Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

In this paper, a statistical analysis was applied to the numerical predictions of temperature distribution for the heat sinks. There are two types of heat sink with an array of impingement. The first type is a flat plate heat sink, and the second type is arcs-fins heat sinks. The second type category considers five models (A, B, C, D, and E). The shapes of fins were changed, but the thickness, distance between fins, and radius were held fixed for comparing and analyzing them depending upon the improvement of the fin geometry of heat sink. The heat sinks of the two types are subjected to multi impinging flow at different Reynolds numbers (7000-11000). Thermodynamic and hydraulic results were collected. The best model was calculated through a statistical analysis. The efficiency of an arcs-fin heat sink was superior to that of the flat plate heat sink. The findings of Model D were more appropriate than those of the other models. The concave arc near the heat sink's exit (model D) created better effect than the convex arc (model E), despite the fact that the (model D) shape fins being identical to (model E) shape fins (only rotated 180° at the same location). However, Descriptive Statistics manifested that in all situations, the mean temperature for (model D) is better than (model E). The results of comparison between the flat plate heat sink and models (D and E) evinced that the average heat sink temperature in the suggested design reduced via 12%, 8%, while the (model E) decreased by 12%, 7% for Re (7000, 9000), respectively. In addition, the two models maintained the same percentage of (8% and 7%) improvement at Re (11000). The correlation coefficient between the flat plate and the arcs-fins heat sink for model B has the highest value (0.809), while model A has the lowest value of correlation (0.673).

The fundamental goal of the present study is to study the effects of the natural additives with vegetable and animal sources in form (i.e. the short fibers and particle) on mechanical characteristics epoxy. (The wood dust WD, cow bones CB, date palm fiber DP, and sheep wool SW) have been chosen as natural additives with a variety of the weight ratio reinforcements for epoxy matrix, which is based upon the hybrid composites that have been produced by hand lay-up approach. Tensile, compression and flexural tests have been performed based on the American society for the testing and materials (ASTM) for the characterization of hybrid composites it has been discovered that mechanical characteristics may be increased or decreased according to the material additive type, its origins, and the utilized percentage of weight.

In this work, Single chamber Microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) are a versatile technology is depends on the interaction mechanisms of bacteria, to produce bioelectricity simultaneously and treat Congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solution at different pH (6.5-8). Electricity generation from the biodegradable organic substrate (sucrose) accompanied by decolorization of azo dye was investigated in the batch test results showed that more than 99% decolorization demonstrated at UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (500 nm) was achieved within 20 days and maximum output voltage (889 mv) had been obtained in an open circuit at a pH value of 7.5. Microbial community analysis showed that species in live sludge and the impact of bacteria grown on removal and voltage.

In this research the membranes distillation were used to remove calcium ions from heavy sewers at dairy plants in Iraq. This method is easy to operate, easy to manage and has many economic benefits. A chemical treatment was carried out on it using alum as a coagulant, different tests achieved samples before and after passing MD, according to APHA, AWWA, WEF. The results showed that obtained in water treatment trust that has been manufactured and edited according to the characteristics of the water waste the interests of the dairy capacity of this method to remove the calcium ion to a certain extent it is when the concentration reaches the inside of this ion to 1428.57 mg per liter, where to start the composition of hydroxides of calcium responsible for pain. The optimal working temperature ranges from 20-22 ° C and the flow is around 0.66 kg.m-2.h-1, here was the result of a layer of plaster that led to clogged membrane and folding and was stopped for washing and cleaning.

In practice, random errors in the excitations (amplitude and phase) of array elements cause undesired variations in the array patterns. In this paper, the clustered array elements with tapered amplitude excitations technique are introduced to reduce the impact of random weight errors and recover the desired patterns. The most beneficial feature of the suggested method is that it can be used in the design stage to count for any amplitude errors instantly. The cost function of the optimizer used is restricted to avoid any unwanted rises in sidelobe levels caused by unexpected perturbation errors. Furthermore, errors on element amplitude excitations are assumed to occur either randomly or sectionally (i.e., an error affecting only a subset of the array elements) through the entire array aperture. The validity of the proposed approach is entirely supported by simulation studies.

Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Concrete (SIFCON) is a relatively new high-performance material that may be thought of as a high-fiber content version of fiber reinforced concrete. This matrix is comprised of flowing mortar that must penetrate the fiber network implanted in the molds sufficiently. SIFCON combines excellent mechanical properties with a high ductility and toughness grade. SIFCON is utilized in applications that demand a high degree of ductility and energy absorption, most notably seismic-resistant reinforced concrete structures and structures exposed to abnormal or explosive loads. Additionally, pavement overlays, prestressed beam repair, and structural reinforced concrete element restoration have all been effective. The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of hooked-end steel fiber and micro-steel fiber on the strength of SIFCON specimens exposed to flexural and splitting loading. Three volume fractions of steel fiber (8,10, and12) % were used in this investigation. By weight of cement in SIFCON slurry, the proportion of Silica Fume SF substitution was 10%. Flexural strength was determined by testing specimens of (100×100×500) mm, and splitting tensile strength was determined at 7 and 28 days using cylindrical specimens with dimensions (150mm × 300m).. The results obtained from these tests were compared with SIFCON containing micro steel fiber. The test results show superior characteristics of SIFCON containing hooked-end steel fiber, as compared with micro steel fiber. For example, the flexural strength and splitting strength are 24.89 MPa and 10.14 MPa, respectively for SIFCON with 8% hooked-end steel fiber and 17.51 MPa and 9.1 MPa for control specimens with micro steel fiber.

In this paper, an improved hybrid algorithm called differential evolution with integrated mutation per iteration (DEIM) is proposed to extract five parameters of single-diode PV module model obtained by combining differential evolution (DE) algorithm and electromagnetic-like (EML) algorithm. The EML algorithm's attraction-repulsion idea is employed in DEIM in order to enhance the mutation process of DE. The proposed algorithm is validated with other methods using experimental I-V data. The results of presented method reveal that simulated I-V characteristics have a high degree of agreement with experimental ones. The proposed model has an average root mean square error of 0.062A, an absolute error of 0.0452A, a mean bias error of 0.006A, a coefficient of determination of 0.992, a standard test deviation around 0.04540, and 15.33sec as execution time. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is better in terms of the accuracy and execution time (convergence) when compared with other methods where provide less errors.

In this study, three welding methods are used. The purpose to investigation the effects of SMAW, SAW, and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) on the tensile stress of low carbon steel conforming to ASTM 283 c. 8mm thick plates are used as base material for butt welded joints. The tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated and the results were compared by experts using the Taguchi method to design three levels of each parameter (current, voltage and displacement speed). From this research, it is found that compared to metal shielded arc welding and submerged arc welding, the pulling effect of the gas shielded welding joint of the tungsten electrode is the best. This is mainly due to the presence of The results of using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to estimate important parameters show that welding current and speed of the weld have a significant effect on tensile stress .the experimental results are in agreement with predicted results, and the maximum error is 3%..

The study of the duration of mechanical resistance to static tensile stress (withstand time) for an aluminum wire that being suffers from the corrosion effect stimulated by stray currents at different temperatures. Test device was designed and produced locally "in advance" in accordance with the specification (ASTM G103 - 97) to create static tensile stress of (1 N) on an aluminum wire of type ASTM (B231/B231M) with particular dimensions and utilized in the transmission of electrical energy, and when the wire is surrounded by a corrosive environment (NaCl solution) (3.5 % NaCl) at three different temperatures (25, 50, and 75 ° C) without any external electrical current causing corrosion; this symbolizes stray currents. Then compare the findings of that example to the results of the same wire's withstand time in the presence of an external electrical current generated by corrosion of type (D.C) by (5V & 3A). Following that, the resulting diagrams were analyzed, and it was discovered that the wire resistivity time (without the existence of stray currents and at a temperature of 25 ° C) completed (17 days), which is the longest duration of endure, and the lowest time of resistivity or resistance period (in the existence of an external electric current) is (18 hr.).Impact of (stray currents) at (75 ° C), and this is an indicator of the stray currents with corrosive environment temperatures on the resistance period (withstand duration) in the existence of static stress. The total stimulation increase is 1.9% between corrosion at 75°C and 25°C.

In this work, the analysis of performance of two types of photovoltaic (PV) (Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) technologies were achieved out under under Iraqi (Baghdad)climate conditions. The elevation of the selected site is 9 m above ground level. The experimental work covered the eight commercially available PV technologies. The two technologies that employed in this work are, Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) and Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS). The total period of the experimental work was 7 months, and the data were analyzed simultaneously. Special attention is given to the influence of temperature and solar radiation the performance of the PV modules. Where, it was proposed a simple I-V curve test for PV modules. The results showed that the proposed system successfully experimentally extracted I-V curves of the selected two PV modules (amorphous and CIGS solar modules). The maximum values of power (Pmax) at solar radiation intensity 750 W/m² are 2.742 W, and 2.831 W for amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively. This is occurred because the lowest solar module operating temperature (19 oC and 17 oC for solar radiation 750 and 1000 W/m2 respectively) and ambient temperature (7 oC) and for Jan., 2021 than other months. Consequently, the same behavior for the two modules at solar irradiance 1000 W/m2 with the highest power value; 2.680 W, and 3.198 W of amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively. Furthermore, the minimum values of power (Pmax) at solarradiation intensity 750 W/m² are 2.530, and 2.831 for amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively because we have the highest solar module operating temperature (57 oC, and 55 oC respectively) and ambient temperature (45 oC) for April, 2021 than other months. Consequently, the same behavior for the two modules at solar irradiance 1000 W/m2 with the highest power value; 2.680 W, and 3.198 W of amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively. The highest efficiency can be notes for CIGS solar module with a value 7.3%, while the lowest one is 5.5% for amorphous solar module.