AL-Mawrid Journal

This topic deals with the concept of the (Al-Maqam) as it is a communicative knowledge system rooted in the Arabic linguistic heritage; this appears in the perceptions of the ancient Arab scientists and its manifestations in their ideas, And in what they accomplished of writings, texts and numerous works that characterized their era. Among them is Sibawayh in (Al-Kitab) which we will try to investigate many of the texts it contained, researching its secrets, and trying to know its cognitive foundations and its various linguistic, social and cultural contexts.
This appears on two levels:
First: the level of the structure: including the partial linguistic levels that achieve them, such as: the phonetic level, the morphological level, and the special interaction between them, and the syntactic level, and the interaction between it and the previous two levels in achieving the comprehensive linguistic structure.
Second: The level of discourse: It is related to the use of language in the various situations required by the circumstances and purposes of speech, and the resulting different discourses. This level is related to the speaker and the hidden objectives he brings to his speech, The research indicates the strongest relationship between the level of structure and the level of discourse, or between the level of status and use; As the speaker employs the laws of the situation (the tongue) and its data in the specific speech stations required for use, and expresses specific purposes and intentions.

This study examines how to read the ancient phonetic text among modernist's? How was this reading? And the results reached by the modernizers? And the rulings they came up with in giving descriptions of the work of the ancient Arab scientists, thus chose of two most prominent features of the characteristics of the voices that occupied wide studies by ancient and modernists scientists which are (voiceless and the voiced) as an example to view the methodology on which the ancient text is read. So the study is committed to introduce the old scholars definitions for the voiceless and the voiced as it is mentioned in their books though different times in ode to give wide and comprehensive reading .Then introduce the modern scholars for the voiceless and the voiced, their reading for the ancient text, their criticism ,suggestions and alternatives. Followed by discussing the modernist's scholar's opinions and conclude the results that we see it coming close from understanding and wok of the ancient people and the contents of ancient phonetic text.
We hope that this study is the beginning of thinking in reread of the phonetic ancient texts and not depend only on what modernist's scholar's opinions based on cognitive thoughts taken from self-understanding without taking care for the linguistic environment in which the text is born.

This research attempts to shed light on Jazulian Introduction book to Al-Jazoli, who came to the wonders, Although it is brief, it contains many syntaxes, And on “Pulp of Literature, it contains the secret of the words of the Arabs, and includes strange jokes that left us most of the explanations of grammar,” as Ibn Malik said, Which made many researchers tend to memorize and explain it.
I chose this mini-research for what I saw in Al-Lorqy explanation of the Jazulian Introduction which contains an abundance of grammatical material, It is like a grammatical encyclopedia filled with scientists' opinions, directives, and their differences, And it includes the simplification of issues and the expansion of speech on the chapters that is worthy of being in the hands of researchers.
So this research came in two parts, one concerned with Al-Jazoliya and its explanations, and another section took care of the Al-Lorqy approach in the Al-kamilia methodologies. It relied on a number of references that focused on the translation of Al-Jazoli and grammatical issues.

Usury is considered one of the vital and significant topics that are highlighted in the Islamic jurisprudence since it has several ethical, social and economic effects on both the individual and society. Throughout time, usury became one of the most controversial aspects of studies in finance, society and economics and their scholars who vary in their theoretical, religious, intellectual and cultural backgrounds.
This paper tackles the Qur’anic verses that dealt with usury, focusing on the rhetorical side in the light of the linguistic sphere to which the holy Qur’anic text belongs, theoretically and practically.
The nature of the study has demanded that it starts with the definition of usury terminologically and linguistically according to what is presented by jurists and economists. One of the findings in this respect is that the meaning of usury indicates addition or increase with no effort. This has led eloquent orators and rhetoricians as well as the Holy Qur’an to employ it to implicate growing and increase. Although jurists and economist have not agreed upon one definition of usury, they all agree that it refers to benefits over the capital that one lends to others, whether it is a financial or material benefit or addition.
The current study has reviewed usury in the old communities, civilizations and religions. Besides, it presents a comparison between the Islamic standpoint towards usury on the one hand, and human secularist laws and directions such as the Marxism and the Capitalism, on the other. Then, we analyzed the Qur’anic verses that prohibited usury and revealed them in the light of linguistic and rhetorical sides concentrating on its purposes and implications.
All old religions and civilizations rejected usury, or for money to be productive in themselves. The Capitalists believe that money is means and aim at the same time. For them, money should produce money regardless of the consequences of the process. On the other hand, although Marxism believed that work is the basis of money, and prohibited usury in finance, yet it, ultimately, decided to give workers not only their salary they deserve, but 'surplus value' as well, which is, in turn, a usury case.
It is found that the verse that prohibit usury in the holy Qu'ran are seven, including the suras: the Cow, Al-Imran, the Women and Rome, which drew terrible sensitive images depending on the styles of simile and metaphor, utilizing precise expressions that rejects double interpretations or ambiguity to warn those who are usurers and their fate will be in hell, and they will deserve war by the Messenger and God (Allah). The, prophetic Hadith reinforced the risks of usury and its negative ethical, economic and social effects. Hadith focused on prohibiting addition on the four materials: wheat, barley, dates and salt, since they represent the backbone of people's food, and any addition in these food materials would deviate economic system leading to monopoly or lack. This led jurist to issue that any increase that make imbalance in economy like these will be prohibited; thus, money, which was silver and gold-made, is also prohibited to be involved in usury although they became notes these days because they share the same reason.
Therefore, Islam pioneered other secularist and modern human laws and schools of thought in solving many problems in economy, for the above-mentioned reasons.

This (research) seeks to stand at the phenomenon of alliteration thinking practiced by Abu Al-Hussein Ishaq Bin Ibrahim Bin Suleiman Bin Wahb Al-Kateb (335 AH.) in his book (Al-Burhan Fi Wujuh Al-Bayan) achieved by Dr. Ahmed Matlab, and Dr. Khadija Al-Hadithi - may Allah have mercy on them -, and (the research) in this endeavor wants to scrutinize the criteria that constitute the nature of the discourse in which the hadith was early (Ibn Wahb) In a way that smells the presence of the past represented in the search for the identity of Arabic literature, and the identification of its alliterations, as well as its types, He adopted a descriptive approach that analyzed the sayings, and committed himself to the vision that emanated from the text, and was disciplined within the limits of his semantic network, believing in the value of the term alliteration resulting from the act of the authority of the tongue, the (research) was able to study it in and of itself, In the end, it is a normative necessity that draws attention to the artistic features that written forms enjoy through the history of literature; that is why the criterion had and still has an impact on determining the literary genre, based on the nature of language, the form of construction, and the presence of intent, however, the criterion itself was not a pure choice borrowed by critical taste without being based on a set of reasons, principles, and perceptions that are hundreds of years old, which have a clear impact on the acceptance of literature and the development of its types and trends.

It is not hidden from anyone who has the slightest insight into Arabic Language and its sciences, Sibawayh's book is still admired by researchers and scholars since its author - may Allah have mercy on him - until this day. I am almost certain that no one has worked in the Arabic language and grammar except that Sibawayh's book was a basic source for his author, whatever its value. Rather, the status of the research is determined by its reliance on Sibawayh and his views on language and grammar.
Scientists’ attention to Sibawayh’s book to this day revolves around various axes, including their attention to poetic evidence, explanation, parsing, and guidance, some of them are what we have reached, and some of them are still waiting for the fingers that will dust off the dust of time, and some of them are lost among the rubble of years.
And this book we are dealing with, which is the field of study, is among the books that have been lost, and we have only received quotes from them that Al-Baghdadi kept in his treasury. I found these statements sufficient to explain the features of his grammatical approach to explanation and analysis, which the researcher counted in one hundred and thirty-six places, and the analysis that characterized his unique personality among the commentators.

This is a research in the terms literary and linguistic criticism, and their methodology in the Arab heritage, in which I deliberately studied them in terms of concept on the one hand and the visions of linguists in the treatment of literary and linguistic texts on the other hand. For the purpose of showing their behavior in the formulation of criticism among art people in the works of linguists, I had to explain the critical function of each term in terms of (good and bad), which was considered a standard for the significance of the work of the critic in his poetic or prose work, in order to achieve the value judgment. With assertion that modern literary criticism in light of critical reading has gone beyond the concept of value judgments to make the judgment for the reader alone, as it is to clarify the merits and spots in the text in order to reveal its conditions and secrets. And then his endeavor to get the ideal image that a writer should follow in terms of content and form, and all of that is what we call criticism.

This research deals with the elucidation of the image of women in the poetry of Ibn Al-Qaysrani, as she enjoyed a great position, especially since Arab poetry, ancient and modern, has given women special care, in drawing a clear picture of her features.
The one who contemplates the poetry of Ibn Al-Qaysrani finds that the woman occupied a prominent place in his poetry; He was fascinated by women, and the presence of women was evident through his attempts to draw the features of her beauty and to show the effect of that beauty on himself, His images were of various standards and methods, and this was evident in his lyrical poetry He sang about two types of women: the Arab woman and the Frankish woman. He depicted the physical charms of the Frankish woman, but he did not flirt with the Arab woman in obscene terms.
The poet’s images, in which women play an active role, are a creative process through which we perceive the potentials of beauty. His images indicate that he possesses a unique poetic talent, through the generation of metaphorical and primitive meanings and images, as well as his ingenuity in clarifying the standards of women's beauty; he followed the path of the ancient poets.

This research adopts a critical approach that relies on an epistemological introduction based on the fact that the explanation is a reception of the text in which it is supposed to be based on three pillars: One of them is a literary text that met a number of literary specifications that qualified it for popularity and extension over a wide area of acceptance and reception, And this explanation means that choosing which text to be a material for explanation is a collective cognitive act, as most of the annotated texts in the Arab literary heritage are texts to which a large number of recipients testify that they were elected, collectively, to be a title for the superiority of a literary text over other texts.
The second is the existence of a schizophrenia between two types of consciousness: one, a consciousness suggested by the text, which is a consciousness that does not belong to the consciousness of an updated recipient of that text, The last of them is an awareness of the effectiveness of receiving that text, an awareness that does not belong to the stage of producing the annotated text, The idea of the explanation indicates that the awareness of the annotated text is higher than that of the recipient of that text, This requires the availability of the third pillar, which is the presence of a recipient who is able to mediate knowledge between the text and the recipient, this comparison was intended to be an epistemological palpation of one of the experiences of receiving the Al-Tughra'i text as is evident in the words of the commentator Khalil Bin Aybak Al-Safadi, describing a commentary on the Lamiyyat Al-Ajam by Al-Tughra’i,which he called (Al-Ghaith Al-Musjid fi sharh Lamiyyat Al-Ajam).

This research sought to approach Lamiyyat Al-Tughra’i [Al-Tughra’i’s L-Rhymed Poem] through two levels: intellectual layout and stylistic design. To achieve this, the text has been verified first, and then divided into sections on the basis of the organization of intellectual content. Then the investigation addresses the text’s most prominent stylistic designs, elements which the creative mind uses to create a general sense of textual cohesion, hence the touching on the acoustic elements used in the play on words (paronomasia) and the following examination of the semantic elements revealed through such designs through the agency of adjuncts. There are many other stylistic elements in the text that are worth considering. We will try to examine these elements in another paper and try to shed light on the secret behind the eternity of this text.

This research deals with an eminent literary figure, and one of the important characters of the Arab-Islamic civilization: that is minister, writer, and poet Muayyad Al-Din Abu Ismail Al-Hussein Bin Ali Al-Asbahani, the originator who is known as the Tughra’I (453-515 A.H.).The research sheds light on the aspect of his poetry that was included in his Diwan, which is (Cultural References) Which contained his poetry, or (poetic contents) which Al-Tughra’i deposited the texts of his verses; The research seeks to find out the knowledge (cultural) backgrounds that were behind the poetry in Diwan of Al-Tughra’i; Therefore, the status necessitated that I make a preface under the title (Al-Tughra’i… his name, lineage and sources of his translation), so I introduced Al-Tughra’i by name and lineage, and I stood on some of the sources that mentioned his name, and translated by the sources, which Al-Tughra’i interpreted by the way (Cultural references) and the rooting of the meaning intended by language and terminology.
After introducing the theoretical part and the general framework of the research, a practical study of the research is introduced whose samples and subject matter were the texts of Al-Tughra’i Diwan. The research references is divided according to the field to which they belong; There were (ideological references), (social references), and (natural references). Each referances has a sub-reference which the research hypothisised and research in Abi Ismail Al-Tughra’i’s Diwanand, at the end of the research, a list of sources and references is presented.
Keywords: (Al-Tughra’i, cultural references, poetry, contents, poets)

Al-Hussein Bin Ali Bin Muhammad Bin Abdul Samad, known as Al-Tughra’i, one of the great Abbasid poets, was translated by the ancients, and praised his knowledge, his stature, and what his affair later became as a minister, until his oppression killing, They quoted poems and excerpts from his famous Diwan which is in their hands.
Manuscripts from his Diwan were distributed in the libraries of the world, east and west, and then the first non-scientific edition was printed at Al-Jawa’ib printing house in Constantinople in the year 1300 AH.
It was necessary for the publication of a verified edition of a scientific investigation of the poetry of this outstanding poet. Ali Jawad Al-Taher and Dr. Yahya Al-Jubouri, in Baghdad from Al-huriyat printing house, (1396 AH. /1976 AD), the virtuous investigators relied on nine scattered manuscripts in libraries, and they put a lot of effort into it until it was on its feet, and it was signed in 453 papers.
I used to study it as much as I could, and found in it things that required its broadcast and dissemination, after they had gathered with me, and then I saw - after deliberation and scrutiny - that this research, which I had learned, had begun, I divided it into two parts; The first: what he had, and the second: what is attributed to him and to someone else, and I have preceded all of this by speaking on the beginnings of the late Dr. Al-Taher to initiate the investigation of the Diwan, its manuscripts.

This research adopts a bibliography that aims to verify the sources that dealt with the poet's biography Al-Tughra’I he is Mu'ayyad Al-Din Abu Isma‘il Al-Hussein Bin Ali Bin Muhammad Bin Abdul-Samad Al-Asbahani, the professor, the minister, the poet (455-514 AH/1063-1122 AD) And the era in which he lived and became famous, and the sources that explain his connection to the Seljuqs - and he is among their famous ministers- It is also explained by the historical assumptions that have been preserved from the news and the lives of their sultans and their ministers, and what we obtain from it of satisfactory knowledge of them and their antiquities, trying to know what's necessary the researcher has taken a census of those sources after making a list of symbols that are key to infer their purposes and the method of their coming into the research, The researcher has proven in his research two hundred and seventeen sources that dealt with Al-Tughra’i study and research.

The research deals with the investigation of a manuscript related to the Basmala, which Muslims and commentators differed as to whether it is an interval mother verse separating the surahs of the Qur'an and gave it special attention to its importance, It took a large area in the Islamic thought and in the works and writings that are interested and give the wider field of the verses of the Holy Qur'an, study, analyze and discuss, Sheikh Muhdhab Al-Din Ahmed bin Abdul-Ridha Al-Basri had a fortune in this, He wrote a Treatise in Al-Basmala, in which he dealt with its meanings and some of its legal rulings, He talked about the linguistic aspects and then explained some of its virtues based on the sayings of the Prophet and his family, may Allah prayers and peace be upon them all, It is an elegant and comprehensive treatise, the author of which benefited from the scientists who preceded him, Therefore, it contains many benefits, and nice linguistic jokes, I ask Allah to benefit the people of knowledge and his followers.

This letter is one of the works of Baha Al-Din Al-Amili, and it appears from its title, that it enters into the art of grammatical riddles, the grammatical riddles Means disappears the meaning on the reader, and cannot be understood except by contemplation and further consideration.
And this ancient art of scientific value, it sharpens the mind and accustom to understanding the finer things, Because the Mystery contain precise meanings that need to be solved to sharpen the mind, because their texts contain ambiguity and total, raise attention and vigilance, and increase the mental and scientific ability to reach the grammatical facts. I intended to achieve this text; because I think it provides the grammar library with a unique source.
The research included an introduction and two sections, The first section includes the study, and contains a preface in the meaning of the Mystery and classification in it, and two topics, the first topic: in the life of the author, and the second: in the message and the methodology of its - investigation.

The letter is the third part of speech in Arabic language and is described as the part that does not accept the sings of nouns and verbs. They have functions in the structure of speech, and positions in which they are foregrounded or back grounded. They appear, disappear, govern, suspend, make some verbs transitive and link the elements of the sentence. The number of their meanings reaches a hundred, and their number is over ninety.
Conjunctions constitute a part of these particles, a part that received the attention of scientists, and was studied in linguistic, literary, and Islamic legal works. Scholars singled them out and wrote independent studies specialized in them, and this research paper is one of these.
The research began with talking about the trends of studying conjunctions, and the types of the conjunctions subjects, and then it showed my way in presenting the titles of the books I studied, attributed to their authors.

The research examined the efforts of three scientists, Among them are: Dr. Muhammad Jabbar Al-Moaibed, Dr. Abdul-Hussein Al-Mubarak, and the researcher Shaker Al-Ashour, and what they have achieved in the books of linguistic, literary and poetic heritage and their contribution to the criticism of the verified heritage and the most prominent of what they added to the heritage library, including the verification of manuscripts, Poetic collections published in different eras.