkers in the world, which has not found a solution to it yet. It has spread among young and old and has negatively affected the human energy in society, especially the important youth category on which countries depend to provide production and giving. Because of that, this phenomenon has become a scourge that threatens the fate of the economies of countries and makes them unable to progress and achieve economic development due to its effects on production, the labor market, public expenditures and the national economy. Based on that, researchers have decided to shed light on this phenomenon, which has become one of the problems affecting the Iraqi economy at the present time and its repercussions on economic development, unemployment, public spending, production and the labor market, and its contribution to encouraging the smuggling of foreign currencies abroad, savings and investment in the formation of the gross domestic product and providing the best solutions to reduce this phenomenon .

Drug crimes are among the serious scourges that have begun to confront societies of all cultures and levels of development, especially those experiencing social upheavals such as foreign wars, internal civil strife, or occupation. Countries have begun to adopt modern and advanced methods to eradicate this phenomenon, which has begun to ravage societies. In these cases, countries are not only employing punitive and coercive methods but also therapeutic approaches, recognizing that most drug addicts are victims rather than criminals. Iraq, as a country that has suffered from foreign wars, an unjust embargo, and subsequent occupation, has witnessed this phenomenon spreading significantly within its society, threatening its very existence, particularly among its youth, who are the backbone and shield of the nation. This phenomenon has placed considerable pressure on the Iraqi legislature, which found that traditional methods and outdated provisions under the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 were no longer effective in addressing the issue. This led the legislature to issue the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50 of 2017. This research will examine the constitutional standards for enacting this law and its consistency with the objectives of the Iraqi constitutional legislature, as stipulated in the 2005 Constitution, and the foundations of society. Its values and general system.