Journal of Kufa legal and political science

The task assigned to the administration is to maintain the regular and continuous operation of the public facility. At a time when the administrative decision does not achieve this goal, the administration has another weapon through which it can make the public facility meet needs and satisfy desires, namely the administrative contract. In the latter, not only is the administration’s will apparent, but the will of the other party with whom the administration contracts is also prominent in the contract. This is to arrange rights and obligations imposed on both parties, and upon acceptance of which, the response and acceptance between the two parties are achieved. The principle that governs these contracts concluded by the administration is that the personality of the contracting party is taken into account. That is, the qualities possessed by the other party are what prompted the administration to contract, and without them, the contract is disrupted. The development taking place today due to technological progress has made the administration conclude contracts in which the contracting person is not taken into account. These are contracts with names other than the real names of the persons contracting with the administration, which are concluded using artificial intelligence. Among these contracts are administrative contracts concluded using blockchain technology, which have certain characteristics that contain advantages and disadvantages that are different from those concluded by the administration in the traditional way with natural or legal persons. While the contracting method governs Traditional nature and certain legal provisions based on personal consideration and mandatory implementation. We note that this new type of contract (blockchain) is dominated by a legislative vacuum by the Iraqi legislator, unlike its counterpart in other countries, and this is what we will discuss in this research.

Repercussions from renewable energy may relate to many social, environmental, and financial effects resulting from the development and running of these projects. Although certain renewable energy sources, like wind power, solar energy, hydropower and biomass, may sometimes have their difficulties or cause harm in particular circumstances, they are clearly more sustainable than fossil fuels. Furthermore included are greenhouse effects: As with large solar farms like the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System in California, IR-absorptive gases may have erratic and harmful secondary environmental effects that would need entire biospheres-worth of sacrifice. One topic to be discussed in the framework of cross-border harm produced by renewable energy is law regulating culpability and indemnification. Indeed, for large-scale projects especially, the damage from solar electricity is really severe and may be delayed.

The agency by dispute is a contract whereby the client appoints a lawyer to initiate the lawsuit procedures on his behalf in exchange for a specific fee. Therefore, this contract ends, like other contracts, by performing the specified work, or by termination, or by the death of one of the parties, or the loss of capacity of one of them, or by the dismissal of the lawyer, or the lawyer's retirement from the agency Terminations can be limited by considering that the agency by dispute is a non-binding contract based on personal consideration

Originally, the written administrative law sets the rules that govern the public administration’s function performance regularly and steadily. Thus, it is very rare for the administration to find itself unable to perform those tasks due to the legislative vacuum that may be revealed by the application of those rules. Sometimes, the administration may not suspend its function until the legislator intervenes through the enactment of a new law or the amendment of an existing law that keeps pace with the changing and evolving reality of administrative work, since it is an actual disruption of the administration activity and obstruction of its public facilities’ workflow, on one hand, and prejudice to the individuals’ rights and freedoms, on the other hand. Within this context, the practical role of the administrative custom raises up as an unwritten legal source. So, the administrative customary rule transforms from an organizational tool, which the administration used to follow to organize its administrative affairs, to a temporary means to face the legislative vacuum in the written legal texts, which faces when carrying out its duties. Nonetheless, the administrative custom’s applicability in facing the legislative vacuum varies according to its type, whether its emergence is adjacent to the legal text or independent from it. In the end, the practical applications of the administrative custom reveal its importance in facing the legislative vacuum in the rules of the administrative law.

The most severe form of punishment, leading to the removal of the offender from civil society, has long been the death penalty in criminal justice. Various criminal justice systems, driven by penal populism, punitive objectives, and crime risk management in high-risk offenses, have consistently aimed at executing offenders. Despite the relatively similar geography, culture, and values of Iran and Iraq, each country has taken a different path in implementing this punishment within its criminal justice system. This article examines and investigates the position of the death penalty in the criminal justice systems of Iran and Iraq. This research was a descriptive and analytical study of the laws of both Iran and Iraq, and a comparison between the Iraqi and Iranian laws and the applicable international conventions, and a statement of the strengths and weaknesses, and the similarities and differences between the mentioned laws.

In recent decades, the world has witnessed many armed conflicts that have killed millions of innocent civilians. international community to confront and suppress them through international humanitarian norms that seek to protect civilians and their consciousness, With the operationalization of international criminal norms aimed at punishing perpetrators of grave violations that are confronted with a problem of a dual nature as a result of the existence of international legislative deficiencies relating to the regime, adaptation, evidentiary and punishable by grave violations s serious violations in Iraq in order to achieve national criminal justice as well as international criminal justice after the widespread spread of grave violations around the world in general, ISIL terrorist violations against Iraqi civilians in 2014, especially Legal debate and international records remain unresolved, which requires us to deal with scientific research in a row.

The financial disclosure procedure, which certain categories of employees or those charged with public service are obligated to submit, is a necessity required by the criminal policy to combat administrative and financial corruption. Reliance on this procedure has expanded, and its importance has increased, especially after the development in the means of committing corruption crimes in terms of secrecy and concealment. However, imposing this obligation without a penalty for violating it does not achieve its purpose. If this procedure is to be effective, those who refrain from submitting the disclosure statement must be punished. Therefore, the Iraqi legislator and the laws of comparative countries have imposed criminal liability on those who refrain from disclosing financial assets. However, the legislative regulation of this crime has not been immune to the shortcomings that plague its regulation, as there are legislative deficiencies in many of the texts related to its regulation, including the texts related to its elements. This is what we attempt to clarify in this study by shedding light on the shortcomings that plague the texts regulating the elements of the crime of refraining from disclosing financial assets.

ntellectual terrorism is the cornerstone of all terrorist acts, practiced in a variety of ways. It is a deviant ideology, regardless of its forms and manifestations, whether it is represented by religious doctrine, political visions, media outlets, or otherwise. Its purpose is to instill fear and terror in the souls of members of society in order to achieve specific goals and objectives. Some modern constitutions have indicated mechanisms through which the phenomenon of intellectual terrorism can be prevented, as well as other punitive provisions to address this phenomenon. However, the adoption of these mechanisms varies among these constitutions, depending on the philosophy of the existing political system in each country and the extent of the phenomenon's prevalence.

Civil servants have important responsibilities towards the State, as they hold a special political and legal status. Their relationship with the administration is governed by fundamental legal and regulatory principles, which have several implications, starting with the existence of a legal framework to which they are subject, namely the general civil service law and its implementing regulations. Since the State comprises various public services that carry out diverse activities, whether judicial services exercised by the judiciary, or administrative services, be they purely administrative or economic and commercial, and because these activities are directly related to providing public services to the citizens, the administration utilizes various means to enable it to perform its functions. The administration, as a legal entity, can only exercise its powers and duties through its representatives, who are human beings (i.e., civil servants.

This research addresses formal requirements in commercial documents under Palestinian legislation, comparing it to Jordanian legislation. The study aims to clarify the precision and clarity of legal provisions concerning the formal conditions of commercial documents and the consequences of their violation. The researcher employed a comparative analytical methodology to examine and compare legal texts in Palestinian and Jordanian legislation while referencing legal doctrine and interpreting relevant provisions. The findings reveal that the Palestinian Draft Commercial Law adopts a stricter approach to formal requirements, enhancing trust and protecting rights. However, this rigidity may pose additional barriers to daily transactions—conversely, the Jordanian Commercial Law No. (12) of 1966 demonstrates greater flexibility in addressing minor formal errors, facilitating the circulation of commercial papers but potentially increasing the risk of legal disputes. Both legislations safeguard the rights of bona fide holders, though differences in the specifics of liabilities exist. The researcher recommends reviewing the Palestinian Draft Commercial Law to strike a balance between rights protection and practical considerations, amending legal provisions to avoid ambiguities in terminology, and introducing greater flexibility for handling minor issues that do not affect the substance of obligations. Furthermore, the study suggests incorporating legal provisions for issuing blank commercial papers and subsequently completing their details, along with conducting additional comparative studies between Palestinian legislation and other jurisdictions to adopt global best practices in regulating commercial papers.

This study analyzes the overlap of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial authorities in the Iraqi and Emirati legal systems through a comparative approach, aiming to understand the causes and impacts of this overlap on the stability of the legal system. The overlap of powers poses a significant challenge to the principle of separation of powers, potentially leading to the disruption of administrative decisions and weakening the judicial system’s effectiveness. In Iraq, Article 115 of the 2005 Constitution delineates the powers of regions and governorates, creating disputes with federal authorities, particularly in managing natural resources. In contrast, Article 99 of the UAE Constitution reinforces the Federal Supreme Court’s role in resolving disputes among judicial bodies, reflecting a clearer organizational framework. The study employs a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology to examine relevant constitutional texts and laws. The findings reveal challenges such as legal ambiguity in defining jurisdictions in Iraq, while the UAE demonstrates a more effective approach to judicial coordination. The study proposes legal reforms to clarify jurisdictions and strengthen judicial independence, contributing to the stability of the legal system and the rule of law in both countries.

This research examines and analyzes the Issue of inadmissibility of administrative lawsuits, as one of the most Important procedural sanctions established by the administrative judiciary to regulate the course of litigation and prevent the courts from being preoccupied with frivolous or unsatisfactory lawsuits. The research begins by defining the concept of inadmissibility, highlighting the difference in jurisprudence between one approach that limits it to the lack of formal requirements for a lawsuit, such as capacity, interest, and litigation, and another approach that expands its scope to include any legal impediment that prevents the court from continuing to hear the dispute. Through this presentation, It becomes clear that inadmissibility is not merely a formal procedure; rather, it is a judicial means of protecting public order and achieving a balance between the right of individuals to litigate and the stability of the legal positions of the administration. The research addresses cases of inadmissibility, concluding that the general conditions (capacity, interest, litigation) constitute the basis without which a lawsuit cannot be valid, while the special conditions (prior grievance, respect for deadlines, and compliance with mandatory procedures) represent additional restrictions imposed by the legislature or derived by the judiciary, consistent with the specific nature of administrative disputes. It has been shown that a ruling dismissing an administrative case results in the nullification of all subsequent proceedings, rendering the case null and void, preventing the court from hearing its merits, either permanently if the ruling has acquired the force of res judicata, or temporarily If the reason is reversible. The research also addressed the mechanism for appealing a decision of inadmissibility, explaining that Iraqi law limits it to appeals before the Supreme Administrative Court. The research concluded with a number of findings, the most important of which is that Inadmissibility represents a fundamental guarantee for the integrity of judicial litigation. However, in its current form, it may sometimes prevent litigants from discussing the substance of their rights for remediable formal reasons. Therefore, we see the need to develop the judicial system by establishing a judicial grievance mechanism as an intermediate stage that gives the plaintiff an opportunity to correct procedural defects before resorting to a cassation appeal. This would enhance the right to litigation on the one hand, and reduce the burden on the Supreme Administrative Court on the other.

This study provides an extensive analysis of the legal framework governing the temporal scope of criminal proceedings in both Iraq and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with particular focus on the initiation of criminal proceedings and the statute of limitations as two essential pillars for ensuring criminal justice and protecting human rights. The research aims to evaluate the extent to which each legal system succeeds in achieving a balance between the principle of prompt justice on one hand, and the guarantees of a fair trial and the rights of the accused on the other. Through a comparative legal analysis, the study reveals significant differences in the legislative philosophies of the two systems. Iraq adheres to the principle of mandatory prosecution, under which the public prosecutor is obliged to initiate proceedings whenever sufficient evidence exists. Additionally, Iraq imposes strict limitations on the applicability of the statute of limitations in serious crimes, reinforcing the principle of general deterrence. Conversely, the UAE adopts the principle of prosecutorial discretion (opportunity principle), granting the public prosecutor the authority to decide whether to initiate proceedings, while treating limitation periods as a general rule to ensure legal stability and protect legitimate expectations. This divergence demonstrates that Iraq prioritizes the public interest in punishment and the protection of public order, often at the expense of procedural flexibility, whereas the UAE emphasizes legal stability and procedural efficiency, consistent with contemporary developments in criminal policy. The research highlights that the central challenge lies in achieving a delicate balance between the speed of adjudication and the protection of defense rights, ensuring that efficiency does not devolve into haste, nor protection into impunity. The study concludes by calling for a comprehensive review of procedural legislation in both jurisdictions to align with international human rights standards, and to harmonize the principles governing prosecution and limitation periods, thereby ensuring effective justice that upholds proportionality between the right to punish and the right to a fair trial.

Criminal meditation is one of the most important alternatives that prevent the initiation of criminal proceeding against the offender while enabling the victims to obtain fair compensation. Restoring to mediation help resolve the harm caused by the crime, serving as measure the achieves criminal justice – the very essence of criminal procedure law.it also alleviates the financial burden on the public treasury and saves the parties involved signification effort, time, and expenses. The application of criminal mediation has become widespread in most comparative legal systems, including Latin and Anglo-American jurisdictions. The European Union has recommended its adoptions in the legislation of European countries, and several Arab legal systems, such as Algerian law, have already implemented it. This clearly underscore its significant role in criminal procedures. The French procedural system introduced mediations practices in the early 1980s, even the absence of explicit legal provisions establishing it as an alternative to prosecution or criminal sentencing. Initially, meditation was conducted by public prosecutions and investigation judicial functions, aiming to reduce the growing number of case dismissals and alleviate the backlog of criminal cases before the courts.

Recently the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals have been subjected to some violations. Therefore, there must be a direct means to protect them, and to establish mechanisms to protect the constitutional rights and freedoms granted to individuals in the face of the three public authorities: legislative, executive and judicial This is done through a lawsuit that allows individuals the possibility of direct recourse to the constitutional judiciary. To present any violations of their constitutional rights by public authorities. This lawsuit is a well-established procedural tool in a number of comparative constitutional systems, as their constitutions have adopted it for decades. This has contributed to establishing the role of constitutional courts as a pivotal player in the process of political development and promoting democratic transformation.

Maritime transport of goods is a cornerstone of international trade, with the carrier bearing significant responsibilities for ensuring cargo safety. This study examines the mechanisms for exonerating the maritime carrier from liability in contracts for the carriage of goods through a comparative analysis of Iraqi and Iranian laws and international conventions (Brussels 1924, Hamburg 1978, Rotterdam 2008). It highlights that the Rotterdam Convention provides a flexible and comprehensive legal framework balancing the interests of carriers and shippers, whereas Iraqi law lacks specific maritime provisions, relying on general civil principles. Conversely, Iranian law offers clearer provisions but requires updates to align with international developments.then the main question js : what is exclusion means 0f maritme carrier liability ?The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology to examine and compare legal texts with international standards. It addresses exoneration mechanisms such as force majeure, fortuitous events, shipper’s fault, and third-party intervention, revealing variations in their application across legal systems. The findings indicate that the Rotterdam Convention excels in transparency and inclusivity, while Iraqi and Iranian legislations need reforms to align with global standards. The study proposes amendments to national laws, including provisions for multimodal transport and cargo condition documentation, to enhance transparency and fairness in contractual relationships.

In this study, we will attempt to examine a problem that is prevalent at the present time, which is the issue of terminating negotiations at any time before they become a contract, under the pretext that termination is an established right of the negotiator; since the law has established a general rule stating (contractual freedom) and its comprehensiveness for the pre-contract stage and the negotiation period, which we have called (negotiating freedom). However, issuing this rule absolutely may lead to harmful results. Therefore, it is necessary to examine this termination in detail and distinguish arbitrary termination from others, which we will attempt to clarify by addressing the most important aspects of this problem within the scope of modern comparative legislation, especially in light of the legal development in the scope of civil contracts, including information contracts and technology transfer. This will be clarified by defining arbitrary termination to clarify the criteria used to determine it and to know whether it is arbitrary or not, as well as determining the basis of responsibility if it is determined, in addition to examining the scope of damages covered by compensation, and the ruling in the event that the negotiators participated in the error that led to the termination, including breach of the obligation to anticipate and be aware of not concluding the contract, and sharing responsibility in the event of breach. The subscriber and the appropriate method of compensation during that period

The expansion of the United Nations activities around the world and the multiplicity of its fields has led to the expansion of its responsibilities, and thus its need for human resources that exceed its capacity and financial resources, so it has resorted to using non-employee individuals in work that can be performed by its regular employees, and in order for the United Nations to maintain its ability to implement, it is trying to increase the flexibility of its workforce, by contracting with these categories with different types of contracts, and these different legal statuses of these categories naturally lead to multiple complaints and disputes related to work, which in turn requires international organizations to find various ways and solutions to these disputes, and among these means may be the friendly path or negotiation with the help of the Office of the Ombudsman and Mediation Services, otherwise it is possible to resort to arbitration, however, these categories cannot resort to the official system represented by the United Nations Dispute and Appeal Tribunals despite the establishment of a new system for the administration of justice in the United Nations due to the material and legal obstacles that prevented this from being achieved, which prompted some of these categories to resort to national courts or the European Court of Human Rights to settle their disputes, but this The matter collided with the immunity of the international organization, despite the attempt of some of these courts to restrict this immunity by requiring internal settlement of disputes.

Organ transplants have truly opened wide horiozons for treatment, in particular, after they moved from trial stages to being a regular practice. These practices have made notable successes in its different types whether it is organ transplant from dead or living people to patients whose organs are no longer functioning properly. The sources of these organs vary, as it could be from the same individual patient or from others who are either dead or living, which in turn may cause some legal problems, one of which is the consent of the donor, which represent the foundation and the backbone of the human organ transplant alongside the other requirements. There is no legislation on organ transplants that didn’t include details on the consent of the donor, or the form and conditions of that consent. However, in some legislations, consent did not have a comprehensive coverage, in particular, as it pertains to minor donors. One of the key legislations that did not fully regulate consent is Iraq’s legislation, which reflects the lack of responsiveness to the purposes or the objectives of it enactment, in contrast to some other legislations where they detailed many aspects of the issue and provided conditions and barriers that essentially aim at maintaining the balance of both, utiliziation of the most advanced technologies to present people with the best levels of medicine, on one hand, and on the other hand, preserving human dignity and avoide any intrusion on the sanctity of the human body. Diseases continue to hit the young and the old alike, and it is expected that legislations that omitted, whether on purpose or not, the inclusion of rules on the cosent of minor donors, to work on including them, or at least, provide a moderate approach for the regulation of such critical issue.

The research strives to make an analytical-descriptive and comparative study on one of the most alarming temporary phenomena: that is the illicit use of drug, drug trading and its production. In the last years, this phenomenon has widely been spread in Iraq which has dramatic effect on the single individual as well as on the entire society from socio-economic and religious perspectives. To tackle this challenge, enormous efforts are needed from the national and international level. To face this challenge, the judicial system can play a substantial role, although this has been hampered by the lack of legal basis/ backing to criminalize and prohibit the act and determining the punishment pursuant to the well-known principles of legal punishment, which doesn\\\\'t accommodate a wider interpretation in respect to the originating of the crime and its punishment or the inculpation of the third party due to existence of multiple classification of illegal substances and its variation.

This study aims to shed light on modern methods of implementing custodial sentences, which have emerged as alternatives to traditional penalties in light of the evolution of penal systems and their shift toward reform and rehabilitation rather than mere punishment. The study examines contemporary alternatives such as community service, parole, and open prison systems, focusing on the legal and social effectiveness of these methods in reducing recidivism rates and achieving restorative justice. It also reviews comparative legislation and international experiences in this field and discusses the feasibility of implementing these methods in Arab legal systems, highlighting the associated challenges and opportunities.

New crimes have always presented a state of concern for the legislator because of their dynamic nature، which is capable of stagnation and disappearing at times and of reproducing itself and reappearing again in another structure at another time. Which requires that the legal rules governing them be broad and flexible so that they address their full aspects by criminalizing or limiting it، and through the nature of these crimes - which were later called new crimes because they were created by the legislator to address a specific situation that required giving protection to a specific interest –. By studying the criminal phenomenon from the perspective of crime prevention science in its comprehensive scientific concept، it becomes clear that there are different trends، which differ according to their owners in the direction، scientific specialization، and professional field. The concept of prevention expands and goes beyond the field of crime and deviance and goes deep to include the prevention of establishments، youth، and all members of society. The concept of prevention of crime and deviance is inseparable from the cultural level of individuals، just as it is inseparable from the extent of awareness growth to accommodate the multiple preventive programs prepared by the state.

The modern era has witnessed a great development in financial means, most notably electronic money, which has become a basic means of economic transactions. This study aims to shed light on the general provisions of electronic money in terms of its definition, types, characteristics, and importance in the modern financial system. It also discusses the position of Islamic jurisprudence on this money, in terms of its legitimacy, the ruling on its issuance and circulation, and the extent of its compatibility with the legal principles related to money such as stability, standardization, and the absence of uncertainty or ignorance.

This research examines the phenomenon of child marriage in Iraq as a critical legal and social issue with profound consequences for family stability and the rights of underage girls. The study aims to explore the conceptual and legal framework governing early marriage, analyze its psychological, health, and social repercussions, and evaluate the legal and institutional efforts to combat it. Relying on a descriptive and analytical methodology, the research demonstrates that child marriage in Iraq remains legally permitted under judicial exceptions, which weakens child protection mechanisms and perpetuates societal practices rooted in poverty, tradition, and insufficient awareness. The findings emphasize the need for urgent legislative reform, strict regulation of exceptions, and an integrated strategy combining legal amendments, religious discourse reform, and socioeconomic empowerment of girls.

The transfer of ownership of leased property raises important legal questions regarding the continuity and enforceability of the lease agreement. Generally, legal systems differ in their approach to this issue. In many jurisdictions, including civil law systems, the buyer of a leased property assumes the position of the former landlord, provided that the lease was established prior to the transfer and properly registered or disclosed. This principle, often expressed as "sale does not break lease," ensures the tenant’s rights are protected despite the change in ownership. However, in some legal contexts, if the lease is not registered or the buyer is unaware of its existence, the new owner may have the right to terminate the lease. The issue balances the interests of tenants in maintaining stable housing and those of buyers in acquiring property free of encumbrances. Courts typically examine the nature of the lease, the buyer’s knowledge, and applicable statutory protections to determine the lease’s fate post-transfer.

The outbreak of an armed conflict does not mean there are no controls to mitigate the scourge of war and limit human suffering during it. This began with a number of non-binding ethical principles, which were not accepted by all states. Over time, these principles evolved into fundamental principles that enjoy international acceptance. It was necessary to limit military operations to military objectives, including objects whose destruction, capture, or neutralization provides a definite military advantage. These are legitimate targets during armed conflicts, without entailing responsibility for the party that targeted them. Targeting other civilian objects should be prohibited by adopting explicit criteria to distinguish between them. Several means exist to implement these principles by establishing individual and international responsibility for their violation. Military bases of parties to a conflict located outside their territories and used during the conflict are also considered legitimate military targets for the adversary, without entailing responsibility for the target, if their destruction, capture, or neutralization provides a definite military advantage. This is because the purpose of establishing these bases is to use them for military purposes, such as US military bases in Middle Eastern countries such as Qatar, the UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Iraq.

Abstract Sports activity, like any other activity, is subject to the rules of civil liability based on the principle that whoever causes harm to others must compensate for tithe sports federation of any game is responsible for managing and organizing the sports activity. It is known that sports have become a transnational industry representing most aspects of social, economic, cultural, and recreational life, thus the sports federation must be at a level commensurate with the importance of the responsibilities placed upon it. When managing the sports activity, harm may be caused to others involved in the sports activity, including players, coaches, referees, clubs, officials, the public, media, and sponsorship companies, etc. This harm gives rise to non-contractual liability, which is originated from the law. The law may require individuals and institutions, including the sports federation, to perform an act or refrain from acting, and by violating what the law mandated, the tortious liability arises, which a majority of Iranian jurists refer to as non-contractual liability. We discussed the basis of non-contractual liability, specifically the causal relationship between error and harm, while the prevailing opinion in Iraq holds that the causal relationship is a condition for liability and not.

This research, entitled “Legal Provisions for Restoring Iraqi Citizenship,” presents an analytical study of the provisions of the Iraqi Nationality Law No. (26) of 2006, outlining the legal framework for citizenship restoration, its causes, and its effects. The research aims to clarify the concept of citizenship restoration, its various forms, and its legal impact on individuals and their families. It also analyzes the Iraqi legislator's position in light of the general principles of nationality and compares it with some Arab legislations. The researcher adopted a descriptive and analytical approach by studying and discussing relevant legal texts from both a jurisprudential and practical perspective. The research concludes that citizenship restoration is a legal right granted by the legislator to individuals who have lost their citizenship, whether the loss was voluntary or involuntary, in order to achieve considerations of justice and national belonging. Furthermore, it concludes that restoration entails individual legal consequences related to the rights of the person regaining citizenship, as well as collective consequences affecting the spouse and children, depending on their circumstances. The research concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which is the need to amend some provisions of the Nationality Law to facilitate the procedures for its restoration, especially in cases where a citizen has lost his nationality for coercive or political reasons, in accordance with the principles of constitutional justice and human rights.

The Financial Audit Bureau is an independent government institution that aims to enhance transparency and accountability in the management of public funds. The Bureau plays a major role in financial and legal oversight of government activities, including examining and reviewing the accounts and financial activities of ministries and government agencies, to ensure their compliance with approved financial laws and regulations. The Bureau contributes to combating corruption and enhancing trust between citizens and the government through its periodic reports that provide recommendations to improve resource management and enhance financial and legal compliance. This oversight is a tool to ensure that public resources are directed towards achieving sustainable development and enhancing good governance. The independence of the Financial Audit Bureau plays a crucial role in performing its duties with integrity and objectivity, making it one of the most important pillars of the oversight system in the country.

This research aims to examine the mechanisms for monitoring electoral financial resources in Iraq as an essential tool for ensuring the integrity of the electoral process and protecting the democratic process from the influence of illicit funds. The main issue is the existence of gaps in controlling electoral funding sources and spending limits, and the resulting risks of imbalanced equal opportunities among candidates and weak voter confidence in election results. The research relied on a descriptive analytical approach, through an analysis of relevant Iraqi legal texts. The study reached several conclusions, most notably: electoral financial oversight in Iraq contributes to enhancing transparency and accountability, reducing illicit political money, and revealing loopholes in the implementing texts. Furthermore, the role of the Independent High Electoral Commission still needs greater legal and technical support. Developing these mechanisms would enhance public confidence in the integrity of elections and consolidate democratic principles.

This study examines political security issues in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) through a feminist security framework. It critically analyzes the impact of internal political dynamics, particularly the conflicts between political parties, and the role of women in politics on the region’s stability and national security. it addresses the following central questions: 1. How does the Feminist Security lens critique the political security sector in the KRI? 2. What is the impact of women's political engagement on the national security landscape of the KRI? Employing qualitative methodology has been implied. It aims to identify gaps in the current understanding of security in the KRI through a feminist security perspective, revealing how traditional security frameworks may inadequately address the experiences and needs of different genders. The findings indicate that ongoing conflicts between major political parties significantly threaten the KRI’s political security by undermining government legitimacy and authority. Additionally, internal governance weaknesses and legitimacy issues exacerbate security vulnerabilities. The study highlights the critical role of women in the region's political processes, examining their participation in political parties, involvement in the 2017 independence referendum, and contributions to political security. The study discusses the broader implications of these findings for the KRI’s national security, arguing that resolving political party conflicts, reinforcing government structures, and advancing gender inclusion in political processes is crucial for enhancing the region's political stability and security. Women's active political participation is not only a matter of equity but, also a strategic advantage that can lead to more effective and comprehensive security policies. By integrating women's perspectives into political and security strategies, the KRI can develop a more resilient and inclusive political system, ultimately strengthening its overall security framework.