Journal of Kufa legal and political science

The phenomenon of the spread of drugs and their use is one of the serious plagues facing our society at the present time. It is a phenomenon that faces human societies with their different cultures, levels of technological progress, and development of aspects of life, especially economic and social. It has become at the present time a hidden weapon used in wars between countries to target the youth category in society by transforming them from a productive and effective national force into a destructive force that paralyzes the movement of society, hinders its progress, and dissipates its wealth.

In light of recent developments in work environments, health and safety issues have become a top priority to ensure the performance of employees and the effectiveness of the organization. Among the most prominent challenges that employers face is drug abuse by employees, which may lead to decreased productivity and increased risks to work safety. To confront this Challenge: Many legislations have granted specific powers to the employer to subject employees to drug abuse tests, However, this procedure raises questions about the extent of its legality with regard to protecting personal privacy and confidentiality of information related to the worker. This article aims to study the legal framework that regulates the powers of the employer, and to analyze the balance between his right to maintain a safe work environment and the worker’s rights to protect his private life. And confidentiality of information.

The world in the modern era has not witnessed a technological development that has penetrated the depths of society and carried with it signs of social influence, civilizational development, and cultural invasion like the Internet. Nor has any means of transmitting and disseminating information in human history achieved the speed of spread and acceptance among people, the depth of influence on people of different races and orientations, and the diversity of the nature of the information it provides and can be accessed without spatial or temporal obstacles. Thus, drug production is no longer limited to traditional methods, but has extended to the production of digital drugs, which are based on feeding the brain with specific sound waves, using headphones to transmit signals of single-mode sound waves to the ear, which work to cause specific changes in the brain, in a way that helps the recipient reach the stage of ecstasy at its peak, which is similar to taking a dose of traditional drugs. We aim to shed light on this phenomenon from two main perspectives: the framework and the legal implications. This research aims to trace the emergence and development of digital drugs over time, provide an accurate definition of them, and then review the different types of digital drugs and how to use them, in addition to the serious health risks associated with their use. The current legal position towards these new narcotic substances was analyzed, and the focus was on how to confront this phenomenon through legislative and legal efforts. The research concluded with a set of results that recommend the need to intensify efforts to confront the challenge of digital drugs at the legal and health levels. By enhancing public awareness and updating legal legislation to keep pace with this emerging phenomenon.

The adoption of a series of conventions by the United Nations against illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, most recently the 1988 Convention, represents an important step by the international community towards effective law enforcement measures against international drug traffickers. The illicit trade in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances has grown to the point where no country or culture is immune to the scourge of rampant drug abuse; experience has proven that the existing domestic laws in many countries, and the international enforcement system established by multilateral treaties, are insufficient to control, let alone suppress, this vicious trade. While states collectively remain largely united in addressing this challenge, the world around them is changing, and the risk is that they cling to the same old ways of doing things, raising the question of whether the international community has learned anything from the past years that included a host of flawed drug policy responses. The phenomenon of economic openness for trade, finance, travel and communications that accompanied the concept of globalization has led to the development of a way for economic growth and at the same time increasing opportunities for drug trafficking and facilitating the transfer of expertise related to their manufacture and smuggling; Iraq has not escaped the impact of this phenomenon, especially after the political change that occurred in 2003, as international reports indicate that the Iraqi market has become a promising market for illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, and an international decline has been observed in implementing commitments under international treaties on combating drugs and mental substances through states' attempts to regulate the market of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. We will adopt the analytical approach when studying the research topic.

The topic of drug promotion through social media has become an important topic in recent years, especially with the widespread use of these media among young people. Many users may promote drugs indirectly through photos, videos, or messages. There are also groups or hashtags specialized in discussing and selling drugs, which makes it easier for people to access information or even drug deals. Young people may be exposed to content that encourages them to deal with the black market for drugs, which exposes them to great legal risks. Governments also face challenges in monitoring drug-related content through social media, and there are increasing efforts to develop tools and techniques to detect this type of content and ban accounts that promote it. The latest Iraqi legislation in the framework of combating drugs is Law No. 50 of 2017, which is in force to combat the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which includes penalties imposed on perpetrators of this crime that vary according to the criminal behavior and the circumstances surrounding the criminal incident. As for our research, we will examine the extent to which the criminal law in Iraq can confront the promotion of the phenomenon of drugs through electronic means. This matter requires us to research the concept of promotion through social media and distinguish it from other crimes, in addition to stating the elements of this crime and the penalties imposed by the Iraqi legislator.

The phenomenon of drug abuse is a very dangerous global issue that poses a real threat to individuals and society because it affects social and religious values and the basic interests of society. Therefore, all laws related to drugs, including Iraqi legislation, have been criminalized, as it constitutes an attack on an interest protected by law. Drug abuse may be due to reasons that differ from one society to another according to its circumstances and nature, but they do not exceed psychological or social reasons. In addition, it may be committed for economic reasons, and technological development may contribute to being one of the reasons for committing this crime because technological development has affected the lives of individuals and was a factor in committing some crimes. Whatever the reasons that lead to drug abuse, it has serious effects that negatively affect the individuals who abuse and society. These effects are represented by personal, social and economic damages This is what prompted us to conduct this research with the aim of identifying the causes of drug abuse and its effects in two sections: the first section deals with the causes of drug abuse, while the second section deals with the effects resulting from drug abuse and then makes recommendations and proposals that help confront this phenomenon.

Many societies suffer from many social ills, and among the most important of these ills is drug abuse, which is considered among the most dangerous to the health of the individual and the cohesion of the family. Many social upbringing institutions are fighting this scourge, and among these institutions we find the media institutions, as the media has a role in fighting this scourge.

It is not strange for the Iraqi society to be aware of the phenomenon of drug abuse and addiction and the degree of danger resulting from poisoning with these chemicals and the effects that result from their abuse. We find that it is still making many efforts and endeavors at the international, local and regional levels to limit the phenomenon of the spread of drugs of all kinds, which represents the deadliest danger to Islamic countries and societies in particular, as the spread of this toxic phenomenon is devastating the human race and distancing it from the path of progress, reform and building an integrated society in a sound and healthy manner. Therefore, we find that Iraq has witnessed some major and tangible changes in recent times, including the spread of these toxins among the youth of both genders. This is done by creating criminal networks to lure young people by brainwashing them with addiction to these drugs. Therefore, we will discuss the concept of the legal framework for combating drugs and its impact on Iraqi society.

The phenomenon of drug proliferation is one of the most complex and dangerous issues facing society. It can cost the state substantial amounts, weakening the economy and having serious repercussions on social, economic, health, psychological, and security aspects. Due to the numerous crises in Najaf province and the deteriorating security situation, the administrative borders with neighboring provinces have become less secure, allowing drug traffickers to devise criminal methods for smuggling and distributing these substances throughout most areas of the province. Drugs have a severe impact on the Najafi community, especially targeting the crucial youth demographic, who are the most likely to abuse drugs. Instead of becoming tools for building society, they have turned into instruments for its destruction and disintegration. This research aims to understand the spatial distribution of drug phenomena, their temporal and spatial variations, their causes, and the means to combat them in Najaf province from 2020 to 2024. The researchers adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on data collection and information related to the research topic, followed by statistical analysis.

Definition of the research topic - The current labor law regulates the affairs of the worker, and clarifies his rights and obligations that he must perform. It also prohibits some actions and behaviors, especially during working hours, with the aim of protecting the worker on the one hand and the employer on the other hand, as well as in order to create a suitable work environment for workers. Among those duties that are prohibited, especially during working hours, is the worker’s abstention from taking drugs during working hours, due to the negative effects and harm that this has on the employer, his employees, and others as well. There is no doubt that this harm constitutes a legal responsibility against the worker, which may be disciplinary, and this is what the current labor law stipulates, and it may constitute a civil responsibility against the worker, and the labor law does not explicitly stipulate this, whenever it causes harm to others or the employer and is liable for compensation.

The phenomenon of drug abuse is a very dangerous global issue that poses a real threat to individuals and society because it affects social and religious values and the basic interests of society. Therefore, all laws related to drugs, including Iraqi legislation, have been criminalized, as it constitutes an attack on an interest protected by law. Drug abuse may be due to reasons that differ from one society to another according to its circumstances and nature, but they do not exceed psychological or social reasons. In addition, it may be committed for economic reasons, and technological development may contribute to being one of the reasons for committing this crime because technological development has affected the lives of individuals and was a factor in committing some crimes. Whatever the reasons that lead to drug abuse, it has serious effects that negatively affect the individuals who abuse and society. These effects are represented by personal, social and economic damages This is what prompted us to conduct this research with the aim of identifying the causes of drug abuse and its effects in two sections: the first section deals with the causes of drug abuse, while the second section deals with the effects resulting from drug abuse and then makes recommendations and proposals that help confront this phenomenon.

The research sheds light on drug addiction and its philosophical, social and jurisprudential dimensions and jurisprudential treatments for this negative social phenomenon. The research begins by explaining the meaning of addiction and drugs, then examines its jurisprudential and philosophical concept, its causes and effects, then shows the opinions of Islamic jurisprudence on it, the reasons for its prohibition and jurisprudential treatments through the opinions of jurists in this regard.

This research aims to examine the legal and social measures implemented to reduce drug abuse within Iraqi society, given the increasing prevalence of this phenomenon and its negative impact on public health, social stability, and individual well-being. The study reviews Iraqi legislation related to drug control, with emphasis on the effectiveness of legal sanctions stipulated in the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50 of 2017, as well as the role of judiciary and security institutions in combating drug trafficking and abuse. The research also highlights the importance of social measures, including the role of families, educational institutions, religious authorities, and media outlets in raising awareness of drug dangers and promoting moral values. In addition, the study explores rehabilitation programs designed to support addicts and facilitate their reintegration into society.The research concludes that countering drug abuse requires an integrated legal and social approach, enhanced national and international cooperation, increased awareness campaigns, and the establishment of competent rehabilitation centers. It also provides several recommendations, including updating legislation, strengthening institutional frameworks, and implementing preventive and therapeutic social programs.