Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

The issue of Arabized words and their presence in the words of God Almighty is an issue that was addressed by concerned scholars shortly after the revelation, between those who deny them and those who do not see any harm in their existence. In addition, one team believes that the existence of Arabized words is a great Qur’anic miracle. The research addressed this matter, and also addressed the wisdom of the presence of words Arabized from the Kurdish language in the Holy Qur’an and the benefits of the presence of those words. In addition to the above, the research addresses the issue of the presence of Arabized words in the Kurdish language, which is a topic that has not been addressed and no one has referred to, despite the presence of many influential factors, including the neighborly relationship from which contact and friction are generated, and this relationship is ancient between Arabs and Kurds. This is evidenced by the lamentation of the famous Malik bin Al-Rayb, who died in the year 56 AH. The Kurdish language is considered one of the first languages that the Arabs knew and took purely Kurdish words from it, due to the existence of a relationship of influence between the Kurdish language and Arabic, for this reason, through this research some of the Arabized Kurdish words have been regained their originality, and they are these words.: 1. Al-Judi, 2 - Al-Sajil, -3 Al-Sarabil.

This study discusses many aspects of the political discourse in Iraq after 2014, its impact on the integration of Iraqi society and the achievement of national unity, and the changes that occurred in the nature of the political system in 2003 and in 2014 and beyond. There was a need for a complete change in political discourse. According to the developments in Iraq in particular and the regional arena in general, political discourse varies from one political system to another and from one culture to another (from internal challenges to terrorism, social instability and external challenges), all of which have consequences for the political discourse and the nature of the forum, which has had a negative impact on achieving national unity that includes all Iraqis.

This study focuses on the events and memorials in Eastern Kurdistan (1926-1941), emphasizing the period of Reza Shah's rule and his efforts to establish his ideas and prove the belief that he came to eliminate the darkness, the restoration of Iran's glory and the creation of a centralized state, to implement his policy, in addition to military measures, he has taken many cultural steps, especially in the Kurdish regions, to point out that despite the effectiveness of this policy, there will be a small economic cost.
To further explain the issue, the focus has been on the events and memorials that were first performed by Raza Shah in the Kurdish regions، the events، which include the day of birth and the crown on the visit of Raza sha’ celebrating the birthday of the thousandth anniversary of the birth of the great Iranian poet (Fredusi) to commemorate and revive the ancient monuments, while after the official announcement of the removal of women's headscarves’ a celebration and a group of activities were held for this event. The participation of the local officials with their husbands, the establishment of many women's councils، the participation of boys’ and girls' schools in the celebrations، their participation in the community, the change of habits and tradition is due to the loss of culture and memories from the memory of the Kurds and the elimination of national differences

The Kurdish issue in Iraq has been one of the most appropriate topics for the international press since the establishment of the state. But with the outbreak of the Kurdish revolution in 1961 and until the death of revolutionary leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani in 1979, the international press worked intensively on all these issues related to the Kurdish issue in the region. It is clear that American journalists, because of their prominent role in this field and the relationship of this issue to international equations, have become more involved in this debate. Thus, they played an important role in introducing the Kurdish issue to the world, and on this basis, we devoted this study entitled (The Role of American Journalists in Introducing the Kurdish Issue in Iraq 1961-1979) to discuss three main topics. The first topic of the article is entitled (A historical summary of the American press's position on the Kurdish issue before the outbreak of the September Revolution), while the second topic is entitled (The role of American journalists in conveying the image of the Kurdish revolution in southern Kurdistan (1961-1975)). The two sides discussed the humanitarian situation and the sympathy of American journalists towards the Kurdish issue and the situation in Iraq

Heritage intertextuality in the Diwan (Kariza Margan) by the poet Mohsen Awara is a scientific research, and the research has taken the first volume of the Diwan (Kariza Margan) by the poet Mohsen Awara as a material for him. The research has followed the descriptive and analytical approach in its course, and this research is an attempt to further analyze the relationship between heritage and literature in general and heritage and poetry in particular and their meeting point. Heritage is an important part of the nation's history and is a major reason for the survival of nations.
In this study there were a number of basic questions that we answered as much as possible, for example: What are the concepts and terminology of the text? What are its rules and types? What is the concept and terminology of heritage and what are its types? To what extent was Mohsen Awara able to incorporate all aspects of heritage into the text of his poems? Throughout the study journey, we tried to answer these questions theoretically and practically.
The research consists of two main sections, as follows: the first section is composed of two main parts the first of which deals with concept of intertextuality, terminology, definition, types, laws, and mechanisms. whereas the second part comes across the concept of heritage, its term, definition. In the second section, we studied the first volume of the Diwan (Kariza Marjan) by the poet Mohsen Awara scientifically, and talked about all sections of heritage as much as possible.

The sciences such as biology, religion, law, and philosophy have entailed the concept of abortion since antiquity and thus the concept has been familiar. Yet, as a phenomenon, abortion has not been completely accepted by the world communities so far. The reason has been due to the influence of different moral and religious rules. Besides the fact that mankind has constantly tried to alter the statute of the phenomenon from a crime against life to a human right since the beginning of the twentieth century, abortion remained a problematic philosophical and legal term between the right to life of fetus and the right to bodily integrity of women. Still, none of these perspectives seem to be pragmatic but only a limited permissibility of the process on the basis of a moral ground such as the perspective of the religions and Islam as an example. Although Islam recognizes the right to privacy to everyone as enjoying a life away from the interference of others and their inspection and surveillance, this right does not include any space for abortion at all. In other words, Islam deals with abortion within the scope of the right to life. This paper is an analytical and comparative study which aims to illustrate the position of positive law and the perspective of Islamic law on the regulation of abortion. It addresses the issue from the angles of the right to life and the right to privacy on the basis of the status of the fetus’s life and the women’s bodily autonomy. The authors argue that positive law deals with abortion within the scope of the right to liberty, security and health care as the privacy of woman, particularly before the independent viability of the fetus but Islam prohibits it except for prior viability and with a moral justification such as saving the mother’s life.

This study aims to identify obstacles in the training process for trainers of the Ministry of Education from the perspective of primary school teachers in the heart of Erbil Province. To achieve this, a descriptive analytical approach was used, and the researchers used questionnaires as a research tool consisting of (40) paragraphs (5) distributed in areas (training course objectives, training environment, training course content, trainers, training methods and activities). After verifying the effectiveness and reliability of this tool, it was applied to a study sample that reached 2023-2024 gender teachers (444). As a result, the total degree of disability for in-service teacher training was "medium", the highest was "disability related to trainees" and the lowest was "disability related to training environment", indicating the existence of some disability facing the training course. The results also showed a statistically significant difference between the average of the study sample responses at a significance level (0.05) attributed to the variable (gender) and the favor of female teachers. The results also showed a statistically significant difference between the average of the study sample responses at a significance level (0.05) due to the variable (length of service) and in favor of (10) years of service or more.

The role of Southern Kurdistan poets in the July 14th 1958 revolution is an attempt to discuss the impact of the revolution on the people of Iraqi Kurdistan and the role of the poets who participated in it, whether as revolutionaries or as writers.
The aim is to familiarize the Kurdish reader with how the revolution emerged and the stage and method they went through in how to carry it out, and determine the role of the people of South Kurdistan the poets who participated in it, because they left a great impact on the lives of the Kurdish people in general and its political aspect;
The first part consists of two topics: first, it deals with the history of the revolution, taking into account the political situation before the revolution and how to end the monarchy, and identifying the internal and external factors that led to the revolution; In the second topic, they discuss the role of the Kurdish nation in its participation, such as the participation of political parties and all different classes of Kurdistan, then the achievements achieved; The second part is divided into two parts. The first part deals with poetry and its place in political movements, such as the concept and definition of poetry and its position in the political and social fields. The essence of the discussion is the names of the poets who each participated in several poems, then we have selected several poets and given examples of poetry; Finally, the results and sources used are mentioned in several points.

The study is entitled "Autism and Language Disorders at Different Language Proficiency Levels and treatment of Autism" The choice of this research topic is driven by the global prevalence and rising incidence of autism spectrum disorders. Consequently, it merits extensive attention and investigation. Moreover, it is important to note that autism is among the conditions that impair language abilities. One of the prevailing symptoms is the loss of speech or impairment of language, which varies based on the severity and type of autism.
In this study, our objective is to address this issue by identifying language disorders at various levels of language. This research has attempted to identify and present this issue using the descriptive analytical method, relying on the quotation and analysis of several examples.
According to this study, if the type of autism is not severe, then the individual produces some strange sounds and words, which we sometimes do not understand their meanings. In other words, their language is distorted and their expressions do not look like those of ordinary people. However, if the type of autism is severe, the person cannot speak at all but relies more on non-verbal cues, sign and body languages to communicate their needs. Additionally, it is important to note that language impairment in individuals with autism is not limited to a specific level of language; instead, it depends on the type and severity of the condition, and language impairment occurs at all levels of language.

This study aims to discuss the issue of the ruling parties’ efforts to control the quota seats allocated to the components in the Iraqi Council of Representatives, and the danger of the political presence of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities dissolving within the policies of those parties, or the identification of minority parties and representatives with the policies of parties affiliated with the major components, and then the loss of their representation. Real. Which destroys the goal of the quota system, which is to ensure the presence of minorities and their influence on the general political decision in the country, and thus takes away the ability of minorities to play any role in the present and future of the country, and the new political system in Iraq imposes the logic of the component majority instead of the political majority, and the approach The quotas on which it was built reduces the political status of minorities.

The purpose of this study was to determine how the Ministry of Education\'s training project helps primary teachers learn the fundamentals of teaching skills and to show how differences between them depending on the variables (gender, years of service, and specialization). The descriptive analytical method was employed by the researchers. For the academic year 2023–2024, all primary stage (second circle) instructors employed by the Erbil Central Education Directorate included the research population. To accomplish the goals of the study and gather data, the researchers built a training of basic teaching skills questionnaire. The questionnaire exhibited stability. The basic sample of the study, which included (150) male and female teachers, was administered the questionnaire by the researchers. The collection, organization, and analysis of the data have been done according to the (SPSS) program, and the researchers have reached these results:
1- The training program of the Ministry of Education has a positive role in developing the basic teaching skills of teachers.
2- There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between male and female genders in favor of males.
3- There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between years of service, and the differences appeared between less than (15 and more than 22).
4- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between all specializations.

Mental space theory as one of cognitive-semantic theories considers the operational process of mental space in connection to rational connectors that operate to find a basis for gathering mental and linguistic constructions in order to arrive at the units of meaning while interacting. This theory plays a pivotal role in establishing a basis for understanding how interlocutors create and utilize mental representations of various thoughts, especially while indulging in intricate thought processes helping interactants to generate novel ideas and solutions by combining elements from different contexts. Due to the restrictiveness in the number of words, and the focus on the most important theme, news headlines require concentration and sophistication in the process of analysis. Sometimes the readers may not arrive at the precise analysis of them. Therefore, this study hypothesizes that mental space theory can highly contribute to the analysis of news headlines. This study aims at identifying this theory comprehensively, on the one hand, and illustrates its contribution in the process of analysing news headlines, on the other hand. The current study employs a qualitative method in the process of data collection. It is qualitative for analyzing six selected news headlines with the application of mental space theory. The most significant concluding point that this study has derived is that mental space theory actively engages in illustrating the role of mind in determining the conceptual meaning of news headlines constituents

Ensuring the health and diversity of ecosystems has always been a challenge for conservationists. It takes years of direct work in the field for ecologists to gather sufficient data to reliably portray the conditions of an ecosystem. In many instances, their work produces an invaluable picture of the conditions as they are and, more importantly, the conditions that are changing over time. Yet, traditional methods of monitoring biodiversity simply cannot keep up with the demands of today's conservation imperative. They are labor-intensive, fail to produce timely results, and are in large part inaccessible to those who might use the information they produce. In much the same way, the potential of remote sensing to meet those demands remains largely untapped. This study utilizes remote sensing data to monitor biodiversity changes in the Erbil Governorate, Iraq, focusing on the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) as proxies for biodiversity change. To do this, it combines data from MODIS and Sentinel-2 satellites with meteorological information to evaluate the spatial and temporal changes in vegetation that occurred during the recent recorded drought. The most dramatic improvement observed in the three key variables was with the EVI, which increased almost straight up from below EVI value of 2 in 2017 to almost 3 in 2020, as seen in the plot above, with the EVI gradient increasing around 2019.
In 2017, the median NPP values hovered approximately around 0.15 kgC/m²; however, they had clearly risen to nearly 0.25 kgC/m² by 2020. What's more, this research demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the EVI, derived from Sentinel-2 data, and NPP computed from MODIS. The correlation coefficients for these areas ranged from 0.68 to 0.74.
These results reaffirm the potent capabilities of satellite remote sensing for studying ecosystem dynamics and offer an unprecedented glimpse into the sophisticated ecological interplay of this understudied area. Biologists don't even fully understand the basic organ-level functions of this system, so knowing how a system as complex as this one work and understanding its dynamics are crucial for effective conservation and management of its constituent ecosystems.

Metaphor stands out as one of the most well-known theories that deal with non-literal language. This concept is viewed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a) as understanding abstract concepts through more tangible objects. This view differs from other theories that consider metaphor as merely as a play of words. This research investigates the utilization of food metaphors in Mosuli Arabic proverbs. Its aim is to shed light on the bases and motives of these metaphors; furthermore, it seeks how abstract ideas are conceptualized and comprehended through the use of terms related to food in Mosuli Arabic proverbs. It hypothesizes that food-related terms are employed to comprehend and interpret a diverse range of abstract concepts. Furthermore, it suggests that the bases of metaphor are culture and experience.
Written and oral data are collected then analysed on two levels: the first level is concerned with getting the correct explanation and discourse scenarios where these proverbs might be used. The second level consists of two sub-levels. Two models are used on the first part to investigate implicit metaphors. The two models are taken from the works of Lakoff and Turner (1989) on "GENERIC IS SPECIFIC" and Lakoff and Johnson (2003) on "Metaphors We Live By." Thus, the two models are used to reveal the metaphorical meaning of food in Mosuli Arabic proverbs. The second part investigates explicit metaphors using the paradigm proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (2003). This research concludes that the conceptual metaphor theory is able to reveal a various number of abstract ideas that are comprehended in reference to more tangible objects. Additionally, the metaphorical conceptualization is motivated by experience and cultural values.

This research explores the challenges in translating speech acts, particularly the differences between literal and idiomatic translations. The main research questions are: How do literal and idiomatic translations affect the understanding of speech acts? What role do cultural and contextual factors play in Translation?

The study finds that while literal translations work for straightforward, literal meanings, they often need more complex speech acts like requests or commands, which depend on context and culture. Idiomatic translations that consider these factors effectively convey the intended meaning.

The methodology includes analyzing translated texts, case studies, and online surveys with twenty experienced translators to understand the challenges in translating speech acts accurately. The research highlights the importance of idiomatic translations in preserving intent and improving cross-cultural communication, suggesting further study in translation methods and training for better accuracy in conveying meaning across languages.

This study examines themes of anger and rebellion against societal constructions, traditions, and prescriptive roles in Doris Lessing’s Children of Violence series, focusing on the protagonist, Martha Quest, through Sara Ahmed’s concepts in Resistance Theory. In this framework, Martha’s anger, framed as a political rather than purely emotional response, serves as a catalyst for resisting and rebelling against oppressive structures in her pursuit of freedom and autonomy. This analysis explores how Martha’s anger, defiance, and rebellion empower her to reclaim her independence and challenge societal constraints. Moreover, this research highlights Martha’s resistance to traditional familial roles and restrictive expectations, enabling her to break down the “Good Woman” narrative and create space to express her authentic self. The findings reveal that Lessing tries to convey her critique of unequal social norms, emphasizing the transformative power of anger, defiance, and rebellion in reshaping identities and creating new spaces for women. She also presents anger as a conscious recognition of marginalization. Furthermore, this study provides a fresh critical study on Lessing’s work, highlighting the intersection of defiance, rebellion, and feminine political agency within a colonial context, and providing a new understanding of anger and rebellion as a source of empowerment and resistance.